Separation may refer to a several different subjects: In chemistry, separation refers to the separation process. In interpersonal relationships, separation usually refers a married couple ceasing to live together, but without getting a divorce. Legal separation is a legal status where married couples may disentangle their finances without divorce. In audio mastering, a separation is a single track containing one or more major song elements. When all separations are r

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Separated sets, Separated sets - Definitions, Separated sets - Relation to separation axioms and separated spaces, Separated sets - Relation to connected spaces, Separated sets - Relation to topologically distinguishable points

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There are some other conditions on topological spaces that are sometimes classified with the separation axioms, but these don't fit in with the usual separation axioms as completely. Other than their definitions, they won't be discussed here. X is semiregular if the regular open sets form a base for the open sets of X. Any regular space must also be semiregular. X is fully normal if every open cover has an open star refinement. Every fully normal space must also be both normal regular and paracompact. In fact, fully normal spaces actually have more to do ...

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Separation axiom, Separation axiom - Separated sets and topologically distinguishable points, Separation axiom - Definitions of the axioms, Separation axiom - Relationships between the axioms, Separation axiom - Other separation axioms, Separation axiom - Sources

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In topology and related branches of mathematics, separated sets are pairs of subsets of a given topological space that are related to each other in a certain way. The notion of when two sets are separated or not is important both to the notion of connected spaces (and their connected components) as well as to the separation axioms for topological spaces. Separated sets should not be confused with separated spaces (defined below), which are somewhat related but aren't the same thing. And separable spaces are a completely differe ...

Including:

• Separated sets - Definitions
• Separated sets - Relation to separation axioms and separated spaces
• Separated sets - Relation to connected spaces
• Separated sets - Relation to topologically distinguishable points

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Separation of powers (or trias politica, a term coined by Montesquieu) is a model of democracy that involves the separation of political power between three branches of the state: The Executive, the Legislature, and the Judiciary. In the "separation of powers" model, each branch is prevented from exerting power in the field of responsibility of another branch. Nonetheless each branch of the state may be empowered to exert checks on the actions of the other branches. Separation of powers - Checks and balances. < ...

Including:

• Separation of powers - Checks and balances
• Separation of powers - The three-branch system
• Separation of powers - Case study: The United States
• Separation of powers - Three-branch systems around the world
• Separation of powers - Parliamentary systems
• Separation of powers - Case study: United Kingdom
• Separation of powers - Taiwan Republic of China : Five branches
• Separation of powers - The press around the world
• Separation of powers - Criticisms
• Separation of powers - Related restraint-of-power concepts

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The phrase separation of church and state is a common interpretation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, which reads, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . . . ." The phrase itself does not appear in any founding American document, but it has been quoted in opinions by the United States Supreme Court. (The first such mention was in Reynolds v. United States, 98 U.S. 145 in 1878.) Separation of church and state in the U ...

Including:

• Separation of church and state in the United States - Background
• Separation of church and state in the United States - A wall of separation
• Separation of church and state in the United States - Legal framework
• Separation of church and state in the United States - Supreme Court decisions
• Separation of church and state in the United States - Federal court decisions
• Separation of church and state in the United States - Interpretive controversies
• Separation of church and state in the United States - Quotes

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There are various versions of the concept. The terms are defined below, where X is a topological space. First, two subsets A and B of X are disjoint if their intersection is the empty set. This property has nothing to do with topology as such, but only set theory; we include it here because it is the weakest in the sequence of different notions. For more ...

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Separated sets, Separated sets - Definitions, Separated sets - Relation to separation axioms and separated spaces, Separated sets - Relation to connected spaces, Separated sets - Relation to topologically distinguishable points

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The only alternative to isotope separation is to manufacture the required isotope in its pure form. This may be done by irradiation of a suitable target, but care is needed in target selection and other factors to ensure that only the required isotope of the element of interest is produced. Isotopes of other elements are not so great a problem as they can be removed by chemical means. This is particularly relevant in the preparation of high-grade plutonium-239 for use in weapons and in military propulsion reactors. It is not in practi ...

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Isotope separation, Isotope separation - Enrichment cascades, Isotope separation - Commercial materials, Isotope separation - Alternatives, Isotope separation - Techniques, Isotope separation - Diffusion, Isotope separation - Centripetal effect, Isotope separation - Electromagnetic, Isotope separation - Laser, Isotope separation - Chemical methods, Isotope separation - The SWU separative work unit

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Attempts have been made to increace the capacity of railways by making tracks cross in a grade-separated manner, as opposed to the traditional use of points to change tracks. A grade-separated rail interchange is known as a flying junction and one which is not a level junction. One of the earliest examples of this type was one the Nickel Plate Road through Cleveland, Ohio, United States, completed in ...

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Grade separation, Grade separation - Roads, Grade separation - Weaving, Grade separation - Types of grade separated junctions, Grade separation - Railways, Grade separation - Personal rapid transit, Grade separation - Advantages and disadvantages

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Isotope separation - Diffusion. Often done with gases, but also with liquids, the diffusion method relies on the fact that in thermal equilibrium, two isotopes with the same energy will have different average velocities. The lighter atoms (or the molecules containing them) will travel more quickly and be more likely to diffuse through a membrane. The difference in speeds is proportional to the square root of the mass ratio, so the amount of separation is small and many cascaded stages are needed to obtain high purity. This method is expensive due to the work needed to push gas ...

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Isotope separation, Isotope separation - Enrichment cascades, Isotope separation - Commercial materials, Isotope separation - Alternatives, Isotope separation - Techniques, Isotope separation - Diffusion, Isotope separation - Centripetal effect, Isotope separation - Electromagnetic, Isotope separation - Laser, Isotope separation - Chemical methods, Isotope separation - The SWU separative work unit

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The term is most widely applied to describe a road junction where the direct flow of traffic on one or more of the roads is not disrupted. Instead of a direct connection, traffic must use on and off ramps (United States, Australia, etc.) or slip roads (United Kingdom, Ireland, etc.) to access the other roads at the junction. The road which carries on through the junction can also ...

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Grade separation, Grade separation - Roads, Grade separation - Weaving, Grade separation - Types of grade separated junctions, Grade separation - Railways, Grade separation - Personal rapid transit, Grade separation - Advantages and disadvantages

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The novel begins with older Gene, who returns to Devon, an exclusive New England prep school, to visit a large tree and a marble staircase. He then goes into a flashback of when he went to school there. Gene and Finny appear to be the best of friends at Devon; however, Gene sees himself constantly at war with Finny, who he refuses to believe is better than him. Gene is a regimented good student who likes order, and Finny is a carefree, peace-loving athlete who can get away with anything. Gene hates Finny's irresponsibility and lack of respec ...

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A Separate Peace, A Separate Peace - Characters, A Separate Peace - Gene Forrester, A Separate Peace - Phineas, A Separate Peace - Brinker Hadley, A Separate Peace - Elwin Leper Lepellier, A Separate Peace - Plot, A Separate Peace - Themes

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The ancient Anatolian hieroglyphs frequently (but not always) used vertical lines to separate words. Similarly, Linear B used short vertical lines. However, this technical advance mostly died out. One reference implies that Phoenician originally used slashes and dots to mark word boundaries. It continues to say that Hebrew and Aramaic scribes borrowed the slash and dot advance, and in Aramaic used a space. Ethiopic inscriptions used a vertical line, but on paper was written as two dots, resembling a colon (in Unicode at U+1361 ...

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Interword separation, Interword separation - Types of separations, Interword separation - Rediscovery of spaces in Latin

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When a photon of energy equal to . Where h = the Planck's Constant (in Js), c = the speed of light in (ms-1) and is the Wavelength of the light (in m) is absorbed by the photoreceptor molecule, e joules of work is done upon the atom, raising the electron from its ground state to an exited state. if the excited electron is transferred to a neighbouring electron acceptor molecule there will be a potential dif ...

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Photoinduced Charge Separation, Photoinduced Charge Separation - The Rutherford Model of an Atom, Photoinduced Charge Separation - The Bohr Model of an Atom, Photoinduced Charge Separation - Electron Excitation by Photon Absorption, Photoinduced Charge Separation - The Process of Photoinduced Charge Separation, Photoinduced Charge Separation - Mathematics of Photoinduced Charge Separation, Photoinduced Charge Separation - The Chemistry of Photoinduced Charge Separation, Photoinduced Charge Separation - Photoinduced Charge Separation in Photosynthesis

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Given a topological space X, it is sometimes useful to consider whether it is possible for a subset A to be separated from its complement. This is certainly true if A is either the empty set or the entire space X, but there may be other possibilities. A topological space X is connected if these are the only two possibilities. Conversely, if a nonempty subset A is separated from its own complement, and if the only subset of A to share this property is the empty set, then A is an < ...

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Separated sets, Separated sets - Definitions, Separated sets - Relation to separation axioms and separated spaces, Separated sets - Relation to connected spaces, Separated sets - Relation to topologically distinguishable points

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In parliamentary systems such as the United Kingdom the three "powers" are not officially separated. However, this has not threatened British stability, because the strong traditions of that system serve a similar purpose. In contrast, many countries which have adopted separation of powers (especially in Latin America) have suffered from instability (coups d'etat, military dictatorships etc.). Some observers believe that no obvious case exists in which such instability was prevented by the separation of powers. The existence of a strong inde ...

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Separation of powers, Separation of powers - Checks and balances, Separation of powers - Case study: The United States, Separation of powers - Two-Branch systems, Separation of powers - Three-branch systems around the world, Separation of powers - Parliamentary systems, Separation of powers - Case study: United Kingdom, Separation of powers - Taiwan Republic of China : Five branches, Separation of powers - The press around the world, Separation of powers - Criticisms, Separation of powers - Related restraint-of-power concepts

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Separation of church and state occurs in different ways: legal separation voluntary separation, such as by churches teaching that religious ceremony should be confined to either the church or the home. Some countries of the world have a stable separation between church and state, while other countries are in a state of political unrest over the separation. The 1905 French law on the separation of churc ...

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Separation of church and state, Separation of church and state - A Basic Overview of the Principle, Separation of church and state - History, Separation of church and state - Ancient, Separation of church and state - Medieval, Separation of church and state - Modern, Separation of church and state - Secularism and theocracy, Separation of church and state - Enactment, Separation of church and state - Countries with separation, Separation of church and state - Australia, Separation of church and state - Canada, Separation of church and state - France, Separation of church and state - Germany, Separation of church and state - Japan, Separation of church and state - Mexico, Separation of church and state - Philippines, Separation of church and state - Sweden, Separation of church and state - Turkey, Separation of church and state - United States of America, Separation of church and state - Other countries, Separation of church and state - Countries with state churches, Separation of church and state - Finland, Separation of church and state - Norway, Separation of church and state - United Kingdom, Separation of church and state - Greece, Separation of church and state - Denmark, Separation of church and state - Countries in flux, Separation of church and state - Russia, Separation of church and state - Advocacy, Separation of church and state - Religious arguments for separation, Separation of church and state - Secular arguments for separation, Separation of church and state - Religious arguments against separation, Separation of church and state - Secular arguments against separation, Separation of church and state - Other arguments against separation

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The separation axioms are about the use of topological means to distinguish disjoint sets and distinct points. It's not enough for elements of a topological space to be distinct; we may want them to be topologically distinguishable. Similarly, it's not enough for subsets of a topological space to be disjoint; we may want them to be separated (in any of various ways). The separation axioms all say, in one way or another, that points or sets that are di ...

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Separation axiom, Separation axiom - Separated sets and topologically distinguishable points, Separation axiom - Definitions of the axioms, Separation axiom - Relationships between the axioms, Separation axiom - Other separation axioms, Separation axiom - Sources

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To date large-scale commercial isotope separation has occurred of only three elements. In each case, the rarer of the two most common isotopes of an element has been concentrated for use in nuclear technology: Uranium isotopes have been separated to prepare enriched uranium for use as nuclear reactor fuel and in nuclear weapons. Hydrogen isotopes have been separated to prepare heavy water for use as a moderator in nuclear reactors. Lithium-6 has ...

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Isotope separation, Isotope separation - Enrichment cascades, Isotope separation - Commercial materials, Isotope separation - Alternatives, Isotope separation - Techniques, Isotope separation - Diffusion, Isotope separation - Centripetal effect, Isotope separation - Electromagnetic, Isotope separation - Laser, Isotope separation - Chemical methods, Isotope separation - The SWU separative work unit

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Separation of church and state occurs in different ways: legal separation voluntary separation, such as by churches teaching that religious ceremony should be confined to either the church or the home. Some countries of the world have a stable separation between church and state, while other countries are in a state of political unrest over the separation. The 1905 French law on the separation of churc ...

See also:

Separation of church and state, Separation of church and state - History, Separation of church and state - Ancient, Separation of church and state - Medieval, Separation of church and state - Modern, Separation of church and state - Secularism and theocracy, Separation of church and state - Enactment, Separation of church and state - Countries with separation, Separation of church and state - Australia, Separation of church and state - Canada, Separation of church and state - France, Separation of church and state - Germany, Separation of church and state - Japan, Separation of church and state - Mexico, Separation of church and state - Philippines, Separation of church and state - Sweden, Separation of church and state - Turkey, Separation of church and state - United States of America, Separation of church and state - Other countries, Separation of church and state - Countries with state churches, Separation of church and state - Finland, Separation of church and state - Norway, Separation of church and state - United Kingdom, Separation of church and state - Greece, Separation of church and state - Denmark, Separation of church and state - Countries in flux, Separation of church and state - Russia, Separation of church and state - Advocacy, Separation of church and state - Religious arguments for separation, Separation of church and state - Secular arguments for separation, Separation of church and state - Religious arguments against separation, Separation of church and state - Secular arguments against separation, Separation of church and state - Other arguments against separation

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