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Shang Yang | A Wisdom Archive on Shang Yang | | Shang Yang A selection of articles related to Shang Yang | |
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4th millennium BC, 4th millennium BC - Centuries, 4th millennium BC - Cultures, 4th millennium BC - Events, 4th millennium BC - External references, 4th millennium BC - Inventions, discoveries, introductions, 4th millennium BC - Significant persons
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Shang Yang | | | |  Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Zhu Rongji - PersonalZhu has a good command of English. He is rarely seen speaking from script. In his free time, Zhu enjoys the Peking Opera. Allegedly, Zhu is a descendent of Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming Dynasty. His wife, Lao An, was once vice-chairman of the board of directors of China International Engineering and Consulting. She and Zhu were in the same schools twice, first the Hunan First Provincial Middle School(湖南第一中学) and then Qinghua University(清华大学). They h ...
See also:Zhu Rongji, Zhu Rongji - Purges rehabilitation and Deng Xiaoping, Zhu Rongji - Career in Shanghai, Zhu Rongji - Vice Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Viewpoint, Zhu Rongji - Personal Read more here: » Zhu Rongji: Encyclopedia II - Zhu Rongji - Personal |
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| | | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law In contrast to the Legalists, the Confucian view of law was always centred on morality. Xun Zi, an early Confucian thinker, saw the necessity for legislation, but emphasized equally the importance of virtue on the part of the legislator and judiciary. There was a conviction that maintenance of the Confucian moral prescriptions through the apparatus of the state was essential for the preservation of a civilised society. Encouragement of the virtue of filial piety helped to strength ...
See also:Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats Early in the Warring States Period, Chu was one of the strongest states in China. The state rose to a new level around 389 BC when the King of Chu named the famous reformer Wu Qi (吳起) to be his prime minister.
Chu rose to its peak in 334 BC when it gained vast amounts of territory. The series of events leading up to this began when Yue prepared to attack Qi. The King of Qi sent an emissary who persuaded the King of Yue to attack Chu instead. Yue initiated a large scale attack at Chu, but was devastatingly defeated by Chu's counter-attack. Chu the ...
See also:Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics Equality before law was never officially accepted as a legal principle and as a legal practice. For example, the system of exemption of eight categories or persons from criminal prosecution (ba yi) and the system of exemption from punishment by giving up official positions (guandang) are formally recognised legal device.
Unlike in the West, where secular and religious powers co-existed and fostered a tradition of plurality, the traditional Chinese legal system, as a tool of the sovereign, has never encountered strong cou ...
See also:Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism Legalist thinkers from Shang Yang to Li Si, both Prime Ministers of Qin, held that the society should be socially regimented and bureaucratically administered. Although legalism as political theory was discredited after the fall of the Qin Dynasty, it left the structure of an autocratic, centralised empire that remained the master institution of Chinese military history. Officials of successive dynasties thus had the means to raise tax revenues and to mobilize the popula ...
See also:Military history of China, Military history of China - Warfare in ancient China, Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism, Military history of China - The northern frontier, Military history of China - Weapons and military technology, Military history of China - Military institutions in Imperial China, Military history of China - Qin and Han dynasties, Military history of China - Era of division, Military history of China - Sui and Tang dynasties, Military history of China - Song Dynasty, Military history of China - Yuan Dynasty, Military history of China - Ming Dynasty, Military history of China - Qing Dynasty, Military history of China - Modern China Read more here: » Military history of China: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms In 334 BC, the rulers of Wei and Qi agreed to recognize each other as Kings (王), formalizing the independence of the states and the powerlessness of the Zhou throne since the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The King of Wei and the King of Qi joined the ranks of the King of Chu, whose predecessors had been Kings since the Spring and Autumn Period. From this point on, all the other states eventually declare their Kingship, signifying the beginning of the end of the Zhou Dynasty.
In 325 BC, the ruler of Qin declared himself as King.
In 323 BC, the rulers of Han and Yan declared themselves as ...
See also:Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Warfare in ancient China Ancient China during the Shang Dynasty was a Bronze Age society based on chariot armies. Archaeological study of Shang sites at Anyang have revealed extensive examples of chariots and bronze weapons. The overthrow of the Shang by the Zhou saw the creation of a feudal social order, resting militarily on a class of aristocratic chariot warriors (士).
Most armies of the time was organized in to three divisions, but can vary sometimes. Most infantry was armed with dagger-axe and spear. Around the 4th century t ...
See also:Military history of China, Military history of China - Warfare in ancient China, Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism, Military history of China - The northern frontier, Military history of China - Weapons and military technology, Military history of China - Military institutions in Imperial China, Military history of China - Qin and Han dynasties, Military history of China - Era of division, Military history of China - Sui and Tang dynasties, Military history of China - Song Dynasty, Military history of China - Yuan Dynasty, Military history of China - Ming Dynasty, Military history of China - Qing Dynasty, Military history of China - Modern China Read more here: » Military history of China: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Warfare in ancient China |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism Legalist thinkers from Shang Yang to Li Si, both Prime Ministers of Qin, held that the society should be socially regimented and bureaucratically administered. Although legalism as political theory was discredited after the fall of the Qin Dynasty, it left the structure of an autocratic, centralised empire that remained the master institution of Chinese military history. Officials of successive dynasties thus had the mean to raise tax revenues and to mobilize the popula ...
See also:Military history of China, Military history of China - Warfare in ancient China, Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism, Military history of China - The northern frontier, Military history of China - Weapons and military technology, Military history of China - Military institutions in Imperial China, Military history of China - Qin and Han dynasties, Military history of China - Era of division, Military history of China - Sui and Tang dynasties, Military history of China - Song Dynasty, Military history of China - Yuan Dynasty, Military history of China - Ming Dynasty, Military history of China - Qing Dynasty, Military history of China - Modern China Read more here: » Military history of China: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - The northern frontier The "barbarians" (夷, 戎, 狄) of the northern frontier, commonly called hu (胡), include the nomadic Xiongnu, Turks, Khitan, Mongols. Others include the Xianbei, Jurchen and Manchu, who combined nomadism with agriculture. All of these non-Chinese peoples were formidable because their male populations of military age were all warriors bred to the saddle and trained in the mounted archer mode of fighting that dominated Central Asia. Up until the modern age, the ...
See also:Military history of China, Military history of China - Warfare in ancient China, Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism, Military history of China - The northern frontier, Military history of China - Weapons and military technology, Military history of China - Military institutions in Imperial China, Military history of China - Qin and Han dynasties, Military history of China - Era of division, Military history of China - Sui and Tang dynasties, Military history of China - Song Dynasty, Military history of China - Yuan Dynasty, Military history of China - Ming Dynasty, Military history of China - Qing Dynasty, Military history of China - Modern China Read more here: » Military history of China: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - The northern frontier |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Meritocracy - Meritocratic civilization
Meritocracy - Western civilization: The Anglosphere and Western Europe.
Western civilization as a whole is based largely on principles of meritocracy, the primary difference between the Anglosphere and Western Europe being that Anglophone countries focus on merit regardless of inherited advantages while Continental countries prefer to assess merit after giving roughly the same opportunities to everyone. The principles of equality under the law, the system of common law, the prevalence of the market system which r ...
See also:Meritocracy, Meritocracy - Origin of term, Meritocracy - Social Darwinism, Meritocracy - Individual proponents, Meritocracy - Confucius, Meritocracy - Han Feizi, Meritocracy - Genghis Khan, Meritocracy - Napoleon, Meritocracy - Meritocratic states, Meritocracy - Singapore, Meritocracy - Grand Duchy of Finland, Meritocracy - Meritocratic civilization, Meritocracy - Western civilization: The Anglosphere and Western Europe Read more here: » Meritocracy: Encyclopedia II - Meritocracy - Meritocratic civilization |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Meritocracy - Meritocratic states
Meritocracy - Singapore.
Among modern nation-states, the Republic of Singapore perhaps aspires to be a pure Meritocracy, with its emphasis on identifying and grooming bright young citizens for positions of leadership. There is also a strong emphasis on academic credentials; these are seen as objective measures of both intelligence and effort, which in turn are arbitrarily determined by the ruling party of Singapore, the People's Action Party. It's unwillingness to tolerate political dissent casts some skepticism ...
See also:Meritocracy, Meritocracy - Origin of term, Meritocracy - Social Darwinism, Meritocracy - Individual proponents, Meritocracy - Confucius, Meritocracy - Han Feizi, Meritocracy - Genghis Khan, Meritocracy - Napoleon, Meritocracy - Meritocratic states, Meritocracy - Singapore, Meritocracy - Grand Duchy of Finland, Meritocracy - Meritocratic civilization, Meritocracy - Western civilization: The Anglosphere and Western Europe Read more here: » Meritocracy: Encyclopedia II - Meritocracy - Meritocratic states |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - List of China-related topics M-Z - T T. V. Soong - T. Y. Lin - Ta Kung Pao - Table of Chinese monarchs - Tael - Tabgach - Tagawa Matsu - Tai A Chau - Tai Chi Chuan - Tai Chi-tao - Tai Lam Country Park - Tai Mo Shan - Tai-Pan - Tai Po - Taiji - Taikonaut - Taipa - Taiping Rebellion - Taishan - Taishi Ci
Taizhou - Tajik - Tajik language - Taklamakan - Tam Kung - Tang Ching-sung - Tang Dynasty - Tang Dynasty art - Tangwai - Tangram - Tanggu - Tangshan - Tanguts - Tanichthys albonubes - Tantrayana - Tanzhe Temple - Tao - Tao Chengzhang - Tao Qian - Tao Te Ching ...
See also:List of China-related topics M-Z, List of China-related topics M-Z - M, List of China-related topics M-Z - N, List of China-related topics M-Z - O, List of China-related topics M-Z - P, List of China-related topics M-Z - Q, List of China-related topics M-Z - R, List of China-related topics M-Z - S, List of China-related topics M-Z - T, List of China-related topics M-Z - U, List of China-related topics M-Z - V, List of China-related topics M-Z - W, List of China-related topics M-Z - X, List of China-related topics M-Z - Y, List of China-related topics M-Z - Z Read more here: » List of China-related topics M-Z: Encyclopedia II - List of China-related topics M-Z - T |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Meritocracy - Origin of term The term was first used, in a pejorative sense, in Michael Young's 1958 book Rise of the Meritocracy, which is set in a dystopian future in which one's social place is determined by IQ plus effort. In the book, this social system ultimately leads to a social revolution in which the masses overthrow the elite, who have become arrogant and disconnected from the feelings of the public.
Despite the negative origin of the word, there are many who believe that a meritocratic system is a good thing for society. Proponents of meritocra ...
See also:Meritocracy, Meritocracy - Origin of term, Meritocracy - Social Darwinism, Meritocracy - Individual proponents, Meritocracy - Confucius, Meritocracy - Han Feizi, Meritocracy - Genghis Khan, Meritocracy - Napoleon, Meritocracy - Meritocratic states, Meritocracy - Singapore, Meritocracy - Grand Duchy of Finland, Meritocracy - Meritocratic civilization, Meritocracy - Western civilization: The Anglosphere and Western Europe Read more here: » Meritocracy: Encyclopedia II - Meritocracy - Origin of term |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Meritocracy - Social Darwinism Social Darwinism is a social theory which holds that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is not only a model for the development of biological traits in a population, but can also be applied to human social institutions. Social Darwinisim was popular in the late 19th century to the end of World War II, although some have claimed that contemporary sociobiology could be classified as a form of Social Darwinism. Proponents of Social Darwinism often used the theory to justify social inequality as being meritocratic. Others used it ...
See also:Meritocracy, Meritocracy - Origin of term, Meritocracy - Social Darwinism, Meritocracy - Individual proponents, Meritocracy - Confucius, Meritocracy - Han Feizi, Meritocracy - Genghis Khan, Meritocracy - Napoleon, Meritocracy - Meritocratic states, Meritocracy - Singapore, Meritocracy - Grand Duchy of Finland, Meritocracy - Meritocratic civilization, Meritocracy - Western civilization: The Anglosphere and Western Europe Read more here: » Meritocracy: Encyclopedia II - Meritocracy - Social Darwinism |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Weapons and military technology China has been an advanced country in terms of military technology, losing ground only after the Industrial Revolution. In the Qin and Han conscript armies, infantry were armed with spears, bows, and in particular crossbows (弩), a weapon in whose technology the Chinese remained superior. Even though infantry bearing shields, swords and spears existed, there is no trace of either a "phalanx" or a "legion" style of infantry fighting, prefering firepower style ...
See also:Military history of China, Military history of China - Warfare in ancient China, Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism, Military history of China - The northern frontier, Military history of China - Weapons and military technology, Military history of China - Military institutions in Imperial China, Military history of China - Qin and Han dynasties, Military history of China - Era of division, Military history of China - Sui and Tang dynasties, Military history of China - Song Dynasty, Military history of China - Yuan Dynasty, Military history of China - Ming Dynasty, Military history of China - Qing Dynasty, Military history of China - Modern China Read more here: » Military history of China: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Weapons and military technology |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Modern China From the first Opium War in 1839 onwards, changes to military technology, institutions and outlook in China became driven by the West. For the first time in her history, China was confronted with a major threat from the sea. In the late 19th century the regional leader Li Hongzhang built up the Beiyang Fleet, only to see it destroyed in the first Sino-Japanese War. Lacking the advanced industrial economy needed to build up sea power, China remained vulnerable to attack by sea for the first half of the 20th century. In the second Sino-Japanes ...
See also:Military history of China, Military history of China - Warfare in ancient China, Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism, Military history of China - The northern frontier, Military history of China - Weapons and military technology, Military history of China - Military institutions in Imperial China, Military history of China - Qin and Han dynasties, Military history of China - Era of division, Military history of China - Sui and Tang dynasties, Military history of China - Song Dynasty, Military history of China - Yuan Dynasty, Military history of China - Ming Dynasty, Military history of China - Qing Dynasty, Military history of China - Modern China Read more here: » Military history of China: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Modern China |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms 307 BC. Adoption of superior non-Chinese clothing and cavalry (胡服騎射) under the reign of King Wuling of Zhao
(in progress)
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See also:Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China In 230 BC, Qin conquers Han.
In 225 BC, Qin conquers Wei.
In 223 BC, Qin conquers Chu.
In 222 BC, Qin conquers Yan and Zhao.
In 221 BC, Qin conquers Qi, completing the unification of China, and ushering in the Qin Dynasty.
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See also:Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Zhu Rongji - Purges rehabilitation and Deng Xiaoping Zhu joined the Communist Party of China in October, 1949. He graduated from the prestigious Qinghua University where he majored in electrical engineering. Afterwards, he worked for the Northeast China Department of Industries as deputy head of its production planning office.
From 1952-1958, he worked in the State Planning Commission as group head and deputy division chief. Having criticized Mao Zedong's "irrational high growth" policies during the Great Leap Forward, Zhu was labeled a "Rightist" in 1958 and sent to work as a teacher at a cadre school. Rehabilitated in 1962, he worked as an engineer for th ...
See also:Zhu Rongji, Zhu Rongji - Purges rehabilitation and Deng Xiaoping, Zhu Rongji - Career in Shanghai, Zhu Rongji - Vice Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Viewpoint, Zhu Rongji - Personal Read more here: » Zhu Rongji: Encyclopedia II - Zhu Rongji - Purges rehabilitation and Deng Xiaoping |
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| | | | | Shang Yang: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies Towards the end of the Warring States Period, the State of Qin became disproportionately powerful compared to the other six states. As a result, the policies of the six states became overwhelmingly oriented towards dealing with the Qin threat, with two opposing schools of thought: Hezong (合縱/合纵 pinyin: hézòng, "vertically linked"), or alliance with each other to repel Qin expansionism; and Lianheng (連橫/连横 pinyin: liánhéng, "horizontally linked"), or alliance with Qin to participate in its ascendancy. There were some initi ...
See also:Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies |
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