Before Shang Yang's arrival in 361 BC, Qin was a backwards state. The vast majority of his reforms were taken from policies instituted elsewhere; however, Shang Yang's reforms were more thorough and extreme than those of other states. Under Shang Yang's tenure, Qin quickly caught up with and surpassed the reforms of other states. After Duke Xiao of Qin, posthumously Qin Xiaogong, ascended to the Qin throne, Shang Yang left his position in Wei to become the chief adviser in Qin, where his changes to the state's legal system, which buil ...

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Shang Yang, Shang Yang - Reforms, Shang Yang - Legalist approach, Shang Yang - Domestic policies, Shang Yang - Diplomatic intrigue, Shang Yang - Shang Yang's death, Shang Yang - Historiography

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The Warring States Period (traditional Chinese: 戰國時代, simplified Chinese: 战国时代 pinyin Zhànguó Shídài) takes place from sometime in the 5th century BC to the unification of China by Qin in 221 BC. It is nominally considered to be the second part of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, following the Spring and Autumn Period. Like the Spring and Autumn Period, the king of Zhou acted merely as a figurehead. The name Warring States Period was named after Record of the Warring States compiled in early Han Dynasty. The ...

Including:

• Warring States Period - Partition of Jin
• Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi
• Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin
• Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin
• Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms
• Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats
• Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies
• Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms
• Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China
• Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia - Warring States Period

(2nd millennium BC - 1st millennium BC - 1st millennium) 4th century BC - Overview. 4th century BC - Events. Invasion of the Celts into Ireland Battle of the Allia and subsequent Gaulish sack of Rome 383 BCE Second Buddhist Councel at Vesali. 100 years after the Parimirvana. 312 BCE Seleucus I Nicator established himself in Babylon. Begins the Seleucid Empire. 323 BCE Alexander the Great conqueres the Persian ...

Including:

• 4th century BC - Overview
• 4th century BC - Events
• 4th century BC - Significant persons
• 4th century BC - Inventions discoveries introductions
• 4th century BC - Decades and years

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Well-field system (Chinese: 井田制度; Hanyu Pinyin: Jǐngtián zhìdù) was a Chinese land distribution method since at least 9th century BC (late Western Zhou Dynasty). It is named after the Chinese character for well (井 jǐng), which looks like the # symbol and represents the theoretical appearance for a piece of land under such an organization: the eight surrounding outer blocks being private (私田; sītián), and the central ...

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Wei (魏) refers to: Northern Wei Dynasty, archaeologically the most famous of the Wei dynasties The State of Wei during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period The Kingdom of Wei during the Three Kingdoms Period The Kingdom of Wei founded by Ran Min during the Period of Wu Hu. a Chinese family name Wei Yan a military officer of Shu during the Three Kingdoms Period Wei Jingsheng a Chinese dissident

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Zhū Róngjì (born October 1, 1928, Simplified Chinese: 朱镕基; Traditional Chinese: 朱鎔基; Wade-Giles: Chu Jung-chi) was the 9th Premier of the People's Republic of China State Council (March 1998-March 2003), and was a Standing Committee member of the Politburo of 15th CPC Central Committee (September 1997-November 2002). He was born in Changsha, Hunan province and graduated from Tsinghua University in 1951. Due to limitations of the original GB2312 character set, his name was and is often given as 朱熔基, although ...

Including:

• Zhu Rongji - Purges rehabilitation and Deng Xiaoping
• Zhu Rongji - Career in Shanghai
• Zhu Rongji - Vice Premiership
• Zhu Rongji - Premiership
• Zhu Rongji - Viewpoint
• Zhu Rongji - Personal

Read more here: » Zhu Rongji: Encyclopedia - Zhu Rongji

Military history of China - Qin and Han dynasties. Both the Qin and Western Han empires employed a military system based on universal conscription and corvee labour. Men were drafted for two years, serving as infantry, cavalry, or sailors according to their background. Most conscripts seem to have served their time within their native province or commandery, whose governor or administrator was also their commander in case of invasion. There were also a small ...

See also:

Military history of China, Military history of China - Warfare in ancient China, Military history of China - Legalism and Confucianism, Military history of China - The northern frontier, Military history of China - Weapons and military technology, Military history of China - Military institutions in Imperial China, Military history of China - Qin and Han dynasties, Military history of China - Era of division, Military history of China - Sui and Tang dynasties, Military history of China - Song Dynasty, Military history of China - Yuan Dynasty, Military history of China - Ming Dynasty, Military history of China - Qing Dynasty, Military history of China - Modern China

Read more here: » Military history of China: Encyclopedia II - Military history of China - Military institutions in Imperial China

Shen was chiefly concerned with government administration through the use of bureaucracy. His system required a strong ruler at the center. Shen Buhai believed that the ideal ruler should remain distant from his officials, keeping his innermost thoughts secret and maintaining an independence of thought. According to Shen, the ruler needed to be the loneliest person in the world. To Shen Buhai, the greatest threat to a ruler's power came from within. He believed that threats from powerful, independent ministers to usurp power were more ...

See also:

Shen Buhai, Shen Buhai - Philosophy, Shen Buhai - Historiography, Shen Buhai - Shenzi, Shen Buhai - External link

Read more here: » Shen Buhai: Encyclopedia II - Shen Buhai - Philosophy

There were great conflicts on viewpoints of the works and personalities of Zhu. Most of the Westerners appreciated Zhu’s western style of being outspoken and decisive. They warmly welcomed Zhu’s got election as premier for they thought Zhu might having more common ground with them and would take more of their interests into consideration. The past record had proved it with in China’s effort of entry to WTO, during which China made great compromises in agriculture and other manufacture products, which might do da ...

See also:

Zhu Rongji, Zhu Rongji - Purges rehabilitation and Deng Xiaoping, Zhu Rongji - Career in Shanghai, Zhu Rongji - Vice Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Viewpoint, Zhu Rongji - Personal

Read more here: » Zhu Rongji: Encyclopedia II - Zhu Rongji - Viewpoint

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Jin (晉) was arguably the most powerful state in China. However, near the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the power of the ruling family weakened, and Jin gradually came under the control of six large families (六卿). By the beginning of the Warring States Period, after numerous power struggles, there were four families left: the Zhi (智) family, the Wei (魏) family, the Zhao (趙) family, and the Han (韓) family, with the Zhi family being the dominant power in Jin. Zhi Yao (智瑶), t ...

See also:

Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Partition of Jin

In the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Jin (晉) was arguably the most powerful state in China. However, near the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the power of the ruling family weakened, and Jin gradually come under the control of six large families (六卿). By the beginning of the Warring States Period, after numerous power struggles, there were four families left: the Zhi (智) family, the Wei (魏) family, the Zhao (趙) family, and the Han (韓) family, with the Zhi family being the dominant power in Jin. Zhi Yao (智瑶), t ...

See also:

Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins Qi and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Partition of Jin

Meritocracy - Confucius. "In teaching there should be no distinction of classes." - Analects XV. 39. tr. Legge Many western admirers of Confucius, like Voltaire or H. G. Creel, have pointed out an innovative and revolutionary idea of Confucius': he replaced the nobility of blood with one of virtue. Jūnzǐ (君子), which had meant "noble man," slowly took on a new meaning in his sayings — something like the English "gentleman." A virtuous plebeian who cultivates his qualities could be a "g ...

See also:

Meritocracy, Meritocracy - Origin of term, Meritocracy - Social Darwinism, Meritocracy - Individual proponents, Meritocracy - Confucius, Meritocracy - Han Feizi, Meritocracy - Genghis Khan, Meritocracy - Napoleon, Meritocracy - Meritocratic states, Meritocracy - Singapore, Meritocracy - Grand Duchy of Finland, Meritocracy - Meritocratic civilization, Meritocracy - Western civilization: The Anglosphere and Western Europe

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Traditional Chinese law can be divided into the "official" law and "unofficial law". The "official law" emanates from the authority of the emperor. The doctrine of separation of powers was unknown in China until the 20th century. In particular, judicial and administrative functions were performed by magistrates rather than by separate persons. The emperor delegated many of his administrative and judicial powers to his off ...

See also:

Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law

Note O: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press; 1995. ISBN 0198661320 Note R: - For more information about this person's contribution to philosophy, see his/her entry in the Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge; 2000. ISBN 0415223644 ...

See also:

List of philosophers, List of philosophers - A, List of philosophers - B, List of philosophers - C, List of philosophers - D, List of philosophers - E, List of philosophers - F, List of philosophers - G, List of philosophers - H, List of philosophers - I, List of philosophers - J, List of philosophers - K, List of philosophers - L, List of philosophers - M, List of philosophers - N, List of philosophers - O, List of philosophers - P, List of philosophers - Q, List of philosophers - R, List of philosophers - S, List of philosophers - T, List of philosophers - U, List of philosophers - V, List of philosophers - W, List of philosophers - X, List of philosophers - Y, List of philosophers - Z, List of philosophers - Notes, List of philosophers - General philosophy lists, List of philosophers - General philosophy topics, List of philosophers - General online philosophy resources

Read more here: » List of philosophers: Encyclopedia II - List of philosophers - Notes

Sacred Heart Cathedral of Guangzhou - Sai Kung - San Da - Sangokushi - Saisiyat - Sakya - Salar - Salween River - Sally Yeh - Samjeondo Monument - Sammi Cheng - Sampan - Samguk Sagi - Sammo Hung - Samson Chiu - San Min Chu I - Sanguo Zhi - Sanjiang - SARS virus - Science and technology in China - Scripture for Humane Kings - Seal script - Second Manchu expedition to Korea - Second Opium War - Secretariat of the Communist Party of China - Self-Strengthening Movement - Senkaku Islands - Seven Little Fortunes - Seven Yea ...

See also:

List of China-related topics M-Z, List of China-related topics M-Z - M, List of China-related topics M-Z - N, List of China-related topics M-Z - O, List of China-related topics M-Z - P, List of China-related topics M-Z - Q, List of China-related topics M-Z - R, List of China-related topics M-Z - S, List of China-related topics M-Z - T, List of China-related topics M-Z - U, List of China-related topics M-Z - V, List of China-related topics M-Z - W, List of China-related topics M-Z - X, List of China-related topics M-Z - Y, List of China-related topics M-Z - Z

Read more here: » List of China-related topics M-Z: Encyclopedia II - List of China-related topics M-Z - S

In 371 BC, Marquess Wu of Wei passed away without specifying a successor, causing Wei to fall into an internal war of succession. After three years of civil war, Zhao and Han, sensing an opportunity, invaded Wei. On the verge of conquering Wei, the leaders of Zhao and Han fell into disagreement on what to do with Wei and both armies mysteriously retreated. As a result, King Hui of Wei (he's still a Marquess at the time) was able to ascend onto the throne of Wei. In 354 BC, King Hui of Wei initiated a large scale attack at Zhao, which ...

See also:

Warring States Period, Warring States Period - Partition of Jin, Warring States Period - Change of Government in Qi, Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins, Qi, and Qin, Warring States Period - Shang Yang's reforms in Qin, Warring States Period - Ascension of the Kingdoms, Warring States Period - Chu expansion and defeats, Warring States Period - The Domination of Qin and the resulting Grand Strategies, Warring States Period - Zhao's military reforms, Warring States Period - Qin's conquest of China, Warring States Period - Films set in the Warring States Period

Read more here: » Warring States Period: Encyclopedia II - Warring States Period - Early strife in the Three Jins, Qi, and Qin

Traditional Chinese law - Early development. The laws of the aristocratic societies of early China put substantial emphasis on maintaining the distinct ranks and orders among the nobles, in addition to controlling the populace. As a result, li (禮), meaning ritual and etiquette, governed the conduct of the nobles whilst xing (刑), rules of punishment, governed the commoners and slaves. The early rulers of the Zhou Dynasty issued or enforced laws that already exemplified the values of a primogenitu ...

See also:

Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - History

In 1991, Zhu became the vice-premier of the State Council, transferring to Beijing from Shanghai. Also holding the post of director of the State Council Production Office, Zhu focused on industry, agriculture and finance, launching the drive to disentangle the "debt chains" of state enterprises. For the sake of the peasantry, he took the lead in eliminating IOUs in state grain purchasing. Between 1993 and 1995, Zhu served as a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee while retaining his pos ...

See also:

Zhu Rongji, Zhu Rongji - Purges rehabilitation and Deng Xiaoping, Zhu Rongji - Career in Shanghai, Zhu Rongji - Vice Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Viewpoint, Zhu Rongji - Personal

Read more here: » Zhu Rongji: Encyclopedia II - Zhu Rongji - Vice Premiership

Suspects and criminals were arrested by the county police or the posthouse chiefs who were subordinate to the county chief of police. One important principle of traditional Chinese law was that a person could not be convicted of a crime without a confession. Because a confession was required for a conviction and sentence the use of torture was often used to illicit such a confession. A common tool was the bastinado, applied to the buttocks and thighs. During the Qin and Han, local magistrates were fully authorised to apply the fu ...

See also:

Traditional Chinese law, Traditional Chinese law - History, Traditional Chinese law - Early development, Traditional Chinese law - Legalism and Qin, Traditional Chinese law - Imperial law, Traditional Chinese law - Varieties of law, Traditional Chinese law - Penal law, Traditional Chinese law - Administrative law, Traditional Chinese law - Civil law, Traditional Chinese law - Procedure, Traditional Chinese law - Moral values and the law, Traditional Chinese law - Law-making and legal reasoning, Traditional Chinese law - General characteristics

Read more here: » Traditional Chinese law: Encyclopedia II - Traditional Chinese law - Procedure

With support from Jiang Zemin and Li Peng, then president and premier respectively, Zhu enacted tough macroeconomic control measures. Favoring healthy, sustainable development, Zhu expunged low-tech, duplicated projects and sectors that would result in "a bubble economy" and projects in transport, energy and agricultural sectors, averting violent market fluctuations. He focused on strengthening agriculture, still the economic base of the developing country and on cont ...

See also:

Zhu Rongji, Zhu Rongji - Purges rehabilitation and Deng Xiaoping, Zhu Rongji - Career in Shanghai, Zhu Rongji - Vice Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Premiership, Zhu Rongji - Viewpoint, Zhu Rongji - Personal

Read more here: » Zhu Rongji: Encyclopedia II - Zhu Rongji - Premiership