Second French Empire

In 1838, an association was formed in Manchester in opposition to the Corn Laws, which, on his suggestion, was afterwards changed into a national association, under the title of the Anti-Corn Law League. During the league's seven years, Cobden was its chief spokesman and animating spirit. He was not afraid to take his challenge in person to the agricultural landlords or to confront the Chartists, led by Feargus O'Connor. In 1841, Sir Robert Peel having defeated the Melbourne ministry in parliament, there was a general election, Cobden ...

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Richard Cobden, Richard Cobden - Early years, Richard Cobden - First publications, Richard Cobden - First steps in politics, Richard Cobden - Corn laws, Richard Cobden - Tribute and sojourn, Richard Cobden - Peace campaigner, Richard Cobden - Second Opium War, Richard Cobden - American Civil War, Richard Cobden - Legacy, Richard Cobden - Bibliography

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Cobden had sacrificed his business, his domestic comforts and for a time his health to the campaign. His friends therefore felt, that the nation owed him some substantial token of gratitude and admiration for those sacrifices. Public subscription raised the sum of £80,000. Had he been inspired with personal ambition, he might have entered upon the race of political advancement with the prospect of attaining the highest office. Lord John Russell, who, soon after the repeal of the Corn Laws, succeeded Peel as prime minister, invited Cobden to j ...

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Richard Cobden, Richard Cobden - Early years, Richard Cobden - First publications, Richard Cobden - First steps in politics, Richard Cobden - Corn laws, Richard Cobden - Tribute and sojourn, Richard Cobden - Peace campaigner, Richard Cobden - Second Opium War, Richard Cobden - American Civil War, Richard Cobden - Legacy, Richard Cobden - Bibliography

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The novel describes the life of a young man (Frederic Moreau) living through the revolution of 1848 and the founding of the Second French Empire, and his love for an older woman. Flaubert based many of the protagonist's experiences (including the romantic passion) on his own life. He wrote of the work in 1864 "I want to write the moral history of the men of my generation-- or, more accurately, the history of their feelings. It's a book about love, about passion; but passion such as can exist nowadays-- that is to say, inactive." The novel's tone is extremely ironic and pessimistic, lampooni ...

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Sentimental Education, Sentimental Education - Plot, Sentimental Education - Characters, Sentimental Education - Sequence of appearances, Sentimental Education - Internal timeline, Sentimental Education - Influence, Sentimental Education - Editions, Sentimental Education - Online texts

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Cobden, and what is was called "Cobdenism" and later identified with laissez-faire, was subjected to much criticism from the school of English economists who advocated a national policy, on the ideas of Alexander Hamilton and Friedrich List. However, during much of what remained of the nineteenth century, his success with the free-trade movement was unchallenged, and protectionism came to be heterodox. The tariff reform movement in England started by Joseph Chamberlain brought new opponents of Manchesterism, and the whole subje ...

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Richard Cobden, Richard Cobden - Early years, Richard Cobden - First publications, Richard Cobden - First steps in politics, Richard Cobden - Corn laws, Richard Cobden - Tribute and sojourn, Richard Cobden - Peace campaigner, Richard Cobden - Second Opium War, Richard Cobden - American Civil War, Richard Cobden - Legacy, Richard Cobden - Bibliography

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When the Civil War threatened to break out in the United States, Cobden was deeply distressed. But after the conflict became inevitable his sympathies were wholly with the North, because the South was fighting for slavery. His great anxiety, however, was that the British nation should not be committed to any unworthy course during the progress of that struggle. And when relations with America were becoming critical and menacing in consequence of the depredations committed on American commerce by vessels issuing from British ports, he brought the question before the House of Commons ...

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Richard Cobden, Richard Cobden - Early years, Richard Cobden - First publications, Richard Cobden - First steps in politics, Richard Cobden - Corn laws, Richard Cobden - Tribute and sojourn, Richard Cobden - Peace campaigner, Richard Cobden - Second Opium War, Richard Cobden - American Civil War, Richard Cobden - Legacy, Richard Cobden - Bibliography

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When Cobden returned from abroad, he addressed himself to what seemed to him the logical complement of free trade, namely, the promotion of peace and the reduction of naval and military armaments. His abhorrence of war amounted to a passion and, in fact, his campaigns against the Corn Laws were motivated by his belief that free trade was a powerful force for peace and defence against war. He knowingly exposed himslelf to the risk of ridicule and the reproach of utopianism. In 1849, he brought forward a proposal in parliament in favour of int ...

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Richard Cobden, Richard Cobden - Early years, Richard Cobden - First publications, Richard Cobden - First steps in politics, Richard Cobden - Corn laws, Richard Cobden - Tribute and sojourn, Richard Cobden - Peace campaigner, Richard Cobden - Second Opium War, Richard Cobden - American Civil War, Richard Cobden - Legacy, Richard Cobden - Bibliography

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Main articles: Government of France and Politics of France The constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by referendum on September 28, 1958. It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to Parliament. Under the constitution, the President of the French Republic is elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a 5-year (originally 7-year) term. Presidential arbitration assures regular functioning of the public powers and the continuity of the state. The president names the prime minister, presides over the cabinet, ...

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France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

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19th century - Anthropology. Lewis H. Morgan Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johann Jakob Bachofen 19th century - Painters. The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included: P ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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The French armed forces are divided into four branches: Army (Armée de Terre) Navy (Marine Nationale) Air Force (Armée de l'Air) Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie Nationale), a military police force which serves for the most part as a rural and general purpose police force. Military age is 17. Since the Algerian War of Independence, conscription has been steadily reduced and was abolished by the government of Jacques Chirac in 1996. Among the larger European economies, France and the United King ...

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France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

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Image:A17.jpg Main articles: Government of France, and Politics of France, and [[]], and [[]]See also:

France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

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While the main territory of France (metropolitan France; French: la Métropole, or France métropolitaine) is located in Western Europe, France is also constituted from a number of territories in North America, the Caribbean, South America, the southern Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and Antarctica (sovereignty claims in Antarctica are governed by the Antarctic Treaty System). These territories have varying forms of government ranging from overseas département to "overseas country". Metropolitan France possesse ...

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France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

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On January 28th 1871, the Government of National Defense based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster to another, French Premiere Jules Ferry was permitted to leave Paris and arrived at Versailles on January 24th to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck agreed to end the siege and allow food convoys to immediately enter Paris (including trains carrying millions of German army rations), on condition that the Government of National Defence surre ...

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Franco-Prussian War, Franco-Prussian War - Causes of the war, Franco-Prussian War - The Luxembourg Crisis, Franco-Prussian War - French prestige and domestic politics, Franco-Prussian War - Bismarck and German nationalism, Franco-Prussian War - Crisis and the outbreak of war, Franco-Prussian War - Alliances and diplomacy, Franco-Prussian War - Opposing forces, Franco-Prussian War - French incursions, Franco-Prussian War - Occupation of Saarbrücken, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Wissembourg, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Woerth, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Spicheren, Franco-Prussian War - German invasion, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Mars-La-Tour, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Gravelotte, Franco-Prussian War - Siege of Metz, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Sedan, Franco-Prussian War - Overthrow of the French monarchy and armistice negotiations, Franco-Prussian War - The war continues, Franco-Prussian War - Siege of Paris, Franco-Prussian War - The Loire Campaign, Franco-Prussian War - Eastern Campaign, Franco-Prussian War - Armistice, Franco-Prussian War - Aftermath

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France's economy combines extensive private enterprise (nearly 2.5 million companies registered) with substantial (though declining) government intervention (see dirigisme). The government retains considerable influence over key segments of infrastructure sectors, with majority ownership of railway, electricity, aircraft, and telecommunication firms. It has been gradually relaxing its control over these sectors since the early 1990s. The government is slowly selling off holdings in France Télécom, Air France, as well as the insurance, bank ...

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France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

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France - Marianne. Main articles: Marianne, and [[]], and [[]], and [[]], and [[]] M ...

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France, France - Geography, France - History, France - Government and politics, France - Military, France - Administrative divisions, France - Economy, France - Demographics, France - Population, France - Languages, France - Cities, France - Culture, France - Marianne, France - Religion, France - Terminology, France - Origin of the country's name, France - Meanings of the name France, France - Miscellaneous topics, France - International rankings, France - Notes and references

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The Republicans occupied the rest of the states of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí and Guanajuato in January. The French evacuated the capital on 5 February. On 13 February 1867, Maximilian withdrew to Querétaro. The Republicans began a siege of the city on 9 March, and Mexico City on 12 April. An imperial sortie from Querétaro failed on 27 April. On 11 May Maximilian resolved to attempt an escape through the enemy lines. He was, however, intercepted before he could carry out this plan on 15 May and, following a court-martial, wa ...

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French intervention in Mexico, French intervention in Mexico - 1862: Arrival of the French, French intervention in Mexico - 1863: French take the capital, French intervention in Mexico - 1864: Maximilian arrives, French intervention in Mexico - 1865: Beginning of republican victories, French intervention in Mexico - U.S. reaction, French intervention in Mexico - 1866: French withdrawal and republican victories, French intervention in Mexico - 1867: Republicans take the capital, French intervention in Mexico - Reference

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The French continue with victories in 1865, with Bazaine capturing Oaxaca on 9 February (defeating the city's defenders under General Porfirio Díaz). The French fleet lands soldiers who capture Guaymas on 29 March. However on 11 April, republicans defeat Imperial forces at Tacámbaro in Michoacán. In April and May the republicans have many forces in the states of Sinaloa and Chihuahua. Most towns along the Rio Grande are also occupied by republic ...

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French intervention in Mexico, French intervention in Mexico - 1862: Arrival of the French, French intervention in Mexico - 1863: French take the capital, French intervention in Mexico - 1864: Maximilian arrives, French intervention in Mexico - 1865: Beginning of republican victories, French intervention in Mexico - U.S. reaction, French intervention in Mexico - 1866: French withdrawal and republican victories, French intervention in Mexico - 1867: Republicans take the capital, French intervention in Mexico - Reference

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The French under Bazaine occupied Guadalajara on 7 January 1864, and troops under Douay occupied Zacatecas on 6 February. Further French victories continued with the fall of Acapulco on 3 June, occupation of Durango on 3 July, and the defeat of republicans in the states of Sinaloa and Jalisco in November. Maximilian landed at Veracruz on 28 May (or possibly 29 May) 1864 in the SMS Novarra and accepted the crown formally on 10 April, signing the Miramar Convention. He was enthroned Maximilian as Emperor of Mexico. Maximilian of ...

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French intervention in Mexico, French intervention in Mexico - 1862: Arrival of the French, French intervention in Mexico - 1863: French take the capital, French intervention in Mexico - 1864: Maximilian arrives, French intervention in Mexico - 1865: Beginning of republican victories, French intervention in Mexico - U.S. reaction, French intervention in Mexico - 1866: French withdrawal and republican victories, French intervention in Mexico - 1867: Republicans take the capital, French intervention in Mexico - Reference

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The French bombarded Acapulco on 15 January 1863. Then, on 16 March, General Forey and the French army begins the siege of Puebla. On 30 April, the French Foreign Legion earned its legendary status when the small infantry patrol unit led by Capitaine Danjou numbering 62 soldiers and three officers was attacked and besieged by Mexican infantry and cavalry units numbering three battalions, and was forced to make a defense in Hacienda Camarón. Danjou was mortally wounded in the defense of the hacienda, and the last of his men mounted a ...

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French intervention in Mexico, French intervention in Mexico - 1862: Arrival of the French, French intervention in Mexico - 1863: French take the capital, French intervention in Mexico - 1864: Maximilian arrives, French intervention in Mexico - 1865: Beginning of republican victories, French intervention in Mexico - U.S. reaction, French intervention in Mexico - 1866: French withdrawal and republican victories, French intervention in Mexico - 1867: Republicans take the capital, French intervention in Mexico - Reference

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Following the destruction of the French Army of the Loire, remnants of the Loire army gathered in eastern France to form the Army of the East, commanded by General Charles Bourbaki. In a final attempt to cut the German supply lines in north-east France, Bourbaki's army marched north to attack the Prussian siege of Belfort and relieve the beleaguered French defenders. In the battle of the Lisaine, Bourbaki's men failed to break through German lines commanded by General August von Werder. Bringing in the German 'Southern Army', General ...

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Franco-Prussian War, Franco-Prussian War - Causes of the war, Franco-Prussian War - The Luxembourg Crisis, Franco-Prussian War - French prestige and domestic politics, Franco-Prussian War - Bismarck and German nationalism, Franco-Prussian War - Crisis and the outbreak of war, Franco-Prussian War - Alliances and diplomacy, Franco-Prussian War - Opposing forces, Franco-Prussian War - French incursions, Franco-Prussian War - Occupation of Saarbrücken, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Wissembourg, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Woerth, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Spicheren, Franco-Prussian War - German invasion, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Mars-La-Tour, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Gravelotte, Franco-Prussian War - Siege of Metz, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Sedan, Franco-Prussian War - Overthrow of the French monarchy and armistice negotiations, Franco-Prussian War - The war continues, Franco-Prussian War - Siege of Paris, Franco-Prussian War - The Loire Campaign, Franco-Prussian War - Eastern Campaign, Franco-Prussian War - Armistice, Franco-Prussian War - Aftermath

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Faced with the German blockade of Paris, the new French government called for the establishment of several large armies in France's provinces. These new bodies of troops were to march towards Paris and attack the Germans there from various directions at the same time. In addition, armed French civilians were to create a guerilla force - the so-called franctireurs - for the purpose of attacking German support lines. Dispatched from Paris as the republican government's emissary, Léon Gambetta passed over the German lines in a hot air b ...

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Franco-Prussian War, Franco-Prussian War - Causes of the war, Franco-Prussian War - The Luxembourg Crisis, Franco-Prussian War - French prestige and domestic politics, Franco-Prussian War - Bismarck and German nationalism, Franco-Prussian War - Crisis and the outbreak of war, Franco-Prussian War - Alliances and diplomacy, Franco-Prussian War - Opposing forces, Franco-Prussian War - French incursions, Franco-Prussian War - Occupation of Saarbrücken, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Wissembourg, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Woerth, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Spicheren, Franco-Prussian War - German invasion, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Mars-La-Tour, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Gravelotte, Franco-Prussian War - Siege of Metz, Franco-Prussian War - Battle of Sedan, Franco-Prussian War - Overthrow of the French monarchy and armistice negotiations, Franco-Prussian War - The war continues, Franco-Prussian War - Siege of Paris, Franco-Prussian War - The Loire Campaign, Franco-Prussian War - Eastern Campaign, Franco-Prussian War - Armistice, Franco-Prussian War - Aftermath

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19th century - Anthropology. Franz Boas Edward Burnett Tylor Karl Verner Brothers Grimm Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai Johann Jakob Bachofen 19th century - Painters. The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. 19th century painters included: Paul Cezanne Eugà ...

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19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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19th century - 1800s. 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom. 1801-15: Barbary Wars between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa 1803: The United States buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins America's westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.See also:

19th century, 19th century - Europe, 19th century - Americas, 19th century - Other regions, 19th century - Events, 19th century - 1800s, 19th century - 1810s, 19th century - 1820s, 19th century - 1830s, 19th century - 1840s, 19th century - 1850s, 19th century - 1860s, 19th century - 1870s, 19th century - 1880s, 19th century - 1890s, 19th century - Significant people, 19th century - Anthropology, 19th century - Painters, 19th century - Music, 19th century - Literature, 19th century - Science, 19th century - Philosophy and religion, 19th century - Politics, 19th century - Inventions discoveries introductions, 19th century - Decades and years

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