Bona Sforza (born February 2, 1494 - November 19, 1557) a member of the Milanese Sforza dynasty, was a queen of Poland, Grand Duchess of Lithuania, and the second wife of Sigismund I of Poland since 1518. When her mother died in 1524, she succeeded to the titles Duchess of Bari and Princess of Rossano. She also became the holder of the Brienne claim to the title of King of Jerusalem. Bona was born in Vigevano, the daughter of Gian Galeazzo Sforza of Milan and niece of Bianca Maria Sforza, who in 1493 had married Maximili ...

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Bona Sforza - Family Bona Sforza - Children

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Caterina Sforza, Caterina Sforza - Mona Lisa?, Caterina Sforza - Sources

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Her parents were Gian Galeazzo II Sforza, Duke of Milan, and his cousin Isabella of Aragon (1470-1524), Princess of Naples and Duchess of Bari. Her maternal grandparents were Hippolyte Mary Sforza of Milan and Alfonso II of Naples, and her paternal grandparents Bona of Savoy and Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan. Her great-grandparents were: Bianca Maria Visconti of Milan (1425-1468), born Princess of Milan, heiress of the Visconti family Francesco Alessandro Sforza (1401-1466), Duke of Milan (These were her great ...

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Bona Sforza, Bona Sforza - Family, Bona Sforza - Children

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The term Caucasian race is used almost exclusively in the United States to refer to people whose ancestry can be traced back to Europe, North Africa, West Asia, South Asia and parts of Central Asia. It was once considered a useful taxonomical categorization of human racial groups based on a presumed common geographic and/or linguistic origin. In the United States, it is currently used primarily as a distinction loosely based on skin color alone for a group commonly refered to as Whites, as defined by the American governm ...

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Caucasian race - History of the concept Caucasian race - U.S. Supreme Court rulings Caucasian race - Current views Caucasian race - Books

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1500 - Events. Europe's population was ~60 million. (Spielvogel) January 5 - Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan, but is soon driven out again by the French. April 21 - Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal. November 11 - Treaty of Granada - Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them. Emperor Go-Kashiwabara ascends to the throne o ...

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1500 - Events 1500 - Births 1500 - Deaths

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1494 - Events. January 25 - Alfonso II becomes King of Naples. May 31 - Natives of the island of Tenerife, known as Guanches, defeat invading Spanish forces at the First Battle of Acentejo. June 7 - Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas which divides the New World between the two countries. October 22 - Ludovico Sforza becomes Duke of Milan. Start of the Italian Wars. The University of Aberdeen is founded by the bishop of Aberdeen. Amda Seyon ...

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1452 - Events. October - English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and retake most of the province without a fight. 1452 - Births. March 10 - King Ferdinand II of Aragon (died 1516) April 15 - Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist and inventor (died 1519) April 19 - King Frederick IV of Naples (died 1504) July 10 - King James III of Scotland (died 1488) July 27 - Ludovico Sforza, Duke of ...

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1454 - Events. February 4 - In the Thirteen Years' War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master. March 6 - Casimir IV of Poland renounces allegiance to the Teutonic Knights March 27 - Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York becomes Protector for the insane King Henry VI of England April 18 Treaty of Lodi: Francesco Sforza forms a triple alliance between the duchy of Milan, republic of Florence and kingdom of Naples S ...

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1480 - Events. March 6 - Treaty of Toledo - Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize African conquests of Afonso of Portugal and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain Great standing on the Ugra river - Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde. Ludovico Sforza becomes Regent of Milan (reigns until 1499) Concorts and co-rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition (looking for heretics in converted Jews) Leonardo ...

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Bar (Ukrainian Бар) is a town in Ukraine at the Rov river in the region of Podolia, in Vinnytsia Oblast. It has 17,200 inhabitants (2005). The city was a small trade outpost named Row. In 16th century queen Bona Sforza founded a fortress at the rock over the river and named it Bar, after her home town of Bari in Italy. In 1540 king Sigismund I the Old granted the nearby town with city rights. The fortress was besieged several times in its history and was considered unbreakable. However, during the Chmielnicki's Uprising in 1648 it was captured by the cossacks under Bohdan Chmielnicki and severely ...

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April 18 is the 108th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (109th in leap years). There are 257 days remaining. April 18 - Events. 1025 - Bolesław I Chrobry is crowned as the first king of Poland. 1042 - Michael V attempts to remain sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire by sending his adoptive mother and co-ruler Zoë of Byzantium to a monastery. 1518 - Bona Sforza is crowned as queen of Poland. 1775 - Two lanterns were hung from the steeple of the ...

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April 18 - Events April 18 - Births April 18 - Deaths April 18 - Holidays and observances

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June 6 is the 157th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (158th in leap years), with 208 days remaining. June 6 - Events. 1508 - Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice 1513 - Italian Wars: Battle of Novara. Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis de la Tremoille, forcing the French to abandon Milan. Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored.Including:

June 6 - Events June 6 - Births
June 6 - 1236 to 1899 June 6 - 1900 to 1999
June 6 - Deaths
June 6 - 1393 to 1899 June 6 - 1900 to 1999 June 6 - 2000 onwards
June 6 - Holidays and observances

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In 1556, she returned to Bari, Italy. There she was poisoned by her private secretary Gian Lorenzo Pappacoda. Pappacoda was acting on behalf of Philip II of Spain, who wished to avoid repaying his sizable debts to the Polish queen. She was succeded by her three children: Her only surviving son, Sigismund August Jagellon become king of Poland. After her brother's death Anna the Jagiellonian inherited the title and ruled as queen of Poland with the elected king Stephen Bathory. After her sister's death the title passed to the youngest daughter Catherine Jagellonica, Queen of Sweden who passed it on to ...

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Bona Sforza, Bona Sforza - Family, Bona Sforza - Children

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After Rodrigo became Pope Alexander VI, he had Lucrezia marry Giovanni Sforza in order to establish an alliance with that powerful Milanese family. The wedding was a scandalous event but was not much more extravagant than many other Renaissance celebrations. Before long, the Borgia family no longer needed the Sforzas, and the presence of Giovanni Sforza in the papal court was superfluous. The Pope needed new, more advantageous political alliances, so he may have covertly ordered the execution of Giovanni. Lucrezia was informed of this ...

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Lucrezia Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia - Marriage to Giovanni Sforza, Lucrezia Borgia - Affair with Perotto, Lucrezia Borgia - Other Marriages, Lucrezia Borgia - Issue, Lucrezia Borgia - Legends and Rumors, Lucrezia Borgia - Biographies, Lucrezia Borgia - Plays Operas Films and Novels

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The Duchy was created in 1395 for Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Milan. When the Visconti became extinct in 1447, Milan declared itself a republic, despite the fact that the Duke of Orleans was the legitimate heir by treaty. Orleans proved unable to make good his claim, but the republic was nevertheless short-lived. The adventurer Francesco Sforza, who married the last Visconti's illegitimate daughter, s ...

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Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Milan - History

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There has been speculation that during the prolonged process of the annulment, Lucrezia consummated a relationship with someone, probably Alexander's messenger Perotto. The result was that she was actually pregnant when her marriage was annulled for not having been consummated, and this is one of the facts her detractors have cited to support their derogatory view of her character. The child, named Giovanni Borgia but who is known to historians as the Roman Infante, was born in secret before Lucr ...

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Lucrezia Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia - Marriage to Giovanni Sforza, Lucrezia Borgia - Affair with Perotto, Lucrezia Borgia - Other Marriages, Lucrezia Borgia - Issue, Lucrezia Borgia - Legends and Rumors, Lucrezia Borgia - Biographies, Lucrezia Borgia - Plays Operas Films and Novels

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Second Marriage Alfonso V of Aragon (Duke of Bisceglie). Though at his first meeting with Alfonso, before the marriage took place, Cesare was very impressed by his good looks and nature, but it soon changed to jealousy and hatred. Cesare did not like Alfonso because Lucrezia was very happy with him and had, since her marriage to him, stopped giving Cesare as much attention. Also, Cesare himself had a bout of the French pox and a lot of scars remained on his face, even after recovery. This made him very conscious of his appearan ...

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Lucrezia Borgia, Lucrezia Borgia - Marriage to Giovanni Sforza, Lucrezia Borgia - Affair with Perotto, Lucrezia Borgia - Other Marriages, Lucrezia Borgia - Issue, Lucrezia Borgia - Legends and Rumors, Lucrezia Borgia - Biographies, Lucrezia Borgia - Plays Operas Films and Novels

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The concept of a "Caucasian race" or Varietas Caucasia (sic) was first proposed under those names by the German scientist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840). His studies based the classification of the Caucasian race primarily on skull features, which Blumenbach claimed were optimized by the Georgians, a people living in the Southern Caucasus. Populations, formerly called "varieties," are no longer distinguished by Latin names, accord ...

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Caucasian race, Caucasian race - History of the concept, Caucasian race - U.S. Supreme Court rulings, Caucasian race - Current views, Caucasian race - Books

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The work measures 460 × 880 cm and can be found in the refectory of the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The theme was a traditional one for refectories, but Leonardo's interpretation gave it much greater realism and depth. The lunettes above the main painting, formed by the triple arched ceiling of the refectory, are painted with Sforza coats-of-arms. The opposite wall of the refectory is covered by a Crucifixion fresco by Donato Montorfano, to which Leonardo added figures of the Sforza family in tempera. (These figures have d ...

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The Last Supper Leonardo, The Last Supper Leonardo - Composition and meaning, The Last Supper Leonardo - Medium, The Last Supper Leonardo - Damage and restorations, The Last Supper Leonardo - Major restoration, The Last Supper Leonardo - The Last Supper in culture

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The question of a difference between the "Caucasian race" and "white" as a racial category in the United States has led to at least one set of major legal contradictions in the United States Supreme Court. In the case of Ozawa v. United States (1922), the court ruled that a law which extended U.S. citizenship only to "whites" did not apply to fair-skinned people from Japan, because: The term "white person", as used in [the law], and in all the earlier naturalization laws, beginning in 1790, applies to such persons as w ...

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Caucasian race, Caucasian race - History of the concept, Caucasian race - U.S. Supreme Court rulings, Caucasian race - Current views, Caucasian race - Books

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