shale

Alum, in chemistry, is a term given to the crystallized double sulfates of the typical formula M+2SO4·M3+2(SO4)3·24H2O, where M+ is the sign of an alkali metal (lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, or caesium), and M3+ denotes one of the trivalent metals (typically aluminium, chromium, or iron (III)). The ammonium ion (NH4+) also occurs in the M+ position. These salts are employed in ...

Including:

• Alum - Alchemical and later discoveries and uses
• Alum - Pliny's writings
• Alum - Alum from alunite
• Alum - Alum from clays or bauxite
• Alum - Types of alum
• Alum - Soda alum
• Alum - Chrome alum
• Alum - Ammonium alum
• Alum - Alum solubility
• Alum - Uses

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The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is the capital territory of the Commonwealth of Australia and Australia's smallest self-governing territory. The ACT was created as the location for Australia's capital city following federation in 1901, the federal government gained posession of the territory in 1911, and the construction on Canberra began in 1913. The ACT is wholly surrounded by the state of New South Wales. The floral emblem of the ACT is the Royal Bluebell and the faunal emblem is the Gang-gang cockatoo. Including:

• Australian Capital Territory - Geography
• Australian Capital Territory - Climate
• Australian Capital Territory - Geology
• Australian Capital Territory - History
• Australian Capital Territory - Government and law
• Australian Capital Territory - Demographics
• Australian Capital Territory - Education

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Banded Iron Formations are a distinctive type of rock often found in old sedimentary rocks. The structures consist of repeated thin layers of iron oxides, either magnetite or hematite, with bands of shale and chert. Some of the oldest known rock formations dated around 3,000,000,000 years before present, 3000MA, include banded iron layers, and the banded layers are a common feature in sediments for much of the Earth's early history. Banded iron beds are less common ...

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An argillite is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed predominately of indurated clay particles. Argillites are basically lithified muds and oozes. They contain variable amounts of silt sized particles. The argillites grade into shale when the fissile layering typical of shale is developed. Another name for poorly lithified argillites is mudstone. Thes rocks, although variable in composition, are typically high in aluminium and silica with variable alkali and alkaline earth cations. The term pelitic or pelite is often applied to these sediments and rocks. Metamorphism of argillit ...

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The hypothesis of abiogenic petroleum origin (synonyms: abiotic, abyssal, endogenous, inorganic, juvenile, mineral, primordial) holds that petroleum is formed by non-biological processes deep in the earth's crust and mantle. It contradicts the more widely-held view that petroleum is a fossil fuel produced from the remains of ancient living organisms. The constituent precursors of petroleum (mainly methane) are commonplace and it is possible that appropriate conditions exist for hydrocarbons to be formed deep within the earth ...

Including:

• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Comparison of theories
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Raw material
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Events before conversion
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Conversion to petroleum and methane
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Formation of coal
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Evidence supporting abiogenic theory
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Supergiant oil fields
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Extraterrestrial methane
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Existence of hydrocarbon deposits
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Methane on Earth
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Cold planetary formation
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Unusual deposits
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep microbes
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Helium
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Trace metals
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Diamondoids
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Hydrogen
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Thermodynamics
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biology
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Serpentinization and chemical synthesis of oil
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep structures and petroleum association
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Why is oil frequently found in sedimentary basins?
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Ambiguous results
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biomarkers or Chemofossils
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Deep hot carbon sources
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Evidence supporting biogenic theory
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Unusual deposits
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Biomarkers
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - Petroleum origin peak oil and politics
• Abiogenic petroleum origin - The future of the abiogenic theory

Read more here: » Abiogenic petroleum origin: Encyclopedia - Abiogenic petroleum origin

Jewellery (Jewelry in American spelling); comprises ornamental objects worn by persons, typically made with gems and precious metals. Costume jewellery is made from less valuable materials. However, jewellery can and has been made out of almost every kind of material. The word is derived from the word "jewel", which was anglicised from the Old French "jouel" in around the 13th century. Further tracing leads bac ...

Including:

• Jewellery - Types
• Jewellery - Common types
• Jewellery - Less common types
• Jewellery - Special functions
• Jewellery - Components
• Jewellery - Materials and methods
• Jewellery - Timeline
• Jewellery - Bibliography

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The Boston Mountains are a high and deeply dissected plateau in northern Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma where they are referred to as the Cookson Hills. The Bostons form the southwestern part of Ozark plateau of which they are the highest and in general most rugged. The rocks of the region are essentially little disturbed, flat lying sedimentary layers of Paleozoic age. The highest ridges and peaks are capped by Pennsylvanian sandstone and shale. The deeply eroded valleys are cut into Mississippian ...

Including:

• Boston Mountains - External link

Read more here: » Boston Mountains: Encyclopedia - Boston Mountains

Alert is the northernmost permanent settlement in the world. It is located at 82°28′N 62°30′W, on the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island on the shore of the Lincoln Sea, in the territory of Nunavut in Canada. Alert lies just 817 km (507 mi) from the north pole. Alert had 5 permanent inhabitants in the 2001 census. Alert also has many temporary inhabitants as it hosts a military signals intelligence radio receiving facility at Canadian Forces Station Alert (CFS Alert), as well as a co-located Environment Canada weather station, a GAW atm ...

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Ammolite is a rare and valuable opal-like organic gemstone found primarily along the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of the United States and Canada. It is made of the fossilized shells of ammonites, which in turn are composed primarily of aragonite, the same mineral that makes up nacreous pearls. It is one of the three biogenic gemstones, the other two being amber and pearl.1 In 1981, ammolite was given official gemstone status by the World Jewellery Confederation, the same year commercial mining of ammolite began. In 2004 it was designated th ...

Including:

• Ammolite - Properties
• Ammolite - Formation occurrence and extraction
• Ammolite - Gemstone quality
• Ammolite - Treatments
• Ammolite - Imitations
• Ammolite - Use in jewelry
• Ammolite - Notes

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The Burgess Shale (named after Mount Burgess, close to where the Shale was found) is a black shale exposure found high up in the Canadian Rockies in Yoho National Park near the town of Field, British Columbia. Fossils were found in the Burgess Shale by Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1909. Walcott returned in the following years to collect additional specimens. The majority of the fossils collected were unique to the site, although some common Middle Cambrian trilobites were also found. The fossils were of substantial interest because th ...

Including:

• Burgess Shale - History and significance
• Burgess Shale - Partial species list
• Burgess Shale - Species assigned to a group of extant taxa
• Burgess Shale - Species assigned to a group of extinct taxa
• Burgess Shale - Species of uncertain classification

Read more here: » Burgess Shale: Encyclopedia - Burgess Shale

Chennai (ெசன்ைன in Tamil), formerly known as Madras, is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is India's fourth largest metropolitan city. It is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. With an estimated population of 6.90 million (2005), the 368-year-old city is the 31st largest metropolitan area in the world. The city is a large commercial and industrial centre, and is known for its cultural heritage and temple architecture. Chennai is the automobile capital of India, with around forty per ...

Including:

• Chennai - History
• Chennai - Geography
• Chennai - Climate
• Chennai - Layout
• Chennai - Administration
• Chennai - Economy
• Chennai - Demographics
• Chennai - Culture
• Chennai - Tourism
• Chennai - Transport
• Chennai - Media
• Chennai - Education
• Chennai - Sports

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A clay court is one of the four different types of tennis court. The French Open uses clay courts. Clay courts are made of crushed shale, stone or brick, and can be either red or green. The red clay is slower than the green, or Har-Thru(c) "American" clay. Clay court tennis - In the building. The clay ground is perhaps used the most in the world. The realization of the grounds of the houses or buildings public is done in three principal ways according to clay rate's in the raw ground. If there is an average ...

Including:

• Clay court tennis - In the building
• Clay court tennis - Types of clay
• Clay court tennis - Red clay
• Clay court tennis - Green clay

Read more here: » Clay court tennis: Encyclopedia - Clay court tennis

The Valley of the Kings, or Wadi el-Muluk (وادي الملوك) in Arabic, is a valley in Egypt where tombs were built for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom, the Eighteenth through Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt. The valley is located at 25°44′N 32°36′E. It stands on the west bank of the Nile, across from Thebes (modern Luxor), under the peak of the pyramid-shaped mountain Al-Qurn. It is separated into the East and West Valleys, with most of the important tombs in the East Valley. The West ...

Including:

• Valley of the Kings - Geology
• Valley of the Kings - Important burials
• Valley of the Kings - East Valley
• Valley of the Kings - West Valley
• Valley of the Kings - Deir el-Bahri
• Valley of the Kings - Exploration of the Valley of the Kings
• Valley of the Kings - Grave robbers
• Valley of the Kings - Antiquity
• Valley of the Kings - Eighteenth Century
• Valley of the Kings - Nineteenth Century
• Valley of the Kings - Twentieth century
• Valley of the Kings - Twenty-first century
• Valley of the Kings - Tourism
• Valley of the Kings - Selected reading

Read more here: » Valley of the Kings: Encyclopedia - Valley of the Kings

Cedar Breaks National Monument is located Near Cedar City Utah, United States. Cedar Breaks is a natural amphitheater canyon, stretching across 3 miles (5 km), and having a depth of over 2,000 feet (600 m). The elevation of the rim of the canyon is over 10,000 feet (3,000 m) above sea level. The eroded rock of the canyon is similar to formations at Bryce Canyon National Park, but has its own distinct look. Because of its elevation, snow oftem makes it inaccessible to vehicles from October through May. Its canyon-rim visitor cen ...

Including:

• Cedar Breaks National Monument - Flora and fauna
• Cedar Breaks National Monument - History and geology
• Cedar Breaks National Monument - Attractions

Read more here: » Cedar Breaks National Monument: Encyclopedia - Cedar Breaks National Monument

The Carboniferous is a major division of the geologic timescale that extends from the end of the Devonian period, about 359.2 Ma (million years ago), to the beginning of the Permian period, about 299.0 Ma (ICS 2004). As with most older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by 5–10 million years. The Carboniferous is named for the extensive coal beds of that age found in Great Britain and Western Europe. The first third of the Carboniferous is cal ...

Including:

• Carboniferous - Subdivisions
• Carboniferous - Gzhelian most recent
• Carboniferous - Kasimovian
• Carboniferous - Moscovian
• Carboniferous - Bashkirian/Morrowan
• Carboniferous - Serpukhovian
• Carboniferous - Visean
• Carboniferous - Tournaisian oldest
• Carboniferous - Paleogeography
• Carboniferous - Rocks and coal
• Carboniferous - Life

Read more here: » Carboniferous: Encyclopedia - Carboniferous

A brick is a ceramic block made of kiln-fired material, usually clay or ground shale. Clay bricks are formed in a mould (the soft mud method), or more frequently in commercial mass production by extruding clay through a die and then wire-cutting them to the proper size (the stiff mud process). Brick made from dampened clay must be formed in molds with a great deal of pressure, usually applied by a hydraulic press. These bricks are known as hydraulic-pressed bricks, and have a dense surface which makes them highly resistant to weatheri ...

Including:

• Brick - History
• Brick - Construction and types
• Brick - Proportions
• Brick - Use

Read more here: » Brick: Encyclopedia - Brick

Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Just about every type of available material has been used at one time or another for creating various human and animal homes, structures, and technologies. This reference deals with habitat structures including homes. For other kinds of building materials, see Hardware, Biology, Star formation. Building material - Human building materials. Living spaces and their related structures have been created using myriad materials, fr ...

Including:

• Building material - Human building materials
• Building material - Mud stone and brush
• Building material - Wood
• Building material - Brick
• Building material - Concrete
• Building material - Ice
• Building material - Metal
• Building material - Plastic
• Building material - New materials and techniques

Read more here: » Building material: Encyclopedia - Building material

Bell Island is an island located off Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula in Conception Bay. Measuring 9 km in length and 3 km in width, Bell Island has an area of 34 square kilometres. The soil is composed of Ordovician sandstone and shale with red hematite. Bell Island - History. Likely settled by Maritime Archaic Indians and/or the Dorset people, Bell Island, as with the rest of the island of Newfoundland was likely inhabited by the Beothuk Nation at the time of European discovery. The f ...

Including:

• Bell Island - History
• Bell Island - Transportation

Read more here: » Bell Island: Encyclopedia - Bell Island

Gold is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Au (L. aurum) and atomic number 79. A soft, shiny, yellow, dense, malleable, ductile (trivalent and univalent) transition metal, gold does not react with most chemicals but is attacked by chlorine, fluorine and aqua regia. The metal occurs as nuggets or grains in rocks and in alluvial deposits and is one of the coinage metals. For millennia, gold has served as money and is also used in jewellery, dentistry, and in electronics. Gold forms t ...

Including:

• Gold - Notable characteristics
• Gold - Applications
• Gold - History
• Gold - Value
• Gold - Gold and the money supply
• Gold - Restrictions on gold ownership
• Gold - Return of a gold standard?
• Gold - Gold in investment portfolios
• Gold - Occurrence
• Gold - Production
• Gold - Compounds/isotopes
• Gold - Precautions
• Gold - Symbolism

Read more here: » Gold: Encyclopedia - Gold

The first permanent European settlers arrived in Athens in 1797. In 1800, the townsite was first surveyed and plotted, but was not incorporated as a village until 1811. In the meantime, Ohio became a state in 1803, and Ohio University was chartered in 1804. Previously part of Washington County, Ohio, Athens County was formed in 1805. Athens did not receive city status until 1912 (in Ohio, 5,000 permanent residents are required to receive city status). Athens still has only slightly over 6,100 permanent residents within city limits -- th ...

See also:

Athens Ohio, Athens Ohio - History, Athens Ohio - Music, Athens Ohio - Geography, Athens Ohio - Economy, Athens Ohio - Media, Athens Ohio - Demographics, Athens Ohio - Community Web Links

Read more here: » Athens Ohio: Encyclopedia II - Athens Ohio - History