The pepper plant is a perennial woody vine growing to four metres in height on supporting trees, poles, or trellises. It is a spreading vine, rooting readily where trailing stems touch the ground. The leaves are alternate, entire, five to ten centimetres long and three to six centimetres broad. The flowers are small, produced on pendulous spikes four to eight centimetres long at the leaf nodes, the spikes lengthening ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

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Pepper gets its spicy heat mostly from the piperine compound, which is found both in the outer fruit and in the seed. Refined piperine, milligram-for-milligram, is about one per cent as hot as the capsaicin in chile peppers. The outer fruit layer, left on black pepper, also contains important odour-contributing terpenes including pinene, sabinene, limonene, caryophyllene, and linalool, which give citrusy, woody, and floral notes. These scents are mostly missing in white pepper, which is stripped of the fruit layer. White pepper can gain some ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

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Pepper has been used as a spice in India since prehistoric times. It was probably first cultivated on the Malabar coast of India, in what is now the state of Kerala. The ancient history of black pepper is often interlinked with (and confused with) that of long pepper, the dried fruit of closely related Piper longum. The Romans knew of both and often referred to either as just "piper". In fact, it was not until the discovery of the New World and of chile peppers that the popularity of long pepper entirely declined. Chile peppers ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

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Although many rituals that were practiced in ancient times are no longer followed, some traditions are continued to this day. Iyers are initiated into rituals at the time of Birth itself. In ancient times Iyers performed rituals when the baby was being separated from mother's umbilical cord. However, this practice is not followed in modern times. At the time of birth, a horoscope is made for the child based on the position of the stars. Then Iyers undergo the naming ceremony. This affair is important as the name given during this cere ...

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Iyer, Iyer - Spiritual and philosophical beliefs, Iyer - Rituals Ceremonies and Festivals, Iyer - Origins, Iyer - Social and political issues, Iyer - Iyer Women, Iyer - Traditional Iyer Ethics, Iyer - Iyers today, Iyer - Some notable Iyers in the Modern Era

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The author of Microvitum in a Nutshell is rumored to have said that widespread acceptance and research using microvita will not occur for about 200 years. Sarkar explains that “The majority of people today do not know the technique of using microvita.” (Chapter 6: Neo-ethics of Multilateral Salvation) This implies that microvita theory is certainly being used today (by other names) by scientists and people in the arts and other areas of human endeavor, but generally the ...

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Microvitum, Microvitum - The nature of microvita, Microvitum - Three types of microvita, Microvitum - Seven types of devayoniis positive microvita, Microvitum - Seven types of pretayoniis negative microvita, Microvitum - The types of gandhayaks’inii intermediate microvita, Microvitum - The physics of life, Microvitum - Positive and negative microvita, Microvitum - Microvita and cakras, Microvitum - Problems in understanding microvitum, Microvitum - The future of microvitum

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Raganuga-prakrti - nature which impels one to follow the soul’s spontaneous attraction toward Krsna. When the intelligence is liberated from the bondage of maya, human nature no longer needs to be governed by rules and prohibitions; rather, it is prompted by spontaneous love. The raganuga nature is the unadulterated nature of the jiva. It is svabhava-siddha (the perfected state of the self) , cinmiaya (transcendental) , and jasa-mukta (free from bondage to dull matter).

(See also: Raganuga-prakrti, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

Raganuga-sadhana - Sri Rupa Gosvami’s conclusions regarding the method for performing raganuga-bhajana are stated in Bhaktirasamrta-sindhu (1.2.294-296) as follows: "One should constantly remember one’s dearest nava-kisora Sri Nanda-nandana and the beloved associates of Krsna who are possessed of sajatiya-bhava or the identical mood for which one aspires. One should always reside in Sri Vraja-dhama with great attachment for hearing topics regarding Krsna and His devotees.

If one is physically unable to live in Vraja, one should do so mentally. This is the method of raganuga-bhakti-sadhana.” Sri Rupa Gosvami continues: "A sadhaka who has lobha for raganuga-bhakti should serve Sri Krsna both in the sadhaka-rupa and the siddha-rupa in accordance with the bhava of the Vrajaparikaras who possess the same mood for which he aspires. The angas of bhakti such as sravana, kirtana, sri guru-padasraya, and others in regard to vaidhi-bhakti, are also useful and necessary in raganuga-bhakti. But judicious sadhakas will adopt only those angas which nourish their specific bhava, avoiding those which hamper it.”

Examples of the angas of bhakti in regard to raganuga-sadhana are as follows: sravanam in madhura-rasa means that one will hear how a maidservant serves Lalita, Visakha, Radha and Krsna. Kirtana means that one will learn how to do pati-vancanam, that is speaking sweet words to the husband in order to cheat him and go to participate in the lila of Radha and Krsna. Smaranam means to remember how Lalita and Visakha are rendering service to Srimati Radharani. Pada-sevanam means to take Srimati Radharani to meet with Krsna at night. Arcanam is done with the corner of the eyes. When Krsna is returning from the cow-pastures with the cowherd boys and the cows, all the gopis are standing at their doorsteps doing arcana with the corner of their eyes. Everything is there; the flame is there, water is there, sneha, mana, pranaya and everything else is there. Krsna also accepts their worship with the corner of His eyes. This is called arcana. Atma-nivedanam means gopijana-vallabhaya svaha: "I am the maidservant of Radha and Krsna, and I am offering my entire being to Them.”

(See also: Raganuga-sadhana, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

Mahabhava - the highest stage of prema or divine love. In Ujjvalanilamani (14.154) mahabhava is defined: "When anuraga reaches a special state of intensity, it is known as bhava or mahabhava. This state of intensity has three characteristics:

(1) anuraga reaches the state of sva-samvedya, which means that it becomes the object of its own experience,

(2) it becomes prakasita, radiantly manifest, which means that all eight sattvika-bhavas become prominently displayed, and

(3) it attains the state of yavad asraya-vrtti, which means that the active ingredient of this intensified state of anuraga transmits the experience of Radha and Krsna’s bhava to whomever may be present and qualified to receive it. This includes both the sadhaka and siddha-bhaktas.”

(See also: Mahabhava, Bhakti, Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)

Black pepper is produced from the still-green unripe berries of the pepper plant. The berries are cooked briefly in hot water, both to clean them and to prepare them for drying. The heat ruptures cell walls in the fruit, speeding the work of browning enzymes during drying. The berries are dried in the sun or by machine for several days, during which the fruit around the seed shrinks and darkens into a thin, wrinkled black layer around the seed. ...

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Black pepper, Black pepper - Varieties of pepper, Black pepper - The pepper plant, Black pepper - History, Black pepper - Ancient times, Black pepper - Postclassical Europe, Black pepper - China, Black pepper - Pepper as a medicine, Black pepper - Flavour, Black pepper - World trade, Black pepper - Notes

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The Third Eye: The third eye of Shiva on his forehead is the eye of wisdom. It is the eye that looks beyond the obvious. The third eye of Shiva also popularly associated with is untamed energy which destroys the evil doers and sins. The Cobra Necklace: Shiva is beyond the powers of death and is often the sole support in case of distress. He swallowed the poison kalketu for the wellbeing of the Universe. The deadly cobra represents that “death” aspect whom Shiva has thoroughly conquered. The cobras around his neck also represent the do ...

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Shiva, Shiva - Shivalingas, Shiva - Introduction, Shiva - Consorts and the Burning of Kamadeva, Shiva - Other Legends, Shiva - The Sons of Shiva, Shiva - Attributes of Lord Shiva, Shiva - Other Forms and Legends, Shiva - Schools and Views of Śivaism, Shiva - Origin Theories, Shiva - Names of Śiva

Read more here: » Shiva: Encyclopedia II - Shiva - Attributes of Lord Shiva

Tamil people - Language and literature. Main articles: Tamil language, Tamil literature Tamils have strong feelings towards the Tamil language, which is often venerated in literature as "tamil̲an̲n̲ai," "the Tamil mother." It has historically been, and to large extent still is, central to the Tamil identity (Ramaswamy 1998). Like the other languages of South India, it is a Dravidian language, unrelated to the Indo-European languages of northern India. The language has been far less influenced by ...

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Tamil people, Tamil people - History, Tamil people - The pre-classical period, Tamil people - The classical period, Tamil people - The imperial and post-imperial periods, Tamil people - Tamils in Sri Lanka, Tamil people - The modern period, Tamil people - Geographic distribution, Tamil people - Tamils in India, Tamil people - Tamils in Sri Lanka, Tamil people - Tamil emigrant communities, Tamil people - Culture, Tamil people - Language and literature, Tamil people - Visual art and architecture, Tamil people - Performing arts, Tamil people - Religion, Tamil people - Martial arts, Tamil people - Institutions

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