Second Polish Republic

Piłsudski's first task was to reunite the Polish regions that had assumed various economic and political identities since the partition in the late eighteenth century, and especially since the advent of political parties. Piłsudski took immediate steps to consolidate the Polish regions under a single government with its own currency and army, but the borders of the Second Polish Republic were not established until 1922. Between 1921 and 1939, Poland achieved significant economic growth despite world economic crisis. The Polish political scene remained chaotic an ...

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History of Poland 1918–1939, History of Poland 1918–1939 - Interwar Poland, History of Poland 1918–1939 - Formative Years 1918-1921, History of Poland 1918–1939 - From Democracy to Authoritarian government, History of Poland 1918–1939 - Poland's International Situation, History of Poland 1918–1939 - Reference

Read more here: » History of Poland 1918–1939: Encyclopedia II - History of Poland 1918–1939 - Interwar Poland

The Polish-Ukrainian military thrust soon met with Red Army counterattack. On May 24, 1920, the Polish-Ukrainian forces were engaged for the first time by Semyon Budionny and his famous First Cavalry Army. Two days later, Budionny's cavalry, with two major units from the Russian 12th Army, opened an assault on the Polish forces centered around Kiev. After a week of heavy fighting south of the city, the Russian assault was repulsed and the front line restored. On ...

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Kiev Offensive 1920, Kiev Offensive 1920 - Before the Battle, Kiev Offensive 1920 - Polish assault, Kiev Offensive 1920 - Bolshevik counterattack, Kiev Offensive 1920 - Opposing forces, Kiev Offensive 1920 - Poles/Ukrainians, Kiev Offensive 1920 - Bolsheviks, Kiev Offensive 1920 - Notes

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Polish-Soviet War - 1919. In 1918 the German Army in the east began to retreat westwards. The areas abandoned by the Central Powers became a field of conflict among local governments created by Germany, other local governments that independently sprang up after the German withdrawal, and the Bolsheviks, who hoped to incorporate those areas into Bolshevik Russia. Many of those groups were fragmented, merged, divided, formed short alliances with others, and almost constantly ...

See also:

Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes

Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign

Menachem Begin - Forcing the British out of Palestine. Begin quickly made a name for himself as a fierce critic of mainstream Zionist groups as being too co-operative with the "colonial" British, and as a proponent of military action against the British as necessary to achieve independence. In 1942, while the British were fighting Nazi Germany, he joined the Irgun (Etzel) and in 1947 assumed its leadership. He was determined to force the British government to remove its troops entirely from Palestine. He c ...

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Menachem Begin, Menachem Begin - Early life, Menachem Begin - In British Palestine, Menachem Begin - Forcing the British out of Palestine, Menachem Begin - Armed rebellion against the British, Menachem Begin - Secret commander eludes capture, Menachem Begin - The Altalena affair, Menachem Begin - The Deir Yassin episode, Menachem Begin - Calls for Irgun to stop fighting, Menachem Begin - Sephardi political support, Menachem Begin - Enters Israeli politics, Menachem Begin - Prime Minister of Israel, Menachem Begin - 1977: Negotiating a majority for the Knesset, Menachem Begin - 1978: Camp David Accords, Menachem Begin - 1981:Bombing Iraq's nuclear reactor, Menachem Begin - 1982:Lebanon invasion, Menachem Begin - 1983:Retirement from public life, Menachem Begin - Final years in seclusion: Dies in 1992, Menachem Begin - Contested Legacy, Menachem Begin - Begin as a fictional character, Menachem Begin - Quotes, Menachem Begin - Books by Menachem Begin

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Józef Piłsudski - Piłsudski's early life. Born in the village of Zułów (Zalavas, in today's Lithuania) into an impoverished Polish szlachta (noble) family, he attended school in Vilnius. In 1885 he studied medicine at Kharkov, in Ukraine, but was suspended in 1886 as politically suspect. In March 1887 he was arrested by Tsarist authorities on a false charge of plotting to assassinate Tsar Alexander III and was exiled for five years to eastern Siberia. His elder brother, Bronisław Piłsudski, who had ...

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Józef Piłsudski, Józef Piłsudski - Biography, Józef Piłsudski - Piłsudski's early life, Józef Piłsudski - First World War, Józef Piłsudski - Polish-Soviet War, Józef Piłsudski - Rise to Power: the Benevolent Dictator, Józef Piłsudski - Tribute, Józef Piłsudski - Quotes

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The monarch of the duchy, with title of Grand Duke of Poznań, was the Hohenzollern king of Prussia and his representative was the Duke-Governor: the first was Prince Antoni Radziwiłł (1815-1831), who was married to Princess Luise of Prussia, the king's cousin. The governor was assigned to give advice in matters of Polish nationality, and had the right to veto the administration decisions; in reality, however, all administrative p ...

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Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Area and population, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Territorial administration, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Poznań District Rejencja Poznańska Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Bydgoszcz District Rejencja Bydgoska Bydgoszcz, Grand Duchy of Poznań - History, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Repression system after 1830, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Milder period after 1840, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Autonomy abolished 1848, Grand Duchy of Poznań - The Kulturkampf in 1880s, Grand Duchy of Poznań - The liberation 1918-1919, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Polish organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - German organizations in the Grand Duchy of Poznań, Grand Duchy of Poznań - Famous people of the Grand Duchy of Poznań

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Named after the Latin word for sanitation (sanatio), the movement was formed primarily by former military officers disgusted with the corrupt nature of Polish politics. It represented a coalition of members from the right, the left, and centrists. Its main focus was to eliminate corruption within Poland and to minimize inflation. It appeared prior to the 1926 Coup d'Etat and lasted until the Second World War, but it never was formalised. Since Piłsudski himself strongly opposed all political parties which he saw as promoting t ...

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Sanacja, Sanacja - History, Sanacja - Notable participants

Read more here: » Sanacja: Encyclopedia II - Sanacja - History

Elections in Poland - Poland 1989-present. Polish presidential election, 2005 Polish parliamentary election, 2005 European Parliament election, 2004 (Poland) Polish legislative election, 2001 Polish presidential election, 2000 Polish legislative election, 1997 Polish presidential election, 1995 Polish legislative election, 1993 Polish legislative election, ...

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Elections in Poland, Elections in Poland - Election results, Elections in Poland - Poland 1989-present, Elections in Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, Elections in Poland - Second Polish Republic 1918-1939, Elections in Poland - Kingdom of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1795

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Land reform - Latin America. Mexico: a certain degree of land reform was introduced, albeit unevenly, as part of the Mexican Revolution. Emiliano Zapata was strongly identified with land reform, as are the present-day Zapatista Army of National Liberation. Brazil: In the 1930s, Getúlio Vargas reneged on a promised land reform. Strong campaign including direct action by the Landless Workers' Movement throughout the 1990s. Current efforts under Lula da Silva, Brazil's first elected leftwing presiden ...

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Land reform, Land reform - Land ownership and tenure, Land reform - The philosophy behind land reform, Land reform - Land reform for poverty alleviation and food security, Land reform - Land reform efforts, Land reform - Latin America, Land reform - Middle East, Land reform - Europe, Land reform - Sub-Saharan Africa, Land reform - North America, Land reform - Asia

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Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland. Main articles: Red Ruthenia and Halych-Volhynia The region of what later became known as Galicia appears to have been incorporated, in large part, into the Empire of Great Moravia. It is first attested in the Primary Chronicle under 981, when Volodymyr the Great of Kievan Rus took over the Red Ruthenian cities i ...

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Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia, Galicia Central Europe - External link

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Florian Znaniecki characterized the world as caught within two contrary modes of reflection; these were idealism and realism. Znaniecki proposed a third way, which he labeled culturalism (Polish kulturalizm). His focus and subsequent impact lay mainly in the realms of sociology, philosophy, and secondarily psychology. According to the culturalist perspective, sociology should deal with the affects of culture, as sociology is a study of human meaning, and subsequently dualistic with a locus of empirical reality. Znaniecki respon ...

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Florian Znaniecki, Florian Znaniecki - Biography, Florian Znaniecki - Achievements, Florian Znaniecki - Bibliography

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Senate of Poland - Former senators. Jerzy Edmund Cieślak (died 25.04.2004 r.) Henryk Gołębiewski (till 31 January 2003) Genowefa Grabowska - elected MEP on 13.06.2004 Adam Graczyński (died 26.08.2004) Adam Gierek - elected MEP on 13.06.2004 Adam Jamróz (till 10 July 2003) Mieczysław Janowski - elected MEP on 13.06.2004 r. Marian Noga (till 14 January 2004 ) Grażyna Ewa Staniszewska - elected MEP on 13.06.2004 ...

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Senate of Poland, Senate of Poland - History, Senate of Poland - The Senate of Poland Today, Senate of Poland - 2005 election, Senate of Poland - Polish Senators 2001-2005 term, Senate of Poland - Former senators

Read more here: » Senate of Poland: Encyclopedia II - Senate of Poland - Polish Senators 2001-2005 term

Polish September Campaign - Plans. The German plan Fall Weiss, for what became known as the September campaign, was created by General Franz Halder, chief of the general staff, and directed by General Walther von Brauchitsch, the commander in chief of the upcoming campaign. The plan called for the start of hostilities before the declaration of war and to pursue the doctrine of lightning war, later known as blitzkrieg. The novel concept of blitzkrieg called for German tanks (panzers) to attac ...

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Polish September Campaign, Polish September Campaign - Opposing forces, Polish September Campaign - Germany, Polish September Campaign - Soviet Union, Polish September Campaign - Poland, Polish September Campaign - Order of battle, Polish September Campaign - Prelude to the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Details of the campaign, Polish September Campaign - Plans, Polish September Campaign - Phase 1: German aggression, Polish September Campaign - Phase 2: Soviet aggression, Polish September Campaign - Civilian losses, Polish September Campaign - Aftermath, Polish September Campaign - Notes

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Main articles: History of Poland (966-1385), Kingdom of Poland of the first Piasts, Kingdom of Poland during feudal dissolution, Kingdom of Poland of the later Piasts The Polish state was born in 966 with the baptism of Mieszko I, duke of the Slavic tribe of Polans and founder of the Piast dynasty. His conversion from Pagnism to Christianity marked the first written historical event of Poland. By 990, when Mieszko officially submitted to the authority of the Holy See, he had transformed his country into one of the strongest pow ...

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History of Poland, History of Poland - Early history of Poland 966-1385, History of Poland - The Jagiellon Era 1385-1572, History of Poland - The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572-1795, History of Poland - Partitioned Poland 1795-1918, History of Poland - Independence Regained 1918-1939, History of Poland - World War II in Poland 1939-1945, History of Poland - People's Republic of Poland 1945-1989, History of Poland - Martial law, History of Poland - The Third Republic 1989-present

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Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland. Main articles: Red Ruthenia and Halych-Volhynia The region of what later became known as Galicia appears to have been incorporated, in large part, into the Empire of Great Moravia. It is first attested in the Primary Chronicle under 981, when Volodymyr the Great of Kievan Rus took over the Red Ruthenian cities i ...

See also:

Galicia Central Europe, Galicia Central Europe - Origin and variations of the name, Galicia Central Europe - Galicia and Lodomeria in different languages, Galicia Central Europe - History, Galicia Central Europe - Prior to partitions of Poland, Galicia Central Europe - From partitions of Poland to the Congress of Vienna, Galicia Central Europe - From 1815 to 1860, Galicia Central Europe - Constitutional experiments, Galicia Central Europe - Galician autonomy, Galicia Central Europe - The Great Economic Emigration, Galicia Central Europe - First World War and Polish-Ukrainian conflict, Galicia Central Europe - Second World War and Distrikt Galizien, Galicia Central Europe - Legacy, Galicia Central Europe - Economy, Galicia Central Europe - Major cities and towns, Galicia Central Europe - Personalities from Galicia

Read more here: » Galicia Central Europe: Encyclopedia II - Galicia Central Europe - History

Władysław Sikorski - Early life and World War I. Sikorski was born May 20, 1881, in Tuszów Narodowy, Polish Galicia, then a territory of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. His father was Tomasz Sikorski, of impoverished Polish gentry (coat of arms Kopaszyna); his mother was Emilia Habrowska. Young Sikorski studied engineering at the Lwów Polytechnic, specializing in road and bridge construction. After graduation he worked for the Galician administration in the petroleum industry. In 1906 Sikorski volunteered for a ...

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Władysław Sikorski, Władysław Sikorski - Biography, Władysław Sikorski - Early life and World War I, Władysław Sikorski - Polish-Soviet War, Władysław Sikorski - In government and in opposition, Władysław Sikorski - Prime Minister in Exile, Władysław Sikorski - Katyn, Władysław Sikorski - Death, Władysław Sikorski - Aftermath, Władysław Sikorski - Controversy surrounding Sikorski's death, Władysław Sikorski - Further reading and other media

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Zbigniew Brzezinski - Early years. History of Poland (1918-1939), and Second Polish Republic; Weimar Republic, and Nazi Germany; History of the Soviet Union (1927-1953), and Great Purge. Zbigniew Brzezinski was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1928. This was a brief period of independence for Poland, after having been erased from the map by neighboring powers: Austria, Prussia, and Russia. He was the son of a Polish diplomat, Tadeusz Brzeziński, who had ...

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Zbigniew Brzezinski, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Biography, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Early years, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Rising influence, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Government, Zbigniew Brzezinski - After power, Zbigniew Brzezinski - As National Security Advisor, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Major policies, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Afghanistan, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Iran, Zbigniew Brzezinski - China, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Arms control, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Arab-Israeli peace, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Poland the Pope and Solidarity, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Academia, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Geostrategy, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Public life, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Quotations, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Bibliography, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Works by Brzezinski, Zbigniew Brzezinski - Works by other authors

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Originally it was related to a certain territory between Western Bug and Wieprz rivers. Its Polish name was Ziemia czerwieńska, or "Czerwień Land" by the name of Cherven, a town that existed there. (Today there are several towns with this name, none of them related to Red Ruthenia). This area was mentioned first time in 981, when Volodymyr the Great of Kyivan Rus took the area over on the way inside Poland. In 1018 it returned to Poland, 1031 back to Rus, in 1340 Casimir III of Poland recovered it. Since these times the name ...

See also:

Red Ruthenia, Red Ruthenia - History, Red Ruthenia - Administrative division 14th century-1772, Red Ruthenia - The Ruthenian Voivodship, Red Ruthenia - The Bełz Voivodship

Read more here: » Red Ruthenia: Encyclopedia II - Red Ruthenia - History

List of political parties in Poland - Major political parties. (having representatives in parliament) Alliance of the Democratic Left-Labour Union Electoral Committee (SLD-UP) Alliance of the Democratic Left (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej, SLD) (social democrats); leader: Wojciech Olejniczak Labour Union (Unia Pracy, UP) (socialist); leader: Andrzej Spychalski Social Democracy of Poland (Socjaldemokracja Polska, SDPL) (splinter group of SLD, social democrats); leader: Marek Borowski Union of the Left (Unia Lewicy, ...

See also:

List of political parties in Poland, List of political parties in Poland - The parties, List of political parties in Poland - Major political parties, List of political parties in Poland - Overview, List of political parties in Poland - Alphabetical list of all political parties and organizations after 1989, List of political parties in Poland - Underground political organization in Poland 1945-1989, List of political parties in Poland - Official political parties and organizations in the People's Republic of Poland 1948-1989, List of political parties in Poland - Official political parties in Poland 1945-1948, List of political parties in Poland - Political parties in the Second Polish Republic 1918 - 1939, List of political parties in Poland - Political parties existing prior to 1918

Read more here: » List of political parties in Poland: Encyclopedia II - List of political parties in Poland - The parties

Polish-Soviet War - 1919. Main article: Polish-Soviet War in 1919 In 1918 the German Army in the east began to retreat westwards. The areas abandoned by the Central Powers became a field of conflict among local governments created by Germany, other local governments that independently sprang up after the German withdrawal, and the Bolsheviks, who hoped to incorporate those areas into Bolshevik Russia. Many of those groups were fragmented, merged, divided, formed short alliances with others, and almost constantly ...

See also:

Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes

Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign

Polish-Soviet War - 1919. Main articles: Polish-Soviet War in 1919, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]]See also:

Polish-Soviet War, Polish-Soviet War - Names and dates of the war, Polish-Soviet War - Prelude to the war, Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign, Polish-Soviet War - 1919, Polish-Soviet War - 1920, Polish-Soviet War - Aftermath, Polish-Soviet War - List of battles, Polish-Soviet War - Notes

Read more here: » Polish-Soviet War: Encyclopedia II - Polish-Soviet War - The Campaign

Duchy of Warsaw - Napoleon's campaign against Russia. Poles expected in 1812 that the duchy would be upgraded to the status of a kingdom and that during Napoleon's march on Russia, it would be joined with the liberated territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland's historic partner in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, Napoleon did not want to make a permanent decision that would tie his ha ...

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Duchy of Warsaw, Duchy of Warsaw - Formation of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Geography and demographics, Duchy of Warsaw - The departments, Duchy of Warsaw - Military and economic demands, Duchy of Warsaw - The end of the duchy, Duchy of Warsaw - Napoleon's campaign against Russia, Duchy of Warsaw - The Congress of Vienna and the Fourth Partition, Duchy of Warsaw - The duchy's legacy, Duchy of Warsaw - Duchy of Warsaw vs. Grand Duchy of Warsaw

Read more here: » Duchy of Warsaw: Encyclopedia II - Duchy of Warsaw - The end of the duchy