Sextus Julius Frontinus

Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 0s BC - 0s - 10s - 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s Years: 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 78 - Events. Romans conquer the Ordovices, located in present-day northern Wales, as well as the Silures. Gnaeus Julius Agricola replaces Sextus Julius Frontinus as governor of Roman Britain. Indian Prince Aji Caka introduces Sanskrit language and Pallawa script, used to inscr ...

Including:

• 78 - Events
• 78 - Births
• 78 - Deaths

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Commius (Commios, Comius) was a historical king of the Belgic nation of the Atrebates, initially in Gaul, then in Britain, in the 1st century BC. Commius - Ally of Caesar. When Julius Caesar conquered the Atrebates in Gaul in 57 BC, as recounted in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico, he appointed Commius as king of the tribe. Before Caesar's first expedition to Britain in 55 BC, Commius was sent as Caesar's envoy to persuade the Britons not to resist him, as Caesar believed he would have ...

Including:

• Commius - Ally of Caesar
• Commius - Enemy of Caesar
• Commius - King in Britain
• Commius - Sources

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Some sources list a further governor, a second Ulpius Marcellus. He was interpreted as a son of the first Ulpius Marcellus, serving. c. 211. This is based on a misdated inscription and it is now accepted that it refers to the earlier Ulpius Marcellus only. The two sons of emperor Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Publius Septimius Geta, administered the province to some degree during and immediately after their father's campaigns there which took place between 208 and 211. ...

See also:

Governors of Roman Britain, Governors of Roman Britain - Claudian Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Flavian Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Trajanic Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Hadrianic Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Antonine Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Severan Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Division into Britannia Superior and Inferior, Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Superior, Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Inferior, Governors of Roman Britain - Diocese of the Britains, Governors of Roman Britain - Vicarii, Governors of Roman Britain - Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Other rulers in Roman Britain, Governors of Roman Britain - Usurpers and British-based rulers of the Western Empire, Governors of Roman Britain - Native rulers, Governors of Roman Britain - Military leaders

Read more here: » Governors of Roman Britain: Encyclopedia II - Governors of Roman Britain - Severan Governors

Construction of the aqueduct placed great demands on the capacities and knowledge of the Roman engineers. The Romans occasionally suffered problems of low-quality work on large projects, as witnessed by Sextus Julius Frontinus, lead official for water resources in the city of Rome, who wrote: "No other construction requires greater care in its building as one that is to contain water. Therefore it is necessary to supervise all aspects of such a project with great conscienciousness—proceeding fully in accord with the rules, which everyone knows, but only few actually follow." See also:

Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction

Vespasian took a force westwards subduing tribes and capturing oppida as he went, going as least as far as Exeter and probably reaching Bodmin. The Ninth Legion was sent north towards Lincoln and within four years of the invasion it is likely that an area south of a line from the Humber to the Severn Estuary was under Roman control. That this line is followed by the Roman road of the Fosse Way has led many historians to debate the route's role as a convenient frontier during the early occupation. It is more likely that the border between Roman and Iron Age ...

See also:

Roman conquest of Britain, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 55 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 54 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Aborted invasions, Roman conquest of Britain - Aulus Plautius: AD 43, Roman conquest of Britain - The conquest continued, Roman conquest of Britain - Asclepiodotus : AD 296

Read more here: » Roman conquest of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Roman conquest of Britain - The conquest continued

In 52 BC the Atrebates joined the pan-Gaulish revolt led by Vercingetorix, and Commius was one of the leaders of the army that attempted to relieve Vercingetorix at the Siege of Alesia. After Vercingetorix was defeated Commius joined a revolt by the Bellovaci and persuaded some 500 Germans to support them, but this too was defeated and Commius sought refuge with his German allies. In 51 BC he returned to his homeland with a small mounted war-band for a campaign of agitation and guerrilla warfare. That winter Mark Antony, a legionary l ...

See also:

Commius, Commius - Ally of Caesar, Commius - Enemy of Caesar, Commius - King in Britain, Commius - Sources

Read more here: » Commius: Encyclopedia II - Commius - Enemy of Caesar

The earliest human remains known from the area that is now Wales are those of the Red Lady of Paviland, a human skeleton dyed in red ochre discovered in 1826 in one of the Paviland limestone caves of the Gower Peninsula in south Wales. Despite the name, the skeleton is that of a young man who lived about 29,000 years ago at the end of the Upper Paleolithic Period (old stone age), and his are the oldest human remains found in the United Kingdom, as well as being the oldest ceremonial burial in Western Europe. The skeleton was found along with jewellery ...

See also:

History of Wales, History of Wales - Prehistoric Wales, History of Wales - Wales under the Romans, History of Wales - Early Mediaeval Wales, History of Wales - Wales and the Normans, History of Wales - Annexation, History of Wales - From the Union to the Industrial Revolution, History of Wales - The Nineteenth Century, History of Wales - The Twentieth Century, History of Wales - The Twenty-first Century

Read more here: » History of Wales: Encyclopedia II - History of Wales - Prehistoric Wales

When Julius Caesar conquered the Atrebates in Gaul in 57 BC, as recounted in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico, he appointed Commius as king of the tribe. Before Caesar's first expedition to Britain in 55 BC, Commius was sent as Caesar's envoy to persuade the Britons not to resist him, as Caesar believed he would have influence on the island. However he was arrested as soon as he arrived. When the Britons failed to prevent Caesar from landing, Commius was handed over as part of the negotiations. Commius was able to provide a small deta ...

See also:

Commius, Commius - Ally of Caesar, Commius - Enemy of Caesar, Commius - King in Britain, Commius - Sources

Read more here: » Commius: Encyclopedia II - Commius - Ally of Caesar

Archaeological research on the Eifel aqueduct started in the 19th century. CA Eick was the discoverer of the farthest source from Cologne at Grüner Pütz near Nettersheim (in 1867). Systematic study of the aqueduct was carried out from 1940 to 1970 by Waldemar Haberey. His 1971 book is still a suitable guide along the course of the construction. In 1980, archaeologist Klaus Grewe completely mapped out the location line and added it to the official German topographic map. His Atlas der römischen Wasserleitungen nach Köln (Atlas of Roman Aqueducts to Cologne) is a standard wo ...

See also:

Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy

For the last few kilometres before the ancient city, the aqueduct left the ground and was supported by an aqueduct bridge approximately 10 m (33 feet) high. This additional construction enabled water to be delivered to the higher-lying areas of the city through pressurised pipes. The pipes at the time were made of lead plates bent into a ring, either soldered together or with flanges to bind the ...

See also:

Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne

The Eifel aqueduct was destroyed by Germanic tribes in 260 during an attack on Cologne, and was never brought back into operation, even though the city continued to exist. In the course of the migration of the various tribes through the region, aqueduct technology fell out of use and knowledge. The entire aqueduct remained buried in the earth some 500 years, until the Carolingians began new construction in the Rhine valley. As this area has relatively little naturally occurring stone, the aqueduct became a favoured place for obtaining buildi ...

See also:

Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry

In 54 BC, Caesar returned with a larger force. According to some Caesar's own account the fleet comprised some 800 ships, many of which were built to Caesar's specifications: broader and lower for easier beaching. Men of all ranks across the Roman Republic swarmed to join the expedition. The Britons did not oppose the landing, apparently intimidated by the size of the fleet. Caesar made an immediate night march inland, driving the Britons back, but when his ships were o ...

See also:

Roman conquest of Britain, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 55 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 54 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Aborted invasions, Roman conquest of Britain - Aulus Plautius: AD 43, Roman conquest of Britain - The conquest continued, Roman conquest of Britain - Asclepiodotus : AD 296

Read more here: » Roman conquest of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 54 BC

By the 40s AD the Catuvellauni had displaced the Trinovantes as the most powerful kingdom in south-eastern Britain, taking over the former Trinovantian capital of Camulodunum (Colchester), and were pressing their neighbours the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Julius Caesar's former ally Commius. Verica, the king of the Atrebates and an ally of Rome, was ousted and appealed to the emperor Claudius for aid. In response Claudius mounted an invasion of the island in 43. Aulus Plautius, a distinguished senator, was given charge of four leg ...

See also:

Roman conquest of Britain, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 55 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 54 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Aborted invasions, Roman conquest of Britain - Aulus Plautius: AD 43, Roman conquest of Britain - The conquest continued, Roman conquest of Britain - Asclepiodotus : AD 296

Read more here: » Roman conquest of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Roman conquest of Britain - Aulus Plautius: AD 43

The rebellion of Carausius in AD 286 led to Britain breaking away from the Roman Empire and it was not for another ten years that an expedition to retake the province was launched by Emperor Constantius Chlorus. The emperor commanded one force and a second was put under the command of a praetorian prefect named Asclepiodotus. Constantius' contingent was turned back by storms but Asclepiodotus' troops successfully landed near Southampton. He burnt his boats and marched toward Londinium (London). Caraousis' successor, Allectus confronte ...

See also:

Roman conquest of Britain, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 55 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 54 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Aborted invasions, Roman conquest of Britain - Aulus Plautius: AD 43, Roman conquest of Britain - The conquest continued, Roman conquest of Britain - Asclepiodotus : AD 296

Read more here: » Roman conquest of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Roman conquest of Britain - Asclepiodotus : AD 296

Augustus prepared invasions in 34 BC, 27 BC and 25 BC. The first and third were called off due to revolts elsewhere in the empire, the second because the Britons seemed ready to come to terms. According to Augustus's Res Gestae, two British kings, Dumnovellaunus and Tincomarus, sent supplications to Rome during his reign, and Strabo's Geography, written during this period, says that Britain paid more in customs and duties ...

See also:

Roman conquest of Britain, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 55 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 54 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Aborted invasions, Roman conquest of Britain - Aulus Plautius: AD 43, Roman conquest of Britain - The conquest continued, Roman conquest of Britain - Asclepiodotus : AD 296

Read more here: » Roman conquest of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Roman conquest of Britain - Aborted invasions

In 55 BC, Julius Caesar landed on the coast, perhaps in what was intended as a reconnaissance mission. During his campaigns in Gaul, as recorded in Gallic Wars, he had determined that the Gauls were receiving aid from Britain. Towards the end of the summer, he decided that it would be useful to get some reliable information about the people, localities and harbours of the island, since little useful information was available from the Gauls or the merchants who visited it. First he sent out Caius Volusenus in a ship of war to investiga ...

See also:

Roman conquest of Britain, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 55 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 54 BC, Roman conquest of Britain - Aborted invasions, Roman conquest of Britain - Aulus Plautius: AD 43, Roman conquest of Britain - The conquest continued, Roman conquest of Britain - Asclepiodotus : AD 296

Read more here: » Roman conquest of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Roman conquest of Britain - Julius Caesar: 55 BC

Following the reabsorption of Britain into the Roman Empire, the island was further repartitioned by Diocletian, this time into four separate provinces, Maxima Caesariensis in the southeast, with its capital at London, Flavia Caesariensis in the east, with its capital at Lincoln, Britannia Secunda in the north, with its capital at York, and Britannia Prima in the west (including present day Wales), with its capital at Cirencester. A fifth province called Valentia also briefly existed, probably in the far north. Each had a governor of equestr ...

See also:

Governors of Roman Britain, Governors of Roman Britain - Claudian Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Flavian Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Trajanic Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Hadrianic Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Antonine Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Severan Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Division into Britannia Superior and Inferior, Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Superior, Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Inferior, Governors of Roman Britain - Diocese of the Britains, Governors of Roman Britain - Vicarii, Governors of Roman Britain - Governors, Governors of Roman Britain - Other rulers in Roman Britain, Governors of Roman Britain - Usurpers and British-based rulers of the Western Empire, Governors of Roman Britain - Native rulers, Governors of Roman Britain - Military leaders

Read more here: » Governors of Roman Britain: Encyclopedia II - Governors of Roman Britain - Diocese of the Britains

This list assumes the final division occurred c. 213 or a year or two before. Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Superior. Tiberius Julius Pollienus Auspex in period c. 223 - 226 Caius Junius Faustinus Postumianus Rufinus Marcus Martiannius Pulcher Titus Desticius Juba in period 253 - 255 Governors of Roman Britain - Britannia Inferior. Gaius Julius Marcus by 213 Marcus Antonius Gordianus by 216

To protect against frost, most of the aqueduct ran about 1 m below the earth's surface. Archaeological excavations show that, at the lowest level, the Roman engineers had placed a loose layer of stones. On this base, they set a concrete or stone U-shaped groove for the water and, over this, cut stones and mortar were used to build a protective arch. For the concrete work and the arch, the engineers used boards to build the form. Impressions of the wood grain remain in the concrete 2,000 years later. The aqueduct had an inner widt ...

See also:

Eifel Aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - History, Eifel Aqueduct - Course, Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman spring constructions, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman demands for water quality, Eifel Aqueduct - Above-ground sections, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman aqueduct construction, Eifel Aqueduct - Cost of building, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman surveying, Eifel Aqueduct - Roman concrete, Eifel Aqueduct - Operation of the aqueduct, Eifel Aqueduct - Distribution of water in ancient Cologne, Eifel Aqueduct - The aqueduct as a stone quarry, Eifel Aqueduct - Tourism, Eifel Aqueduct - Legacy, Eifel Aqueduct - Sources

Read more here: » Eifel Aqueduct: Encyclopedia II - Eifel Aqueduct - Architectural aspects

At the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the dominant ruler in Wales was Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, who was king of Gwynedd and Powys. The initial Norman successes were in the south, where William Fitz Osbern overran Gwent before 1070. By 1074 the forces of the Earl of Shrewsbury were ravaging Deheubarth. The killing of Bleddyn ap Cynfyn in 1075 led to civil war and gave the Normans an opportunity to seize lands in North Wales. In 1081 Gruffydd ap Cynan, who had just won the throne of Gwynedd from Trahaearn ap Caradog was entice ...

See also:

History of Wales, History of Wales - Prehistoric Wales, History of Wales - Wales under the Romans, History of Wales - Early Mediaeval Wales, History of Wales - Wales and the Normans, History of Wales - Annexation, History of Wales - From the Union to the Industrial Revolution, History of Wales - The Nineteenth Century, History of Wales - The Twentieth Century, History of Wales - The Twenty-first Century

Read more here: » History of Wales: Encyclopedia II - History of Wales - Wales and the Normans