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Shift | A Wisdom Archive on Shift | | Shift A selection of articles related to Shift | |
| We recommend this article: Shift - 1, and also this: Shift - 2. |
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shift, Shift, Shapeshift
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Shift | | | | |  Shift: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Higher-order PSKFor the general M-PSK there is no simple expression for the symbol-error probability if M > 4. Unfortunately, it can only be obtained from:
where
,
,
,
and
and are jointly-Gaussian random variables.
This may be approximated for high M and high Eb ...
See also:Phase-shift keying, Phase-shift keying - Introduction, Phase-shift keying - Ideal structure, Phase-shift keying - Transmitter, Phase-shift keying - Receiver, Phase-shift keying - Definitions, Phase-shift keying - Applications, Phase-shift keying - Binary Phase-shift Keying BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - Quadrature Phase-shift Keying QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - QPSK signal in the time domain, Phase-shift keying - Offset QPSK OQPSK, Phase-shift keying - π / 4–QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Higher-order PSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Encoding, Phase-shift keying - Example: Differentially encoded BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Phase-shift Keying DPSK, Phase-shift keying - Notes Read more here: » Phase-shift keying: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Higher-order PSK |
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| | | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Ideal structure
Phase-shift keying - Transmitter.
Indicating by L the number of possible symbols to be transmitted, then the used angular values are given by:
The ideal structure of a PSK transmitter is shown in the following picture:
The source S generates random symbols , whose possible values are the that were introduced before. Then there is just a QAM modulator: the cosine of is sent on one channel, its sine on the other. Both valued are amplified by an A.
The sent signal can be expressed in the following form:
< ...
See also:Phase-shift keying, Phase-shift keying - Introduction, Phase-shift keying - Ideal structure, Phase-shift keying - Transmitter, Phase-shift keying - Receiver, Phase-shift keying - Definitions, Phase-shift keying - Applications, Phase-shift keying - Binary Phase-shift Keying BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - Quadrature Phase-shift Keying QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - QPSK signal in the time domain, Phase-shift keying - Offset QPSK OQPSK, Phase-shift keying - π / 4–QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Higher-order PSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Encoding, Phase-shift keying - Example: Differentially encoded BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Phase-shift Keying DPSK, Phase-shift keying - Notes Read more here: » Phase-shift keying: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Ideal structure |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - Paradigm - Paradigm shifts Paradigm shifts tend to be most dramatic where they are least expected, as in Physics. At the end of the 19th century, physics seemed to be a discipline filling in the last few details of a largely worked-out system. In 1900, Lord Kelvin famously stated, "There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement." Five years later, Albert Einstein published his paper on special relativity, which challenged the very simple set of rules laid down by Newtonian mechanics, which had been used to d ...
See also:Paradigm, Paradigm - Paradigm shifts, Paradigm - Other uses, Paradigm - Etymology, Paradigm - Quote Read more here: » Paradigm: Encyclopedia II - Paradigm - Paradigm shifts |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Differential Encoding As mentioned for BPSK and QPSK there is an ambiguity of phase if the constellation is rotated by some effect in the communications channel the signal passes through. This problem can be overcome by using the data to change rather than set the phase.
For example, in differentially-encoded BPSK a binary '1' may be transmitted by adding 180° to the current phase and a binary '0' by adding 0° to the current phase. In differentially-encoded QPSK, the phase-shifts are 0°, 90°, 180°, -90° corresponding to data '00', '01', ...
See also:Phase-shift keying, Phase-shift keying - Introduction, Phase-shift keying - Ideal structure, Phase-shift keying - Transmitter, Phase-shift keying - Receiver, Phase-shift keying - Definitions, Phase-shift keying - Applications, Phase-shift keying - Binary Phase-shift Keying BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - Quadrature Phase-shift Keying QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - QPSK signal in the time domain, Phase-shift keying - Offset QPSK OQPSK, Phase-shift keying - π / 4–QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Higher-order PSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Encoding, Phase-shift keying - Example: Differentially encoded BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Phase-shift Keying DPSK, Phase-shift keying - Notes Read more here: » Phase-shift keying: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Differential Encoding |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - Redshift - Shifts in vacuum A redshift can occur in a vacuum, without any direct interaction with intervening matter in three ways. Each of these mechanisms produces a Doppler-like redshift, meaning that z is independent of wavelength.
Redshift - Doppler effect.
If a source of the light is moving directly away from an observer, then redshift (z > 0) occurs; if the source moves towards the observer, then blueshift (z < 0) occurs. This is true for all electromagnetic waves and is explained by the Doppler effe ...
See also:Redshift, Redshift - The relative change in wavelength z, Redshift - Shifts in vacuum, Redshift - Doppler effect, Redshift - Expansion of space, Redshift - Relativistic effects, Redshift - Shifts due to scattering, Redshift - Observations in astronomy, Redshift - Local observations, Redshift - Extragalactic observations Read more here: » Redshift: Encyclopedia II - Redshift - Shifts in vacuum |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses Some of the consonant shifts resulting from the second and third phases appear also to be observable in Lombardic, the early mediaeval Germanic language of northern Italy, which is preserved in runic fragments of the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Unfortunately, the Lombardic records are not sufficient to allow a complete taxonomy of the language. It is therefore uncertain whether the language experienced the full shift or merely sporadic reflexes, but b→p is clearly attested. This may mean that the shift began in Italy, or that it spre ...
See also:High German consonant shift, High German consonant shift - General description, High German consonant shift - Overview table, High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail, High German consonant shift - Phase 1, High German consonant shift - Phase 2, High German consonant shift - Phase 3, High German consonant shift - Phase 4, High German consonant shift - Chronology, High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution, High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses, High German consonant shift - Sample texts, High German consonant shift - Sources Read more here: » High German consonant shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - Sample texts As an example of the effects of the shift one may compare the following texts from the later Middle Ages, on the left a Middle Low German citation from the Sachsenspiegel (1220), which does not show the shift, and on the right the same text from the Middle High German Deutschenspiegel (1274), which shows the shifted consonants; both are standard legal texts of the period.
(Translations:
Sachsenspiegel: "The man is also guardian of his wife / as soon as she is married to him. / The wife is also the m ...
See also:High German consonant shift, High German consonant shift - General description, High German consonant shift - Overview table, High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail, High German consonant shift - Phase 1, High German consonant shift - Phase 2, High German consonant shift - Phase 3, High German consonant shift - Phase 4, High German consonant shift - Chronology, High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution, High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses, High German consonant shift - Sample texts, High German consonant shift - Sources Read more here: » High German consonant shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - Sample texts |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - Chronology Since, apart from þ→d, the High German consonant shift took place before the beginning of writing of Old High German in the 9th century, the dating of the various phases is an uncertain business. The estimates quoted here are mostly taken from the dtv-Atlas zur deutschen Sprache (p.63). Different estimates appear elsewhere, for example Waterman, who asserts that the first three phases occurred fairly close together and were complete in Alemannic territory by 6 ...
See also:High German consonant shift, High German consonant shift - General description, High German consonant shift - Overview table, High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail, High German consonant shift - Phase 1, High German consonant shift - Phase 2, High German consonant shift - Phase 3, High German consonant shift - Phase 4, High German consonant shift - Chronology, High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution, High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses, High German consonant shift - Sample texts, High German consonant shift - Sources Read more here: » High German consonant shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - Chronology |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail
High German consonant shift - Phase 1.
The first phase, which may have begun in the fourth century and affected the whole of the High German area, saw the voiceless stops become geminated fricatives intervocalically, or single fricatives postvocalically in final position.
p→ff or final f
t→zz (later German ss) or final < ...
See also:High German consonant shift, High German consonant shift - General description, High German consonant shift - Overview table, High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail, High German consonant shift - Phase 1, High German consonant shift - Phase 2, High German consonant shift - Phase 3, High German consonant shift - Phase 4, High German consonant shift - Chronology, High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution, High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses, High German consonant shift - Sample texts, High German consonant shift - Sources Read more here: » High German consonant shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - Chemical shift - Magnetic properties of most common nuclei 1H and 13C aren't the only nuclei susceptible to NMR experiments. A number of different nuclei can also be detected, although the use of such techniques is generally rare due to small relative sensitivities in NMR experiments (compared to 1H) of the nuclei in question, the other factor for rare use being their slender representation in nature/organic compounds.
1H, 13C, 15N, 19F and 31P are the five nuclei that have the greatest impor ...
See also:Chemical shift, Chemical shift - Introduction, Chemical shift - Chemical shift referencing, Chemical shift - 1H chemical shift, Chemical shift - Detailed table of 1H chemical shifts in CH CH2 and CH3 next to functional group α-position in aliphatic compounds [ppm], Chemical shift - 13C chemical shift, Chemical shift - DEPT spectra, Chemical shift - Magnetic properties of most common nuclei, Chemical shift - The fastest way to understanding spectra Read more here: » Chemical shift: Encyclopedia II - Chemical shift - Magnetic properties of most common nuclei |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - Chemical shift - The fastest way to understanding spectra Since the easiest way to obtain knowledge is by practice - that is, solving problems, a couple of external links are shown underneath. The problems are made of different combined spectra (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR etc.), most of the links contain solutions to problems. The last URL is the best, with the solutions being on two separate pages.
Problem set 1, advanced
Problem set 2, moderate
Problem set 3, for beginners
Problem set 4, moderate, German language (don't let that scare you awa ...
See also:Chemical shift, Chemical shift - Introduction, Chemical shift - Chemical shift referencing, Chemical shift - 1H chemical shift, Chemical shift - Detailed table of 1H chemical shifts in CH CH2 and CH3 next to functional group α-position in aliphatic compounds [ppm], Chemical shift - 13C chemical shift, Chemical shift - DEPT spectra, Chemical shift - Magnetic properties of most common nuclei, Chemical shift - The fastest way to understanding spectra Read more here: » Chemical shift: Encyclopedia II - Chemical shift - The fastest way to understanding spectra |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - General description The High German consonant shift altered a number of consonants in the Southern German dialects, and thus also in modern Standard German, and so explains why many German words have different consonants from the obviously related words in English. Briefly, there are four thrusts which may be thought of as four successive phases:
1. Germanic voiceless stops became fricatives in certain phonetic environments (English ship maps to German Schiff);
2. The same sounds became affricates in other positions (apple ...
See also:High German consonant shift, High German consonant shift - General description, High German consonant shift - Overview table, High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail, High German consonant shift - Phase 1, High German consonant shift - Phase 2, High German consonant shift - Phase 3, High German consonant shift - Phase 4, High German consonant shift - Chronology, High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution, High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses, High German consonant shift - Sample texts, High German consonant shift - Sources Read more here: » High German consonant shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - General description |
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| | | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution Roughly, one may say that the changes resulting from phase 1 affected Upper and Central German, those from phase 2 and 3 only Upper German, and those from phase 4 the entire German and Dutch-speaking region. The generally-accepted boundary between Central and Low German, the maken-machen line, is sometimes called the Benrath line, as it passes through the Düsseldorf suburb of Benrath, while the main boundary between Central and Upper German, the Appel-Apfel line can be called the Speyer line, ...
See also:High German consonant shift, High German consonant shift - General description, High German consonant shift - Overview table, High German consonant shift - The four phases in detail, High German consonant shift - Phase 1, High German consonant shift - Phase 2, High German consonant shift - Phase 3, High German consonant shift - Phase 4, High German consonant shift - Chronology, High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution, High German consonant shift - East Germanic hypotheses, High German consonant shift - Sample texts, High German consonant shift - Sources Read more here: » High German consonant shift: Encyclopedia II - High German consonant shift - Geographical distribution |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - Shifting nth-root algorithm - Algorithm
Shifting nth-root algorithm - Notation.
Let B be the base of the number system you are using, and n be the degree of the root to be extracted. Let x be the radicand processed thus far, y be the root extracted thus far, and r be the remainder. Let α be the next n digits of the radicand, and β be the next digit of the root. Let x' be the new value of x for the next iteration, y' be the new value of y for the next iteration, and r' be the new value of r for the next iteration. These are all integers.
< ...
See also:Shifting nth-root algorithm, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Algorithm, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Notation, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Invariants, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Initialization, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Main loop, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Paper and pencil nth roots, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Performance, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Examples, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Square root of 2 in binary, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Square root of 3, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Cube root of 5, Shifting nth-root algorithm - Fourth root of 7 Read more here: » Shifting nth-root algorithm: Encyclopedia II - Shifting nth-root algorithm - Algorithm |
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| | | | | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - Linear feedback shift register - Galois LFSRs A Galois LFSR, or a LFSR in Galois configuration is a variation on typical LFSR design.
In Galois configuration, when the system is clocked, bits that are not taps are shifted as normal. The taps, one the other hand, are XOR'd with the new output, which also becomes the new input.
Galois LFSRs do not concatenate every tap to produce the new input (the XOR'ing is done within the LFSR and no XOR's are run in serial, therefore the propagation times are reduced to that of one XOR rather than a whole chain), thus it is possible for each tap to be computed in pa ...
See also:Linear feedback shift register, Linear feedback shift register - How it works, Linear feedback shift register - Output Stream Properties, Linear feedback shift register - Applications, Linear feedback shift register - A drop in replacement for Gray Code counters, Linear feedback shift register - Galois LFSRs, Linear feedback shift register - Uses in cryptography, Linear feedback shift register - Uses in digital broadcasting Read more here: » Linear feedback shift register: Encyclopedia II - Linear feedback shift register - Galois LFSRs |
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| | | | | Shift: Encyclopedia II - Linear feedback shift register - How it works The list of the bits positions that affect the next state is called the tap sequence. In the diagram below, the sequence is [16,14,13,11].
The outputs that influence the input are called taps.
A maximal LFSR produces an n-sequence (i.e. cycles through all possible states within the shift register), unless it contains all zeros, in which case it will never change.
The sequence of numbers generated by a LFSR can be considered a binary numera ...
See also:Linear feedback shift register, Linear feedback shift register - How it works, Linear feedback shift register - Output Stream Properties, Linear feedback shift register - Applications, Linear feedback shift register - A drop in replacement for Gray Code counters, Linear feedback shift register - Galois LFSRs, Linear feedback shift register - Uses in cryptography, Linear feedback shift register - Uses in digital broadcasting Read more here: » Linear feedback shift register: Encyclopedia II - Linear feedback shift register - How it works |
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