SHAPE-SHIFTING: the ability of a person to change into animal form or otherwise altar one's physical features, either physically or as seen by others. It is a magickal technique of great antiquity.

(See also: SHAPE-SHIFTING, Witchcraft, Wicca, Paganism, Pagan Dictionary)

Chemical shift is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm) by frequency, because it is calculated from: Since the numerator is usually in hertz, and the denominator in megahertz, delta is expressed in ppm. The detected frequencies (in Hz) for 1H, 13C, and 29Si nuclei are usually referenced against TMS (tetramethylsilane), which is assigned the chemical shift of zero. Other standard materi ...

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Chemical shift, Chemical shift - Introduction, Chemical shift - Chemical shift referencing, Chemical shift - 1H chemical shift, Chemical shift - Detailed table of 1H chemical shifts in CH CH2 and CH3 next to functional group α-position in aliphatic compounds [ppm], Chemical shift - 13C chemical shift, Chemical shift - DEPT spectra, Chemical shift - Magnetic properties of most common nuclei, Chemical shift - The fastest way to understanding spectra

Read more here: » Chemical shift: Encyclopedia II - Chemical shift - Chemical shift referencing

An epistemological paradigm shift was called a scientific revolution by epistemologist and historian of science Thomas Kuhn in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. A scientific revolution occurs, according to Kuhn, when scientists encounter anomalies which cannot be explained by the universally accepted paradigm within which scientific progress has thereto been made. The paradigm, in Kuhn's view, is not simply the current theory, but the entire worldview in which it exists, and all of the implications which ...

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Paradigm shift, Paradigm shift - Kuhnian Paradigm Shifts, Paradigm shift - Examples of paradigm shifts in science, Paradigm shift - Other Uses

Read more here: » Paradigm shift: Encyclopedia II - Paradigm shift - Kuhnian Paradigm Shifts

paradigm shift

Spiritual or mental axis-shift; change in perception or world view such as the Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian, or New Age revolution

(See also: Paradigm shift, Body Mind and Soul)

An atomic nucleus can have a magnetic moment (nuclear spin), which gives rise to different energy levels and (resonance frequencies) in a magnetic field. The total magnetic field experienced by a nucleus includes local magnetic fields induced by currents of electrons in the molecular orbitals (note that electrons have a magnetic moment themselves). The electron distribution of the same type of nucleus (e.g. 1H, 13C, 15N) usually varies according to the local geometry (binding partners, bond lengths, angles be ...

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Chemical shift, Chemical shift - Introduction, Chemical shift - Chemical shift referencing, Chemical shift - 1H chemical shift, Chemical shift - Detailed table of 1H chemical shifts in CH CH2 and CH3 next to functional group α-position in aliphatic compounds [ppm], Chemical shift - 13C chemical shift, Chemical shift - DEPT spectra, Chemical shift - Magnetic properties of most common nuclei, Chemical shift - The fastest way to understanding spectra

Read more here: » Chemical shift: Encyclopedia II - Chemical shift - Introduction

The legality of time-shifting programming in the United States was proven by a landmark court case of Universal Studios versus Sony Corporation (Sony v. Universal), when Sony argued successfully that the advent of its Betamax video recorder in 1976 did not violate the copyright of the owners of shows which it recorded. In 1979, Universal sued Sony, claiming its timed recording capability amounted to "copyright infringement". However, a district court found that noncommercial home use recording was considered fair use and ruled ...

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Time shifting, Time shifting - History

Read more here: » Time shifting: Encyclopedia II - Time shifting - History

Definition and meaning of doppler shift:

doppler shift - the change in the tone of a sound caused by the sound source moving away or towards the listener

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

The estimated rate of deforestation in Southeast Asia in 1990 was 34,000 km² per year (FAO 1990, quoted in Potter 1993). In Indonesia alone it was estimated 13,100 km² per year were being lost, 3,680 km² per year from Sumatra and 3,770 km² from Kalimantan, of which 1,440 km² were due to the fires of 1982 to 1983. Since those estimates were made huge fires have ravaged Indonesian forests during the 1997 to 1998 El Niño associated drought. “Shifting cultivation” was assessed by the FAO to be one of the causes of this deforesta ...

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Shifting cultivation, Shifting cultivation - Similar terms, Shifting cultivation - Subsistence, Shifting cultivation - The political ecology of shifting cultivation, Shifting cultivation - Stereotypes: primitive backward wasteful unproductive, Shifting cultivation - Shifting cultivation in Europe, Shifting cultivation - Simple societies shifting cultivation and environmental change, Shifting cultivation - Shifting cultivation in the contemporary world and global environmental change, Shifting cultivation - Conclusion

Read more here: » Shifting cultivation: Encyclopedia II - Shifting cultivation - Shifting cultivation in the contemporary world and global environmental change

The forests of Europe were destroyed by the seemingly inexorable ‘advances’ of civilisation, industrialisation and warfare, the sort of ‘advances’ that many of those who criticised shifting cultivators in the 19th century thought were desirable and indicative of “higher cultures”. The same sort of processes are leading to the destruction of tropical forests in the last decade of the 20th century. So ‘advances’ in civilization, now known as ‘development’, have not resolved these problems. The problems are located not in th ...

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Shifting cultivation, Shifting cultivation - Similar terms, Shifting cultivation - Subsistence, Shifting cultivation - The political ecology of shifting cultivation, Shifting cultivation - Stereotypes: primitive backward wasteful unproductive, Shifting cultivation - Shifting cultivation in Europe, Shifting cultivation - Simple societies shifting cultivation and environmental change, Shifting cultivation - Shifting cultivation in the contemporary world and global environmental change, Shifting cultivation - Conclusion

Read more here: » Shifting cultivation: Encyclopedia II - Shifting cultivation - Simple societies shifting cultivation and environmental change

There are three major classes of digital modulation techniques used for transmission of digitally represented data: Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) Frequency-shift keying (FSK) Phase-shift keying (PSK) All convey data by changing some aspect of a base signal, the carrier wave, (usually a sinusoid) in response to a data signal. In the case of PSK, the phase is changed to represent the data signal. There are two fundamental ways of utilizing the phase of a signal in this way: By viewing th ...

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Phase-shift keying, Phase-shift keying - Introduction, Phase-shift keying - Ideal structure, Phase-shift keying - Transmitter, Phase-shift keying - Receiver, Phase-shift keying - Definitions, Phase-shift keying - Applications, Phase-shift keying - Binary Phase-shift Keying BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - Quadrature Phase-shift Keying QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - QPSK signal in the time domain, Phase-shift keying - Offset QPSK OQPSK, Phase-shift keying - π / 4–QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Higher-order PSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Encoding, Phase-shift keying - Example: Differentially encoded BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Phase-shift Keying DPSK, Phase-shift keying - Notes

Read more here: » Phase-shift keying: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Introduction

For a signal that has been differentially encoded, there is an obvious alternative method of demodulation. Instead of demodulating as usual and ignoring carrier-phase ambiguity, the phase between two successive received symbols is compared and used to determine what the data must have been. When differential encoding is used in this manner, the scheme is known as differential phase-shift keying (DPSK). Note that this is subtly different to just differentially-encoded PSK since, upon reception, the received symbols are not decoded one-by-on ...

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Phase-shift keying, Phase-shift keying - Introduction, Phase-shift keying - Ideal structure, Phase-shift keying - Transmitter, Phase-shift keying - Receiver, Phase-shift keying - Definitions, Phase-shift keying - Applications, Phase-shift keying - Binary Phase-shift Keying BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - Quadrature Phase-shift Keying QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - QPSK signal in the time domain, Phase-shift keying - Offset QPSK OQPSK, Phase-shift keying - π / 4–QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Higher-order PSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Encoding, Phase-shift keying - Example: Differentially encoded BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Phase-shift Keying DPSK, Phase-shift keying - Notes

Read more here: » Phase-shift keying: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Differential Phase-shift Keying DPSK

BPSK is the simplest form of PSK. It uses two phases which are separated by 180° and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not particularly matter exactly where the constellation points are positioned, and in this figure they are shown on the real axis, at 0° and 180°. This modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it takes serious distortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision. It is, however, only able to modulate at 1bit/symbol (as seen in the figure) and so is unsuitable for high data-rate applications. The bit error ...

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Phase-shift keying, Phase-shift keying - Introduction, Phase-shift keying - Ideal structure, Phase-shift keying - Transmitter, Phase-shift keying - Receiver, Phase-shift keying - Definitions, Phase-shift keying - Applications, Phase-shift keying - Binary Phase-shift Keying BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - Quadrature Phase-shift Keying QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - QPSK signal in the time domain, Phase-shift keying - Offset QPSK OQPSK, Phase-shift keying - π / 4–QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Higher-order PSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Encoding, Phase-shift keying - Example: Differentially encoded BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Phase-shift Keying DPSK, Phase-shift keying - Notes

Read more here: » Phase-shift keying: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Binary Phase-shift Keying BPSK

Chemical shift - Detailed table of 1H chemical shifts in CH CH2 and CH3 next to functional group α-position in aliphatic compounds [ppm]. Chemical shift values are not precise, but typical - they are to be therefore regarded mainly as orientational. Deviations are in ±0.2 ppm range, sometimes more. The exact value of chemical shift depends on molecular structure and the solvent in which t ...

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Chemical shift, Chemical shift - Introduction, Chemical shift - Chemical shift referencing, Chemical shift - 1H chemical shift, Chemical shift - Detailed table of 1H chemical shifts in CH CH2 and CH3 next to functional group α-position in aliphatic compounds [ppm], Chemical shift - 13C chemical shift, Chemical shift - DEPT spectra, Chemical shift - Magnetic properties of most common nuclei, Chemical shift - The fastest way to understanding spectra

Read more here: » Chemical shift: Encyclopedia II - Chemical shift - ¹H chemical shift

Sometimes known as quaternary or quadriphase PSK or 4-PSK, QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle. With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol, shown in the diagram with Gray coding to minimize the BER — twice the rate of BPSK. Analysis shows that this may be used either to double the data rate compared to a BPSK system while maintaining the bandwidth of the si ...

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Phase-shift keying, Phase-shift keying - Introduction, Phase-shift keying - Ideal structure, Phase-shift keying - Transmitter, Phase-shift keying - Receiver, Phase-shift keying - Definitions, Phase-shift keying - Applications, Phase-shift keying - Binary Phase-shift Keying BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - Quadrature Phase-shift Keying QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Implementation, Phase-shift keying - QPSK signal in the time domain, Phase-shift keying - Offset QPSK OQPSK, Phase-shift keying - π / 4–QPSK, Phase-shift keying - Higher-order PSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Encoding, Phase-shift keying - Example: Differentially encoded BPSK, Phase-shift keying - Differential Phase-shift Keying DPSK, Phase-shift keying - Notes

Read more here: » Phase-shift keying: Encyclopedia II - Phase-shift keying - Quadrature Phase-shift Keying QPSK

Chemical shifts of 13C atoms follow the same principles as those of 1H, with the difference of 1H having greater relative sensitivity (that is, it is more easily detected). In addition to former fact, in 13C-NMR the intensity of the signal is not directionally proportional to the number of equivalent 13C atoms (unlike in 1H), but is a function of instrumental parameters, length, and delay of the pulse. Chemical shifts of 13C are bigger (more ppm). There are a number ...

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Chemical shift, Chemical shift - Introduction, Chemical shift - Chemical shift referencing, Chemical shift - 1H chemical shift, Chemical shift - Detailed table of 1H chemical shifts in CH CH2 and CH3 next to functional group α-position in aliphatic compounds [ppm], Chemical shift - 13C chemical shift, Chemical shift - DEPT spectra, Chemical shift - Magnetic properties of most common nuclei, Chemical shift - The fastest way to understanding spectra

Read more here: » Chemical shift: Encyclopedia II - Chemical shift - ¹³C chemical shift

The simplest and most common form of ASK operates as a switch, using the presence of a carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its absence to indicate a binary zero. This type of modulation is called on-off keying, and is used at radio frequencies to transmit Morse code (referred to as continuous wave operation). More sophisticated encoding schemes have been developed which represent data in groups using additional amplitude levels. For instance, a four-level encoding scheme can represent two bits with each shift in amplitude ...

See also:

Amplitude-shift keying, Amplitude-shift keying - Encoding, Amplitude-shift keying - Probability of error, Amplitude-shift keying - Considerations

Read more here: » Amplitude-shift keying: Encyclopedia II - Amplitude-shift keying - Encoding

ASK is the simplest kind of modulation that can be used to send data through a channel. It has several bad points: it can be used only when the signal-to-noise ratio is very high, because most of the signal is transmitted at reduced power, so it would be hard to recover. it needs A/D converters working at a frequency that could be higher than necessary: for example, if the bandwidth between 100 and 101 MHz is used for the transmission, the spectrum of the signal will be only 1 MHz wide, but the A/D converter will need to work at 101*2 = 202 MHz. In QAM modulation, ...

See also:

Amplitude-shift keying, Amplitude-shift keying - Encoding, Amplitude-shift keying - Probability of error, Amplitude-shift keying - Considerations

Read more here: » Amplitude-shift keying: Encyclopedia II - Amplitude-shift keying - Considerations

The term "paradigm shift" has found uses in other contexts, representing the notion of a major change in a certain thought-pattern — a radical change in personal beliefs, complex systems or organizations, replacing the former way of thinking or organizing with a radically different way of thinking or organizing: Margaret Mead, noted anthropologist, shows a flashlight to the indigenous New Guinea people. People blind since birth are suddenly enabled to see. British underground philosopher Michael Swann advocat ...

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Paradigm shift, Paradigm shift - Kuhnian Paradigm Shifts, Paradigm shift - Examples of paradigm shifts in science, Paradigm shift - Other Uses

Read more here: » Paradigm shift: Encyclopedia II - Paradigm shift - Other Uses

Two of the stories had themes that were later expanded upon by King into full-fledged novels. Jerusalem's Lot became the basis (in a very loose sense) for the novel 'Salem's Lot. Night Surf became the basis for The Stand. Numerous movies have also been made based at least partially on some of these stories. Graveyard Shift, The Mangler, Night Surf, and The Last Rung on the Ladder have each been adapted for film once. Trucks has been adapted into both a film of the same nam ...

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Night Shift book, Night Shift book - Stories, Night Shift book - Adaptations

Read more here: » Night Shift book: Encyclopedia II - Night Shift book - Adaptations

Definition and meaning of temporary threshold shift:

temporary threshold shift - in mammals, a temporary increase in the threshold of hearing (minimum intensity need to hear a sound) at a specific frequency that returns to its pre-exposure level over time

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

Despite this, shifting cultivation remains negatively stereotyped. Shifting cultivation systems are perceived both by the supposedly well informed as well as the general public, as primitive, backward, wasteful, unproductive, exploitative and the cause of widespread environmental degradation. Shifting cultivators are blamed for the destruction of much of the world’s tropical forests, land degradation, atmospheric pollution and global climatic change. While contemporary manifestations of these attitudes towards shifting cultivators a ...

See also:

Shifting cultivation, Shifting cultivation - Similar terms, Shifting cultivation - Subsistence, Shifting cultivation - The political ecology of shifting cultivation, Shifting cultivation - Stereotypes: primitive backward wasteful unproductive, Shifting cultivation - Shifting cultivation in Europe, Shifting cultivation - Simple societies shifting cultivation and environmental change, Shifting cultivation - Shifting cultivation in the contemporary world and global environmental change, Shifting cultivation - Conclusion

Read more here: » Shifting cultivation: Encyclopedia II - Shifting cultivation - Stereotypes: primitive backward wasteful unproductive