Senescence

Definition and meaning of senescence:

senescence - the aging process in mature individuals; the period near the end of an organism's life cycle

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

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Evolutionary theory explains why we don't live forever, and provides a reasonable explanation for the huge variation in lifespan between (often closely related) species. The geneticist J. B. S. Haldane wondered why the dominant mutation which causes Huntington's disease remained in the population, why natural selection had not eliminated it. The onset of this neurological disease is (on average) at age 35 and is invariably fatal within 10-20 years. Haldane assumed, probably reasonably, that in human prehistory, few survived until age ...

See also:

Senescence, Senescence - Theories of aging, Senescence - Evolutionary theories, Senescence - Gene regulation, Senescence - Cellular senescence, Senescence - Chemical damage, Senescence - Reliability theory, Senescence - Neuro-endocrine-immunological theories, Senescence - Miscellaneous

Read more here: » Senescence: Encyclopedia II - Senescence - Evolutionary theories

This is a sitemap for Oceanography - S . Click on a link and you will find multiple definitions and articles related to the word. The sitemap(s) covers over 5.184 different Oceanography terms.

s phase, saba bank, sabellid worm, saccate, safety stop, sagittal, sagittiform, saharan dust, salinity, salt, salt marsh, sampling, sampling bias, sampling error, sampling unit, sampling universe, sand, sand flat, sandflat, sanguivore, saprophyte, saprotroph, sargasso sea, sargassum, satellite, satellite chromosome, satellite colony, satellite imagery, satellite mapping, saturation, saturation diving, saxitoxin, sba system, scaffold, scale, scale-like corallites, scanning hydrographic operational airborne lidar survey, scatter diagram, scavenger, schizocoelous, school, schreckreaktion, schreckstoff, science, scientific law, scientific name, sciophilous, scleractinia, sclerite, sclerocyte, sclerodermite, scleroseptum, sclerospongiae, scolex, scorpionfish, scotoscope, scuba, scute, scutiform, sea, sea cow, sea cucumber, sea pansy, sea pen, sea snake, sea star, sea state, sea surface temperature, sea time, sea urchin, seabat, seagrass, seagrass bed., seakeys, seamount, seascape, seawall, seaward slope, seawifs, secchi depth, second law of thermodynamics, second stage regulator, secondary male or female, secondary polyp, secondary production, secretion, secretory product, sedentary, sedimentary rock, sediments, seep, seepage, segmentation, seine, sekisei lagoon, selective pressure, self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, self-fertilization, semelparity, seminal receptacle, semipermeable membrane, semispecies, senescence, senior homonym, senior synonym, sens. lat., sensor, sensory receptor, septate shell, septum, sequence, sequencing, sequential hermaphrodite, sere, serehd, serial homology, serial spawning, series, serosa, serous membrane, serpulid worm, serrate, server, sesquiterpene isocyanides, sessile, seston, set, seta, setiform, setose, sewage, sex chromosome, sex inversion, sex ratio, sex-linked gene, sexual dichromatism, sexual dimorphism, shearwater, shelf break, shelf escarpment, shelf reef, shelf-edge reef, shellfish, shoal, shoals, shore bird, shore reef, shore species, shoreline, short interfering rna, short tandem repeats, shower, sibling species, sic, side scan sonar, sieve plate, sigma, sigmoid growth, sign stimulus, signal transduction pathway, signal-to-noise ratio, signature sound, significance level, sikes act, siliceous, sill, sill reef, silt curtain, simple, simultaneous hermaphrodite, sine, single nucleotide polymorphism, single-stranded, single-stranded dna, sinistral, sink, sink habitat, sink population, sink population or species, sinkhole, sinus, siphon, siphonoglyph, siphonophore, siphonozooid, siphosome, siphuncle, sipuncula, sirna, sister group, sister taxa, skeletal density, skeleton, skerry, skewness, slug, slurp gun, smooth, snapper, sneaky male, snorkel, snout, snp, social behavior, social rank, sociobiology, socmon guidelines, soft coral, soft dorsal, sol, solar energy, solar radiation, solar year, soleiform, solitary coral, solstice, solute, solution, solvent, solvolysis, somatic mutation, somite, sonar, sonic muscle, soniferous, sonograph, sorus, sound, source dna, source habitat, source population, source species, southern cross, southern oscillation, sovereign, sp(p, spat, spathiform, spatial data, spatial index, spatulate, spawn, spawning, specialist, specialist species, speciation, species, species aggregate, species at risk, species diversity, species group, species of special concern, species recovery plan, species richness, specific action potential, specific name, speciose, spectrometer, spectrophotometer, spectroradiometer, spermary, spermatangium, spermatium, spermatogenesis, spermatophore, spermatozoan, spicule, spinate, spine, spiniform, spiny lobster, spiny lobsters in a seagrass bed., spiracle, spiral cleavage, spirocyst, spirotele, spit, splicing, split spawning, splitter, sponge, spongin, spongocoel, spongocyte, spontaneous process, sporangium, spore, sporophyll, sporosac, spot, spur and groove, spyhopping, sql, squall, squall line, squamous epithelium, squeeze, squirrelfish, sst, stability, stable isotope, stakeholder, stalked eye, standard deviation, standard error of the mean, standing stock, starboard, start codon, stasipatric speciation, statistic, statistical analysis, statistical bias, statistics, statocyst, statolith, status and trends analysis, stellate, stem cell, stenohaline, stenokous, stenoky, stenotele, stenothermal, stenotopic, stereoblastula, stereocilium, stereogastrula, stereotypical behavior, stern, sternite, stetson reef, stewardship, stipe, stipitate, stochastic, stolon, stoloniferous, stoma, stomadaeum, stone canal, stonefish, stony coral, stop codon, storm surge, str, strain, strategic plan, stratigraphy, stream bed, stressor, striated, stridulation, stripe, strobila, stromatolite, stromatoporoid, structural complexity, structural gene, structured query language, stygobite, stylet, styliform, subadult, subclass, subduction, subfamily, subgenus, subgular, subkingdom, submarine groove, submerged bank, submerged cultural resource, submersible, suborbicular, suborbital, suborder, subordinate, subordinate taxon, subphylum, subplocoid form, subpopulation, subradular organ, subset, subsidence, subspecies, subspecific name, substrate, subterminal, subtidal, subumbrella, subunit, sucker, sucking disk, sula reef, sulu-sulawesi seascape, summit, sundarbans, superclass, superfamily, superficial cleavage, supergene, superior, supermale, supernatant, supernumerary, superorder, suppressor gene, supraesophageal gangia, supraesophageal ganglion, supraorbital, suprapsammon, supratidal, surf, surface feeder, surface interval, surface water, surge channel, surgeonfish, surrogate species, survey, suspension feeder, suspension-feeding sponge among corals., sustainability science, sustainable development, sustainable yield, suture, swamp, swath, sweeper, sweeper polyp, sweeper tentacle, swell, swimmeret, syconoid, symbiodinium microadriaticum, symbiont, symbiosis, sympatric species, symplesiomorphy, sympodial growth, synapomorphy, synapse, synapticulum, synbiotic, synchronous, synchronous breeding, synchrony, syncytium, synecology, synergism, syngameon, syngamy, synomone, synonym, synonymous substitution, synonymy, synopsis, syntopic, syntype, systemic,

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Oceanography, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

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The American Aging Association (AGE) is a non-profit, tax-exempt biogerontology organization of scientists and laypeople dedicated to biomedical aging studies intended to slow the aging process. The abbreviation AGE is intended to be representative of the organization, even though it is not an acronym. American aging association - History and Organization. AGE was founded in 1970 by Denham Harman, MD,PhD, who is often known as the "father" of the "Free-Radical Theory of Aging". Dr. Harman was Executi ...

Including:

• American aging association - History and Organization
• American aging association - Activities

Read more here: » American aging association: Encyclopedia - American aging association

Life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a living being (or the average for a class of living beings) of a given age to live. Life expectancy is also called average life span or mean life span, in particular distinction to maximum life span (the life span of the most long lived members of a class of living beings). Although it is common usage to talk about life expectancy of any living being ranging from trees, insects, dogs, stroke victims, to mine workers, this article focuses on human life e ...

Including:

• Life expectancy - Overview
• Life expectancy - Increasing life expectancy
• Life expectancy - Life expectancy over human history
• Life expectancy - Timeline for humans
• Life expectancy - Variations in life expectancy in the world today
• Life expectancy - Life expectancy of animals and plants
• Life expectancy - Evolution and aging rate
• Life expectancy - Calculating life expectancy
• Life expectancy - Other meanings
• Life expectancy - Increasing lifespan

Read more here: » Life expectancy: Encyclopedia - Life expectancy

DNA repair is a process constantly operating in cells; it is essential to survival because it protects the genome from damage and harmful mutations. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors (such as UV rays) can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 500,000 individual molecular lesions per cell per day. These lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule, and can dramatically alter the cell's way of reading the information encoded in its genes. Consequently, the DNA repair process must be constantly operating, to ...

Including:

• DNA repair - DNA damage
• DNA repair - Nuclear versus mitochondrial DNA damage
• DNA repair - Sources of damage
• DNA repair - Types of damage
• DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms
• DNA repair - Single strand damage
• DNA repair - Double strand breaks
• DNA repair - DNA repair in disease and aging
• DNA repair - Poor DNA repair induces pathology
• DNA repair - DNA repair rate is variable
• DNA repair - Hereditary DNA repair disorders
• DNA repair - Chronic DNA repair disorders
• DNA repair - Longevity genes and DNA repair
• DNA repair - Caloric restriction increases DNA repair
• DNA repair - DNA repair and evolution
• DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms are ancient
• DNA repair - Disease death and evolution
• DNA repair - Medicine & DNA repair modulation
• DNA repair - Cancer treatment
• DNA repair - Gene therapy
• DNA repair - Gene repair

Read more here: » DNA repair: Encyclopedia - DNA repair

The human brain goes through several large-scale changes as the individual progresses from embryo through to old age. Aging brain - Pre-natal development. Developmental neurobiology concerns itself with the development of the brain. The process of neurogenesis populates the brain, then programmed cell death cuts the growing brain down to size. Ageing, Life extension, Senescence Aging brain - Adolescence. During adolescence the brain goes through ...

Including:

• Aging brain - Pre-natal development
• Aging brain - Adolescence
• Aging brain - Aging

Read more here: » Aging brain: Encyclopedia - Aging brain

Gerontology is the study of the elderly, and of the aging process itself. It is to be distinguished from geriatrics, which is the study of the diseases of the elderly. Gerontology covers the social, psychological and biological aspects of aging. Gerontology includes these and other endeavors: studying physical, mental, and social changes in people as they age. investigating the effects of our aging population on society. applyi ...

Including:

• Gerontology - Gerontologists
• Gerontology - Biogerontology
• Gerontology - Biogerontologists

Read more here: » Gerontology: Encyclopedia - Gerontology

Cryonics is the practice of cryopreserving humans and pets (who have recently become legally dead) until the cryopreservation damage can be reversed and the cause of the fatal disease can be cured (including the disease known as aging). Cryonics is not a widespread medical practice and is viewed with skepticism by most scientists and doctors today. However, there is a high representation of scientists among cryonicists.[1] Support for cryonics is based on controversial projections of future technologies and of their ability to enabl ...

Including:

• Cryonics - Obstacles to success
• Cryonics - Damage from ice formation and ischemia
• Cryonics - Revival process
• Cryonics - Financial issues
• Cryonics - Head neuro vs. whole-body cryopreservation
• Cryonics - History
• Cryonics - Culture
• Cryonics - Notes

Read more here: » Cryonics: Encyclopedia - Cryonics

Ageing or aging is the process of becoming older. This article focuses on the social, cultural, and economic effects of ageing. The biology of ageing is treated in detail in senescence. Ageing is an important part of all human societies reflecting the biological changes that occur, but also reflecting cultural and societal conventions. Age is usually, but wholly arbitrarily, measured in years and a p ...

Including:

• Ageing - Senescence: the biology of ageing
• Ageing - Dividing the lifespan
• Ageing - Age and the law
• Ageing - Economics and marketing of ageing
• Ageing - Cultural variations
• Ageing - Global ageing trends
• Ageing - Reference

Read more here: » Ageing: Encyclopedia - Ageing

Programmed Senscence seems to be heavily influenced by plant hormones. The hormones Abscisic Acid and Ethylene are accepted by most scientists as the main culprits, but at least one source, believes Gibberellins and Brassinosteroids are equally to blame. Plant senescence - Annual Versus Perennial Benefits - Theory. Some plants choose the annual strategy dieing off each year whereas closely related plants in the same family may choose to live for several ye ...

See also:

Plant senescence, Plant senescence - Unprogrammed senescence - Plant Aging, Plant senescence - Programmed senscence, Plant senescence - Annual Versus Perennial Benefits - Theory, Plant senescence - Plant Self Pruning - Theory, Plant senescence - Hormonal Induction of Senescence - Theory

Read more here: » Plant senescence: Encyclopedia II - Plant senescence - Programmed senscence

In 1996 the gene responsible for Werner syndrome was identified (and named WRN) and found to be a member of the RecQ family of helicases. Other members of this family include the genes responsible for Bloom syndrome (BLM gene), and a subset of Rothmund-Thomson (RECQ4 gene) patients. The Werner protein is thought to perform several tasks in the cell, including the maintenance and repair of DNA. It also assists in making copies of DNA in preparation for cell division. Mutations in the WRN gene often lead to the production of an abnormal ...

See also:

Werner syndrome, Werner syndrome - Symptoms, Werner syndrome - Epidemiology, Werner syndrome - Genetics, Werner syndrome - History

Read more here: » Werner syndrome: Encyclopedia II - Werner syndrome - Genetics

Currently, the only method of increasing maximum life span that is recognized by biogerontologists is calorie restriction with adequate nutrition. Rats, mice and hamsters experience maximum life span extension from a diet which contains 40−60% of the calories (but all of the required nutrients) which the animals consume when they can eat as much as they want. Mean life span is increased 65% and maximum life span is increased 50%, when calorie restriction is begun just before puberty. For fruit flies the life extending benefits of calorie r ...

See also:

Maximum life span, Maximum life span - Increasing maximum life span, Maximum life span - Research data concerning maximum life span

Read more here: » Maximum life span: Encyclopedia II - Maximum life span - Increasing maximum life span

The Foundation currently awards two prizes: a longevity prize for extending total lifespan, and a rejuvenation price focusing on intervention begun at older age. The Foundation collects donations in order to increase the size of the prizes. Whenever a record is broken, the researcher receives an amount based on the then current size of the prize fund and the percentage they exceeded the previous record. The longevity price allows any type of intervention, including breeding and genetic engineering. Only a single mouse has to be presented. As of 2005, the record holder was a mouse wh ...

See also:

Methuselah Mouse Prize, Methuselah Mouse Prize - Prize structure and current record holders, Methuselah Mouse Prize - Goals and expectations

Read more here: » Methuselah Mouse Prize: Encyclopedia II - Methuselah Mouse Prize - Prize structure and current record holders

AGE was founded in 1970 by Denham Harman, MD,PhD, who is often known as the "father" of the "Free-Radical Theory of Aging". Dr. Harman was Executive Director of AGE for 20 years (1973 to 1993). Much of the early financial support for AGE came from Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw, who are known for their best-selling book Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach (1982). The Vice-Presidency of AGE is to be a layperson position ...

See also:

American aging association, American aging association - History and Organization, American aging association - Activities

Read more here: » American aging association: Encyclopedia II - American aging association - History and Organization

Over the years, the human brain shows a decline in function and a change in gene expression. This modulation in gene expression may be due to oxidative DNA damage at promoter regions in the genome. Genes that are down-regulated over the age of 40 include: GluR1 AMPA receptor subunit NMDA R2A receptor subunit (involved in learning) Subunits of the GABA-A receptor Genes involved in long-term potentiation e.g. calmodulin 1 and CAM kinase II alpha. Calcium signalling genes Synaptic plasticity genes Synaptic vesicle ...

See also:

Aging brain, Aging brain - Pre-natal development, Aging brain - Adolescence, Aging brain - Aging

Read more here: » Aging brain: Encyclopedia II - Aging brain - Aging

One of the biggest jumps in life expectancy coincided with the introduction of sewers, which greatly reduced the spread of disease. In the last few centuries a strong statistical effect was caused by the near elimination of infant mortality in the Western world and elsewhere. On a world-wide scale, extreme poverty still remains a barrier to increasing life expectancy in developing nations. Life expectancy before the 'health transition' of the modern era is thought to have varied between about 20 yrs and 35 years, depending upon partic ...

See also:

Life expectancy, Life expectancy - Overview, Life expectancy - Life expectancy over human history, Life expectancy - Timeline for humans, Life expectancy - Variations in life expectancy in the world today, Life expectancy - Life expectancy of animals and plants, Life expectancy - Evolution and aging rate, Life expectancy - Calculating life expectancy, Life expectancy - Other meanings, Life expectancy - Increasing life expectancy

Read more here: » Life expectancy: Encyclopedia II - Life expectancy - Life expectancy over human history

Cryonics - Damage from ice formation and ischemia. Cryonics has traditionally been dismissed by mainstream cryobiology, of which it is arguably a part. The reason generally given for this dismissal is that the freezing process creates ice crystals, which some scientists have claimed damage cells and cellular structures so as to render any future repair impossible. Cryonicists have long argued, however, that the extent of this damage was greatly exaggerated by the critics, presuming that some reasonable attempt is made to perfuse the body with cryoprotectant chemicals (traditiona ...

See also:

Cryonics, Cryonics - Obstacles to success, Cryonics - Damage from ice formation and ischemia, Cryonics - Revival process, Cryonics - Financial issues, Cryonics - Head neuro vs. whole-body cryopreservation, Cryonics - History, Cryonics - Culture, Cryonics - Notes

Read more here: » Cryonics: Encyclopedia II - Cryonics - Obstacles to success

Cells cannot tolerate DNA damage that compromises the integrity and accessibility of essential information in the genome (but cells remain superficially functional when so-called "non-essential" genes are missing or damaged). Depending on the type of damage inflicted on the DNA's double helical structure, a variety of repair strategies has evolved to restore lost information. As templates for restoration cells use the unmodified complementary strand of the DNA or the sister chromosome. Without access to template information, DNA repair is er ...

See also:

DNA repair, DNA repair - DNA damage, DNA repair - Nuclear versus mitochondrial DNA damage, DNA repair - Sources of damage, DNA repair - Types of damage, DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms, DNA repair - Single strand damage, DNA repair - Double strand breaks, DNA repair - DNA repair in disease and aging, DNA repair - Poor DNA repair induces pathology, DNA repair - DNA repair rate is variable, DNA repair - Hereditary DNA repair disorders, DNA repair - Chronic DNA repair disorders, DNA repair - Longevity genes and DNA repair, DNA repair - Caloric restriction increases DNA repair, DNA repair - DNA repair and evolution, DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms are ancient, DNA repair - Disease death and evolution, DNA repair - Medicine & DNA repair modulation, DNA repair - Cancer treatment, DNA repair - Gene therapy, DNA repair - Gene repair

Read more here: » DNA repair: Encyclopedia II - DNA repair - DNA repair mechanisms

Biogerontology is the subfield of gerontology dedicated to studying the specifically biological processes resulting in senescence. Biogerontologists are scientists who study these process and also include scientists who work to control, prevent and reverse aging in both humans and animals. Gerontology - Biogerontologists. Aubrey de Grey Michael West C ...

See also:

Gerontology, Gerontology - Gerontologists, Gerontology - Biogerontology, Gerontology - Biogerontologists

Read more here: » Gerontology: Encyclopedia II - Gerontology - Biogerontology