Bar (Ukrainian Бар) is a town in Ukraine at the Rov river in the region of Podolia, in Vinnytsia Oblast. It has 17,200 inhabitants (2005). The city was a small trade outpost named Row. In 16th century queen Bona Sforza founded a fortress at the rock over the river and named it Bar, after her home town of Bari in Italy. In 1540 king Sigismund I the Old granted the nearby town with city rights. The fortress was besieged several times in its history and was considered unbreakable. However, during the Chmielnicki's Uprising in 1648 it was captured by the cossacks under Bohdan Chmielnicki and severely ...

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Chancellors, as most of the other offices in Poland and later, the Commonwealth, were nominated to the office for life by the King during the Sejm (Parliament) session. From 15th and 16th century, after the reforms of Alexander, Sigismund I and the Union of Lublin, the power and importance of the Chancellor office was stabilised, as the senatorial office lesser then the hetmans (military commanders who had however no right to vote in the Senat) and the Grand Marshals, but more important then ...

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Kanclerz, Kanclerz - History, Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities, Kanclerz - Other chancellors, Kanclerz - List of chancellors, Kanclerz - Notes

Read more here: » Kanclerz: Encyclopedia II - Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities

The first settlements in this area appeared at least in 1 millennium A.D. The town as well as its surroundings started developing in the 13th century as The Grand Duchy of Lithuania centre. According to cronicles, Grand Duke Gediminas after a successful hunt found a beautiful place not far from the then capital Kernave and decided to build a castle here. That is how a new castle was built in Senieji Trakai which at that time was called Trakai. The town of Trakai was first mentioned in German chronicles in 1337, which is regarded to be the of ...

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Trakai, Trakai - Geography, Trakai - History, Trakai - Photo gallery, Trakai - Famous personalia

Read more here: » Trakai: Encyclopedia II - Trakai - History

The history of Belarus, or, more correctly of the Belarusian ethnicity, begins with the migration and expansion of the Slavic peoples throughout Eastern Europe between the 6th and 8th centuries Anno Domini. East Slavs settled on the territory within present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, assimilating local Baltic (Belarus), Ugro-Finnic (Russia) and steppe nomads (Ukraine) already living there, early ethnic integrations that contributed to the gradual differentiation of the three East Slavic nations. These East Slavs were pagan, animistic, agrarian people whose economy included trade in agricul ...

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History of Belarus, History of Belarus - Early history, History of Belarus - First Belarusian states, History of Belarus - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Belarus - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Belarus - Russian Empire, History of Belarus - 20th century, History of Belarus - BNR and LBSSR, History of Belarus - Belarusian Soviet Republic and West Belarus, History of Belarus - Belarus in World War II, History of Belarus - BSSR from 1945 to 1990, History of Belarus - Republic of Belarus, History of Belarus - Notes

Read more here: » History of Belarus: Encyclopedia II - History of Belarus - Early history

The town is located 28 km west of Vilnius. There are 200 lakes in the region, of which the deepest (46.7 m) is Galvė with its 21 islands. Galvė covers an area of 3.88 km², Vilkokšnis lake - 3.37 km², the lake of Skaistis - 2.96 km². There are Trakai Historical National Park and Aukštadvaris Regional Park founded in the territory of the region. Trakai Historical National Park was founded in April 23, 1991 to preserve Trakai as a centre of Lithuanian statehood as well as its authentic nature. It is the only historical national pa ...

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Trakai, Trakai - Geography, Trakai - History, Trakai - Photo gallery, Trakai - Famous personalia

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On 27 July 1990, Belarus declared its national sovereignty, a key step toward independence from the Soviet Union. The BSSR was formally renamed the Republic of Belarus on 25 August 1991. Around that time, Stanislav Shushkevich became the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, the top leadership position in Belarus. Shushkevich, along with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine met on December 8, 1991, in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union an ...

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History of Belarus, History of Belarus - Early history, History of Belarus - First Belarusian states, History of Belarus - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Belarus - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Belarus - Russian Empire, History of Belarus - 20th century, History of Belarus - BNR and LBSSR, History of Belarus - Belarusian Soviet Republic and West Belarus, History of Belarus - Belarus in World War II, History of Belarus - BSSR from 1945 to 1990, History of Belarus - Republic of Belarus, History of Belarus - Notes

Read more here: » History of Belarus: Encyclopedia II - History of Belarus - Republic of Belarus

A view of the castle from the bridge to Karvine island Full view of the rebuilt castle Left pillon of the island castle Right pillon of the island castle The old post office building Stella built to the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas A typical triple-windowed wooden Karaim house ...

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Trakai, Trakai - Geography, Trakai - History, Trakai - Photo gallery, Trakai - Famous personalia

Read more here: » Trakai: Encyclopedia II - Trakai - Photo gallery

The Lublin Union of 1569 constituted the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an influential player in European politics and the largest multinational empire in Europe. While Ukraine and Podlasia became subject to the Polish Crown, Belarus was still regarded as part of Lithuania. The new polity was dominated by much more densely populated Poland, which had 134 representatives in the Sejm as compared to 46 representatives of the Grand Duchy. However the Grand Duchy retained much autonomy, and was governed by a separate code of laws called the Li ...

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History of Belarus, History of Belarus - Early history, History of Belarus - First Belarusian states, History of Belarus - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Belarus - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Belarus - Russian Empire, History of Belarus - 20th century, History of Belarus - BNR and LBSSR, History of Belarus - Belarusian Soviet Republic and West Belarus, History of Belarus - Belarus in World War II, History of Belarus - BSSR from 1945 to 1990, History of Belarus - Republic of Belarus, History of Belarus - Notes

Read more here: » History of Belarus: Encyclopedia II - History of Belarus - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Klemens | Jarost | Stanislaw z Krakowa | Franciszek z Krakowa | Zbigniew z Szczyrzyca | Janusz Suchywilk | Zawisza z Kurozwek | Jan Radlica z Radliczyc | Zaklika z Miedzygorza | Wojciech Jastrzebiec z Lubnicy | Jan Szafraniec z Luczyc | Jan Taszka z Koniecpola | Jan Gruszczynski | Jakub z Debna | Uriel z Gorki | Stanislaw Kurozwecki | Krzeslaw Kurozwecki | Jan Laski | Maciej Drzewicki | Krzysztof Szydlowiecki | Jan Chojenski | Pawel Wolski | Tomasz Sobocki | Samuel Maciejowski | Jan Ocieski | Walenty Dembinski | Pio ...

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Kanclerz, Kanclerz - History, Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities, Kanclerz - Other chancellors, Kanclerz - List of chancellors, Kanclerz - Notes

Read more here: » Kanclerz: Encyclopedia II - Kanclerz - List of chancellors

During the times of fragmentation of Poland, each Polish prince had his own chancellor, but with the reunification of Poland, the office of Chancellor of Kraków (contemporary capital of the Kingdom of Poland) became dominant and other, local chancellors disappeared by the early 15th century. Also in the 15th century, the Chancellor office split into that of the Great Chancellor and Deputy Chancellor (however the Lithuanian Deputy Chancellor was created later, in the mid-16th century). The Deputy Chancellor was however not a subordinate of t ...

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Kanclerz, Kanclerz - History, Kanclerz - Power and responsibilities, Kanclerz - Other chancellors, Kanclerz - List of chancellors, Kanclerz - Notes

Read more here: » Kanclerz: Encyclopedia II - Kanclerz - History

Under Russian administration, the territory of Belarus was divided into the guberniyas of Minsk, Vitebsk, Mogilyov, and Hrodno. Belarusians were active in guerrilla movement against Napoleon's occupation and did their best to annihilate the remains of the Grande Armée when it crossed the Berezina River in November 1812[citation needed]. With Napoleon's defeat, Belarus again became a part of Imperial Russia and its guberniyas constituted part of the Northwestern Krai. The anti-Russian uprisings of the gentry[8]See also:

History of Belarus, History of Belarus - Early history, History of Belarus - First Belarusian states, History of Belarus - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Belarus - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Belarus - Russian Empire, History of Belarus - 20th century, History of Belarus - BNR and LBSSR, History of Belarus - Belarusian Soviet Republic and West Belarus, History of Belarus - Belarus in World War II, History of Belarus - BSSR from 1945 to 1990, History of Belarus - Republic of Belarus, History of Belarus - Notes

Read more here: » History of Belarus: Encyclopedia II - History of Belarus - Russian Empire

History of Belarus - BNR and LBSSR. Main articles: Belarus National Republic and Lithuanian-Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic World War I was the short period when Belarusian culture started to flourish. German administration allowed schools with Belarusian language, previously banned in Russia; a number of Belarusian schools were created until 1919 when they were banned again by Polish military administration. At the end of World War I, when Belarus ...

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History of Belarus, History of Belarus - Early history, History of Belarus - First Belarusian states, History of Belarus - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Belarus - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Belarus - Russian Empire, History of Belarus - 20th century, History of Belarus - BNR and LBSSR, History of Belarus - Belarusian Soviet Republic and West Belarus, History of Belarus - Belarus in World War II, History of Belarus - BSSR from 1945 to 1990, History of Belarus - Republic of Belarus, History of Belarus - Notes

Read more here: » History of Belarus: Encyclopedia II - History of Belarus - 20th century