He was born Sigismund Schlomo Freud into a Ashkenazi Jewish family in Freiberg (Příbor), Moravia, the Austrian Empire (now the Czech Republic). In 1877, at the age of 21, he abbreviated his given name to "Sigmund." Although he was the first-born of three brothers and five sisters among his mother's children, Sigmund had older half-brothers from his father's previous marriage. His family had limited finances and lived in a crowded apartment, but his parents made every effort to foster his intellect (often favoring Sigmund over his si ...

See also:

Sigmund Freud, Sigmund Freud - Life, Sigmund Freud - Family/descendants, Sigmund Freud - Innovations, Sigmund Freud - Early work, Sigmund Freud - The unconscious, Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual development, Sigmund Freud - The id ego and superego, Sigmund Freud - Defense mechanisms, Sigmund Freud - The life and death instincts, Sigmund Freud - Psychology of religion, Sigmund Freud - Freud's legacy, Sigmund Freud - Psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud - Philosophy, Sigmund Freud - Critical reactions, Sigmund Freud - Patients, Sigmund Freud - Major works, Sigmund Freud - Books about Freud and psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis: theory and practice, Sigmund Freud - Conceptual critiques, Sigmund Freud - Biographies, Sigmund Freud - Biographical critiques, Sigmund Freud - Fiction

Read more here: » Sigmund Freud: Encyclopedia II - Sigmund Freud - Life

See also:

Sigmund Freud, Sigmund Freud - Life, Sigmund Freud - Innovations, Sigmund Freud - Early work, Sigmund Freud - The unconscious, Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual development, Sigmund Freud - The id ego and superego, Sigmund Freud - Defense mechanisms, Sigmund Freud - The life and death instincts, Sigmund Freud - Psychology of religion, Sigmund Freud - Freud's legacy, Sigmund Freud - Psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud - Philosophy, Sigmund Freud - Critical reactions, Sigmund Freud - Patients, Sigmund Freud - Major works, Sigmund Freud - Books about Freud and psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis: theory and practice, Sigmund Freud - Conceptual critiques, Sigmund Freud - Biographies, Sigmund Freud - Biographical critiques

Read more here: » Sigmund Freud: Encyclopedia II - Sigmund Freud - Life

Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis: theory and practice. Philip Rieff, Freud: The Mind of the Moralist, 3d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979) Anthony Bateman and Jeremy Holmes, Introduction to Psychoanalysis: Contemporary Theory & Practice (London: Routledge, 1995) Sigmund Freud - Conceptual critiques. Adler, Mortimer J., What Man Has Made of Man: A Study of the Consequences of Platonism and Positivism in Psychology ...

See also:

Sigmund Freud, Sigmund Freud - Life, Sigmund Freud - Family/descendants, Sigmund Freud - Innovations, Sigmund Freud - Early work, Sigmund Freud - The unconscious, Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual development, Sigmund Freud - The id ego and superego, Sigmund Freud - Defense mechanisms, Sigmund Freud - The life and death instincts, Sigmund Freud - Psychology of religion, Sigmund Freud - Freud's legacy, Sigmund Freud - Psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud - Philosophy, Sigmund Freud - Critical reactions, Sigmund Freud - Patients, Sigmund Freud - Major works, Sigmund Freud - Books about Freud and psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalysis: theory and practice, Sigmund Freud - Conceptual critiques, Sigmund Freud - Biographies, Sigmund Freud - Biographical critiques, Sigmund Freud - Fiction

Read more here: » Sigmund Freud: Encyclopedia II - Sigmund Freud - Books about Freud and psychoanalysis

Who is a good human being? Charles Dickens said people were good and bad. But he couldn"t figure out what made them that way. Unfortunately, Dickens missed - by about 50 years - the revolution in psychology brought about by Sigmund Freud.

Freud believed an individual'spersonality was shaped in his infancy, with later influences having only a negligible impact. However, Freud erred in focusing on natural instincts to the exclusion of social structures.

(See also: Peace on Earth, Peace of Mind, Love and Happiness, Life and Beyond, Body Mind and Soul)

Carl Gustav Jung (July 26, 1875 – June 6, 1961) (IPA:[ˈkarl ˈgʊstaf ˈjʊŋ]) was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of Analytical Psychology. Often mentioned along with Sigmund Freud, with whom he initially collaborated, Carl Jung was one of the first and most widely read writers of the twentieth century on the psychology of the human mind. His approach to psychology emphasized understanding the psyche through exploring the worlds of anthropology, astrology, alchemy, ...

Including:

• Carl Jung - Jungian psychology
• Carl Jung - The collective unconscious
• Carl Jung - The shadow
• Carl Jung - Anima and Animus
• Carl Jung - Jung's life
• Carl Jung - Jung and Freud
• Carl Jung - Psychological Types
• Carl Jung - Psychological Types – another view:
• Carl Jung - Influence
• Carl Jung - Spiritualism as a cure for alcoholism
• Carl Jung - Influences on culture
• Carl Jung - Recommended Reading
• Carl Jung - Jung bibliography

Read more here: » Carl Jung: Encyclopedia - Carl Jung

Alfred Erich Hoche (August 1, 1865 in Wildenhain (Torgau) - May 16, 1943 in Baden-Baden.) was a German psychiatrist well-known for his writings about eugenics and euthanasia. Alfred Hoche - Life. Hoche studied in Berlin and Heidelberg and became a psychiatrist in 1890. He moved to Strassburg in 1891. From 1902 he was a professor at Freiburg im Breisgau and was a director of the psychiatric clinic there. He was a major opponent of the psychoanalysis theories of Sigmund Freud. Hoche's body of work on the clas ...

Including:

• Alfred Hoche - Life
• Alfred Hoche - Publications and Ideas
• Alfred Hoche - Jahresringe: Innenansicht eines Menschenlebens
• Alfred Hoche - Hoche's relevance today
• Alfred Hoche - Publications

Read more here: » Alfred Hoche: Encyclopedia - Alfred Hoche

Wilhelm Reich (March 24, 1897–November 3, 1957) was an Austrian-American psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and author, who was trained in Vienna by Sigmund Freud. In the 1930s, Reich claimed to have discovered a physical energy, which he called "orgone," and which he said was contained in the atmosphere and in all living matter. He developed instruments — orgone accumulators — to detect and harness the energy, which he said could be used to treat illnesses like cancer. His views were ...

Including:

• Wilhelm Reich - Early life and career
• Wilhelm Reich - The early development of orgone therapy
• Wilhelm Reich - The bion experiments
• Wilhelm Reich - T-bacilli
• Wilhelm Reich - Orgone accumulators and cloudbusters
• Wilhelm Reich - Orgone experiment with Einstein
• Wilhelm Reich - The Brady articles and the FDA
• Wilhelm Reich - Imprisonment and death
• Wilhelm Reich - Status of Reich's work
• Wilhelm Reich - Bibliography

Read more here: » Wilhelm Reich: Encyclopedia - Wilhelm Reich

The Brothers Karamazov (Братья Карамазовы in Russian) is generally considered one of the greatest novels by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky and the culmination of his life's work. It has been acclaimed all over the world by authors as diverse as Sigmund Freud, Andrew R. MacAndrew, Konstantin Mochulsky, Albert Einstein, and Pope Benedict XVI and is often regarded as a masterpiece of literature and one of the greatest novels ever written. The book is written on two levels: on the surface it is the story of a ...

Including:

• The Brothers Karamazov - Context and background
• The Brothers Karamazov - Structure
• The Brothers Karamazov - Translation
• The Brothers Karamazov - List of major characters
• The Brothers Karamazov - Fyodor Karamazov
• The Brothers Karamazov - Dmitri Karamazov
• The Brothers Karamazov - Ivan Karamazov
• The Brothers Karamazov - Alexei Karamazov
• The Brothers Karamazov - Pavel Smerdyakov
• The Brothers Karamazov - Agrafena Alexandrovna Svetlova
• The Brothers Karamazov - Katerina Ivanovna Verkhovtseva
• The Brothers Karamazov - Zosima
• The Brothers Karamazov - Ilusha
• The Brothers Karamazov - Synopsis
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book One: A Nice Little Family
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Two: An Inappropriate Gathering
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Three: Sensualists
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Four: Strains
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Five: Pro and Contra
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Six: The Russian Monk
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Seven: Alyosha
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Eight: Mitya
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Nine: The Preliminary Investigation
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Ten: Boys
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Eleven: Brother Ivan Fyodorovich
• The Brothers Karamazov - Book Twelve: A Judicial Error
• The Brothers Karamazov - Epilogue
• The Brothers Karamazov - The novel's influence

Read more here: » The Brothers Karamazov: Encyclopedia - The Brothers Karamazov

Voluntarism (lat.: voluntas: wantin, the will, the desire; also: arbitrariness) is the school of thought, which regards the will to the difference of the intellectualism (as contrast) and emotionalism as basic facts of the realization (i.e. as epistemological voluntarism) or as a nature, cause of the world-whole (metaphysical voluntarism of Arthur Schopenhauer) and attributes a thinking and feeli ...

Including:

• Voluntarism - Medieval Voluntarism
• Voluntarism - Metaphysical Voluntarism
• Voluntarism - Realization and Science Theory
• Voluntarism - Politics

Read more here: » Voluntarism: Encyclopedia - Voluntarism

The notion of an unconscious or subconscious has been defined in a variety of ways over time, but in psychology it is considered to be the deepest level of consciousness, a part of which we are not directly aware, but still contains elements that affect conscious behavior. As defined by Sigmund Freud, the psyche is composed of different levels of consciousness, often defined in three parts as the waking consciousness, preconsciousness (which can be recalled with effort), and beneath both of these, the unconscious (which is beyo ...

Including:

• Unconscious mind - Pre-Freudian history of the idea
• Unconscious mind - Freud's definition
• Unconscious mind - Controversy
• Unconscious mind - Terminology
• Unconscious mind - Unconscious mental processes
• Unconscious mind - Questions about Unconscious mind
• Unconscious mind - Application of unconscious

Read more here: » Unconscious mind: Encyclopedia - Unconscious mind

A character structure is a constellation of enduring motivational and other traits that are manifested in the characteristic ways that an individual reacts to various kinds of challenges. The word "structure" indicates that these several characteristics and/or learned patterns of behavior are linked in such a way as to produce a state that can be highly resistant to change. The idea has its roots in the work of Sigmund Freud and several of his followers, the most important of whom (in this respect) are Wilhelm Reich and Erich Fromm. Among other important participants in the establis ...

Including:

• Character structure - On-line Information

Read more here: » Character structure: Encyclopedia - Character structure

Alan Wolf Arkin (born March 26, 1934) is an American actor. Born in New York City to a Jewish family, Arkin is one of only five actors to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor for his first screen appearance (for The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming) in 1966. Two years later, he was again nominated, for The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter. In a piece he wrote for the Second City book, Arkin wanted to be an actor since he was five. It was in a performance in St. Louis that Arkin caught a casting d ...

Including:

• Alan Arkin - Literary career

Read more here: » Alan Arkin: Encyclopedia - Alan Arkin

Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure (1989) is a comedy/science fiction film based on the idea of time travel. It is also a prime example of a buddy film. The film was released by Nelson Entertainment and Orion Pictures, written by Chris Matheson and Ed Solomon, and directed by Stephen Herek. It starred Alex Winter as Bill S. Preston, Esq., Keanu Reeves as Ted (Theodore) Logan, George Carlin as the mystical Rufus; and eight "Historical Party Animals": Robert V. Barron as Abraham Lincoln, Terry Camilleri as Napoleon Bonap ...

Including:

• Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure - Plot
• Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure - Cast

Read more here: » Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure: Encyclopedia - Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure

Havelock Ellis (February 2, 1859-July 8, 1939) was a British doctor, sexual psychologist and social reformer. He studied medicine at St Thomas' Hospital, although never had a regular medical practice; he joined The Fellowship of the New Life in 1883, meeting other social reformers Edward Carpenter and George Bernard Shaw. In 1891, when still a virgin, Ellis married Edith Lees. He was interested in sexual liberation and wrote the seven volume Studies in the Psychology of Sex between 1897 and 1928. Until 1935 this work ...

Including:

• Havelock Ellis - Works

Read more here: » Havelock Ellis: Encyclopedia - Havelock Ellis

Youth development is the process through which adolescents (alternately called youth or young adults) acquire the cognative, social, and emotional skills and abilities required to navigate life. The experience of adolescence varies for every youth: culture, gender, and socioeconomic class are important influences on development. This development occurs throughout a young person's life, including formal and informal settings such as home, church, or school; and similar relationships, such as pe ...

Including:

• Youth development - External articles

Read more here: » Youth development: Encyclopedia - Youth development

Erica (Mann) Jong (born March 26, 1942) is an American author and educator. Born in New York City, Jong graduated from Barnard College in 1963. She sometimes resides in Weston, Connecticut. She is best known for her first novel, Fear of Flying (published in 1973), which created a sensation with its frank treatment of a woman's sexual desires. Erica Jong - Bibliography. Erica Jong - Fiction. Fear Of Flying (1973) How To Save Your Own LifeIncluding:

• Erica Jong - Bibliography
• Erica Jong - Fiction
• Erica Jong - Non-fiction
• Erica Jong - Poetry
• Erica Jong - Awards

Read more here: » Erica Jong: Encyclopedia - Erica Jong

Jung was thirty when he sent Sigmund Freud in Vienna his work Studies in Word Association. Half a year later the then 50 year old Freud reciprocated by sending a collection of his latest published essays to Jung in Zurich, which marked the beginning of an intense correspondence and collaboration lasting more than six years and ending shortly before World War I in May 1914, when Jung resigned as the chairman of the ...

See also:

Carl Jung, Carl Jung - Jungian psychology, Carl Jung - The collective unconscious, Carl Jung - The shadow, Carl Jung - Anima and Animus, Carl Jung - Jung's life, Carl Jung - Jung and Freud, Carl Jung - Psychological Types, Carl Jung - Psychological Types – another view:, Carl Jung - Influence, Carl Jung - Spiritualism as a cure for alcoholism, Carl Jung - Influences on culture, Carl Jung - Recommended Reading, Carl Jung - Jung bibliography

Read more here: » Carl Jung: Encyclopedia II - Carl Jung - Jung and Freud

Roy Meadow was born in Wigan, the son of Samuel and Doris Meadow. He studied medicine at Oxford University, and later practiced as a GP in Banbury. Throughout his early years in medicine, Meadow was a devoted admirer of Anna Freud (daughter of Sigmund Freud), whose lectures he would often attend. Speaking in later life, he said: "I was, as a junior, brought up by Anna Freud, who was a great figure in child psychology, and I used to sit at her feet at Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead. She used to teach us that ...

See also:

Roy Meadow, Roy Meadow - Early career, Roy Meadow - Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy, Roy Meadow - Expert testimony, Roy Meadow - The Allitt case, Roy Meadow - MSbP and cot death, Roy Meadow - Controversy, Roy Meadow - The Clark case, Roy Meadow - The Patel case, Roy Meadow - The Cannings case, Roy Meadow - The present situation

Read more here: » Roy Meadow: Encyclopedia II - Roy Meadow - Early career

Psychoanalysis was first devised in Vienna in the 1890s by Sigmund Freud, a neurologist interested in finding an effective treatment for patients with neurotic or hysterical symptoms. As a result of talking with these patients, Freud came to believe that their problems stemmed from culturally unacceptable, thus repressed and unconscious, desires and fantasies of a sexual nature. As his theory developed, he included desires and fantasies of an aggressive nature as well. Freud considered these aspects of life instinctive drives, Libidinal Ener ...

See also:

Psychoanalysis, Psychoanalysis - History, Psychoanalysis - Theories, Psychoanalysis - The topographical model, Psychoanalysis - The structural model, Psychoanalysis - The economic model, Psychoanalysis - The conflict model, Psychoanalysis - The object-relational model, Psychoanalysis - The intersubjective model, Psychoanalysis - Techniques, Psychoanalysis - Cost and length, Psychoanalysis - Training, Psychoanalysis - Other definitions, Psychoanalysis - Psychoanalyses in groups, Psychoanalysis - Cultural Adaptations, Psychoanalysis - Adaptations for age and managed care, Psychoanalysis - Play Therapy for different ages, Psychoanalysis - Other play therapy techniques, Psychoanalysis - Criticisms, Psychoanalysis - Online papers about psychoanalytic theory, Psychoanalysis - Online papers and links about psychoanalytic research, Psychoanalysis - Critiques of psychoanalysis

Read more here: » Psychoanalysis: Encyclopedia II - Psychoanalysis - History

Although Jung was wary of founding a "school" of psychology, (he was once rumored to have said, "Thank God I'm Jung and not a Jungian."), he did develop a distinctive approach to the study of the human psyche. Through his early years working in a Swiss hospital with psychotic patients and collaborating with Sigmund Freud and the burgeoning psychoanalytic community, he gained a close look at the mysterious depths of the human unconscious. Fascinated by what he saw (and spurred on with even more passion by the experiences and questions of his ...

See also:

Carl Jung, Carl Jung - Jungian psychology, Carl Jung - The collective unconscious, Carl Jung - The shadow, Carl Jung - Anima and Animus, Carl Jung - Jung's life, Carl Jung - Jung and Freud, Carl Jung - Psychological Types, Carl Jung - Psychological Types – another view:, Carl Jung - Influence, Carl Jung - Spiritualism as a cure for alcoholism, Carl Jung - Influences on culture, Carl Jung - Recommended Reading, Carl Jung - Jung bibliography

Read more here: » Carl Jung: Encyclopedia II - Carl Jung - Jungian psychology