Born Shimon Meyerovich Dubnow (Шимон Меерович Дубнов) to a large poor family in the Belarusian town of Mstislavl (Mahilyow region), after receiving atraditional Jewish education in a heder and a yeshiva, he entered into a kazyonnoe yevreyskoe uchilishche (state Jewish school) where he learned the Russian language. Simon was unable to graduate because these institutions were soon eliminated by a Tsarist ukase (see May Laws), and he had to pursue his interests in history, philosophy, and linguistics by educating himself. He was partic ...

See also:

Simon Dubnow, Simon Dubnow - Life, Simon Dubnow - Beliefs, Simon Dubnow - Bibliography

Read more here: » Simon Dubnow: Encyclopedia II - Simon Dubnow - Life

Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group, which can range from individual hatred to institutionalized, violent persecution. The highly explicit ideology of Adolf Hitler's Nazism was the most extreme example of this phenomenon. Anti-Semitism has historically taken different forms: Religious anti-Semitism, or anti-Judaism. Before the 19th century, most anti-Semitism was primarily religious in nature, based on Christian or ...

Including:

• Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage
• Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term
• Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism
• Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament
• Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages
• Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions
• Anti-Semitism - The Crusades
• Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism
• Anti-Semitism - Passion plays
• Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair
• Anti-Semitism - Pogroms
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation
• Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries
• Anti-Semitism - United States
• Anti-Semitism - Europe
• Anti-Semitism - Asia
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism
• Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia - Anti-Semitism

Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament. The New Testament is a collection of 'books' written by various authors. Most of this collection was written by the end of the first century. The majority of the New Testament was written by Jews who became followers of Jesus, and all but two books (Luke and Acts) are traditionally attributed to such Jewish followers. Nevertheless, there are a number of passages in the New Testament that some see as anti-Semitic, or have been used for anti-Semitic purposes, most ...

See also:

Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Nationalism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism

In some ways, the principles of belief of Humanistic Judaism are similar to those of many within Reconstructionist Judaism, with its emphasis on retaining Jewish identity while accepting a scientific, materialist worldview and a Dewey-like ethical outlook. However, Humanistic Judaism presents a far more radical departure from traditional Jewish religion than Mordecai Kaplan ever envisioned. Kaplan redefined “God” and other traditional religious terms so as to make them consistent with the materialist outlook, and continued to use traditi ...

See also:

Humanistic Judaism, Humanistic Judaism - Origins, Humanistic Judaism - Principles of belief and practice, Humanistic Judaism - Jewish identity and intermarriage, Humanistic Judaism - Egalitarianism

Read more here: » Humanistic Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Humanistic Judaism - Principles of belief and practice

Siehe auch: In der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus verfolgte Composeren Pavel Haas, Composer (d. Auschwitz concentration camp 1944) Gideon Klein, Composer (d. Auschwitz concentration camp 1945) Hans Krása, Composer (d. Auschwitz concentration camp-Birkenau 1944) Karlrobert Kreiten, Pianist (d. Berlin-Plötzensee 1943, Executed) Alma Maria Rosé, Violinist, Conductor (d. Auschwitz concentration camp 1944) Franz Schreker, Composer, Conductor (d. Berlin 1934 by a stroke after repris ...

See also:

List of Holocaust victims, List of Holocaust victims - Austria, List of Holocaust victims - Belarus, List of Holocaust victims - Czechoslovakia, List of Holocaust victims - France, List of Holocaust victims - Germany, List of Holocaust victims - Hungary, List of Holocaust victims - Netherlands, List of Holocaust victims - Poland, List of Holocaust victims - Literature Publishing, List of Holocaust victims - Theatre and Film, List of Holocaust victims - Visual arts, List of Holocaust victims - Music, List of Holocaust victims - Composers, List of Holocaust victims - Humanities, List of Holocaust victims - Natural sciences, List of Holocaust victims - Medicine Psychology Paedagogy, List of Holocaust victims - Law Business, List of Holocaust victims - Theology Spiritual, List of Holocaust victims - Sport, List of Holocaust victims - Politics Resistance, List of Holocaust victims - Military, List of Holocaust victims - Paranormal Occultism

Read more here: » List of Holocaust victims: Encyclopedia II - List of Holocaust victims - Music

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924. In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pogroms"[6] on a gramophone disc. Lenin sought to explain the phenomenon of anti-Semitism in Marxist terms. According to Lenin, anti-Semitism was an "attempt to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants from the exploiters toward the Jews." Linking anti-Semitism to class struggle, ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924. In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pogroms"[6] on a gramophone disc. Lenin sought to explain the phenomenon of anti-Semitism in Marxist terms. According to Lenin, anti-Semitism was an "attempt to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants from the exploiters toward the Jews." Linking anti-Semitism to class struggle, ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet Russia, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991

Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament. Christian theology rooted in Roman Catholic theology was stimulated by the traditional reading of the New Testament, resulting in 'replacement theology' (or supersessionism), which taught that with the coming of Jesus a new covenant has rendered obsolete and has superseded the religion of Judaism. It was believed that the Jews, as a people, were responsible for the death of Jesus, and a number of early and influential Church works -- such as the dialogues of Justin Martyr, the homilies of John Chrysostom, and the testimoni ...

See also:

Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism

Since Jews were excluded outsiders throughout Europe, they were mostly shut out of politics or any sort of participation in the wider political and social sphere of the nations in which they were involved until the Enlightenment, and its Jewish counterpart, Haskalah, made popular movements possible. As long as the Jews lived in segregated communities, and as long as all avenues of social intercourse with their gentile neighbors were closed to them, the rabbi was the most influential member of the Jewish community. In addition to being a reli ...

See also:

Jewish political movements, Jewish political movements - The Birth of Jewish political movements, Jewish political movements - Emancipation movements, Jewish political movements - Socialist and Labor movements, Jewish political movements - Zionist movements, Jewish political movements - The Folkists, Jewish political movements - Modern Jewish political movements, Jewish political movements - In Israel, Jewish political movements - Outside of Israel

Read more here: » Jewish political movements: Encyclopedia II - Jewish political movements - The Birth of Jewish political movements

Racial anti-Semitism replaced the hatred of Judaism with the hatred of Jews as a group. In the context of the Industrial Revolution, following the emancipation of the Jews, Jews rapidly urbanized and experienced a period of greater social mobility. With the decreasing role of religion in public life tempering religious anti-Semitism, a combination of growing nationalism, the rise of eugenics, and resentment at the socio-economic success of the Jews led to the newer, and more virulent, racist anti-Semitism.

See also:

Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Nationalism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism

The aims of Zionism are as follows: The unity of the Jewish people and the centrality of their ancestral and Biblical homeland in Israel. The ingathering of the Jewish people in its historic homeland, the Land of Israel. The strengthening of the re-born Jewsih state based upon the prophetic vision of justice and peace. The preservation of the identity of the Jewish people through the fostering of Jewish and Hebrew studies and of Jewish spiritual and cultural values. The protection of Jewish rights everywhere. Zionism, or the idea of a restor ...

See also:

Jewish political movements, Jewish political movements - The Birth of Jewish political movements, Jewish political movements - Emancipation movements, Jewish political movements - Socialist and Labor movements, Jewish political movements - Zionist movements, Jewish political movements - The Folkists, Jewish political movements - Modern Jewish political movements, Jewish political movements - In Israel, Jewish political movements - Outside of Israel

Read more here: » Jewish political movements: Encyclopedia II - Jewish political movements - Zionist movements

The word antisemitic (antisemitisch in German) was probably first used in 1860 by the Jewish scholar Moritz Steinschneider in the phrase "antisemitic prejudices" (German: "antisemitische Vorurteile"). Steinschneider used this phrase to characterize Ernest Renan's ideas about how "Semitic races" were inferior to "Aryan races." These pseudo-scientific theories had become quite widespread in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, especially as ...

See also:

Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Nationalism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage

Anti-Semitism within Islam is discussed in the article on Islam and anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism in the Arab World is discussed in the article on Arabs and anti-Semitism The Qur'an, Islam's holy book, accuses the Jews of corrupting the Hebrew Bible. Muslims refer to Jews and Christians as a "People of the book"; Islamic law demands that when under Muslim rule they should be tolerated as dhimmis - from the Arab term ahl adh-dhimma. The writer Bat Ye'or introduced the modern word Dhimmitude as a generic indication o ...

See also:

Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage, Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term, Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament, Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages, Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions, Anti-Semitism - The Crusades, Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism, Anti-Semitism - Passion plays, Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Nationalism and Anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism, Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism - Pogroms, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation, Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world, Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries, Anti-Semitism - United States, Anti-Semitism - Europe, Anti-Semitism - Asia, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism, Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

Read more here: » Anti-Semitism: Encyclopedia II - Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world

Tradition places Jews in southern Russia, Armenia, and Georgia since before the days of the First Temple, and records exist from the fourth century showing that there were Armenian cities possessing Jewish populations ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 along with substantial Jewish settlements in the Crimea. Under the influence of these Jewish communities Bulan, the Khagan Bek) of the Khazars, and the ruling classes of Khazaria adopted Judaism at some point in the mid-to-late eighth or early ninth centuries. After the overthrow of the Khazarian k ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History

A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. As increasing number of Soviet Jews applied to emigrate to Israel in the period following the 1967 Six Day War, many were formally refused permission to leave. A typical excuse given by the OVIR (ОВиР), the MVD department responsible for provisioning of exit visas was that the persons who had been given access at some point in their careers to information vital to Soviet national security could not be allowed to leave the country. After the Dymshits-Kuznet ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel

Many members of the Bolshevik party were ethnically Jewish, especially in the leadership of the party, and the percentage of Jewish party members among the rival Mensheviks was even higher. The idea of overthrowing the Tsarist regime was attractive to many members of the Jewish intelligentsia because of the oppression of non-Russian nations and non-Christians within the Russian Empire. For much the same reason, many non-Russians, notably Latvians or Poles, were disproportionately represented in the party leadership. This fact was abused by t ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life. Since the dissolution of the USSR, democratization in the former USSR has brought with it a good deal of tragic irony for the country's minorities, especially the Jewish population. The absence of Soviet-era repression exposed the remaining Jews to a resurgence of anti-Semitism in the former Soviet Union. However, there has not been a return to mass anti-Semitic incidents in Russia or anywhere else throughout the former Soviet Union. The main central Jewish organization in Russia is the ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today

In the Tsarist Russia, assimilation, russification and conversion to the state religion of Orthodox Christianity were official policies. After coming to power and dealing severe blows to all religions, the Bolsheviks undertook efforts to form a new nation of the Soviet people (Советский народ). The Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union, one of the world's most ethnically diverse nations, with hundreds of distinct nationalities, was also home to a Jewish population of about two million before its disintegration in 199 ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends

The official census data on Jewish population of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union.[15] The number of Jews has fallen from about 2.15 million in 1970 (the third largest population in the world, after the USA and Israel, and the fourth largest ethnic group in the Soviet Union) to 1.45 million in 1989 (less than 600,000 in Russia itself) and to some 250,000 in Russia, according to the 2002 census. The decline is mostly due to emigration to Israel, but cl ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data

Documentary evidence as to the presence of Jews in Muscovite Russia is first found in the chronicles of 1471. The relatively small population of Jews were generally free of major persecution: although there were laws against them during this period, they do not appear to be strictly enforced. In the 1480s the principality of Muscovy became the religious equivalent of the Caliphate or Holy Roman Empire. Based on the theory of the Third Rome, it was believed that the Tsar ruled the only rightful, practically independent Orthodox state, ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917