Second Crusade

In 1148 the crusade finally arrived in Jerusalem, led by Louis VII of France, his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Conrad III of Germany. Baldwin held a council at Acre in 1148, but in-fighting and poor planning plagued the crusaders, and Conrad badly advised Baldwin to attack Damascus, despite the peace treaty. Baldwin, perhaps eager to impress the great magnates of Europe who had arrived in his kingdom, agreed to the plan, but the ensuing siege of Damascus was a fiasco and ended in defeat after only four days. Damascus soon fell under Nur ad ...

See also:

Baldwin III of Jerusalem, Baldwin III of Jerusalem - Succession, Baldwin III of Jerusalem - Second Crusade, Baldwin III of Jerusalem - Civil war, Baldwin III of Jerusalem - Recovery, Baldwin III of Jerusalem - Byzantine alliance, Baldwin III of Jerusalem - Death, Baldwin III of Jerusalem - Personal characteristics, Baldwin III of Jerusalem - Sources

Read more here: » Baldwin III of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Baldwin III of Jerusalem - Second Crusade

In 1144 the Crusader State County of Edessa was besieged in a border war that threatened its survival. Queen Melisende responded by sending an army led by constable Manasses of Hierges, Philip of Milly, and Elinand of Bures. Raymond of Antioch ignored the call for help, as his army was already occupied against the Byzantine Empire in Cilicia. Despite Melisende's army, Edessa fell. Melisende sent word to the Pope in Rome, and the west called for a Second Crusade. The crusader expedition was led by French King Louis and the German Emper ...

See also:

Melisende of Jerusalem, Melisende of Jerusalem - Inheritance, Melisende of Jerusalem - Palace intrigue, Melisende of Jerusalem - Patroness of the church and arts, Melisende of Jerusalem - Second Crusade, Melisende of Jerusalem - Mother and son, Melisende of Jerusalem - Retirement, Melisende of Jerusalem - Death, Melisende of Jerusalem - Sources, Melisende of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Melisende of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Melisende of Jerusalem - Second Crusade

After the First Crusade and the minor Crusade of 1101 there were three crusader states established in the east: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. A fourth, the County of Tripoli, was established in 1109. Edessa was the most northerly of these, and also the weakest and least populated; as such, it was subject to frequent attacks from the surrounding Muslim states ruled by the Ortoqids, Danishmends, and Seljuk Turks. Count Baldwin II and future count Joscelin of Courtenay were taken captive after ...

See also:

Second Crusade, Second Crusade - Background, Second Crusade - Reaction in the west, Second Crusade - Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade, Second Crusade - Preparations, Second Crusade - The crusade in Spain and Portugal, Second Crusade - German departure, Second Crusade - French departure, Second Crusade - Journey to Jerusalem, Second Crusade - Council of Acre, Second Crusade - Siege of Damascus, Second Crusade - Aftermath

Read more here: » Second Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Second Crusade - Background

Almería (2003 pop. 176,338) is the capital of the province of Almería (Pop. 604,903) in Spain. It is located in southeastern Spain on the Mediterranean Sea and all its area is an important Mediterranean resort. The name "Almería" stems from al-Meraya (Arabic, "the watchtower"), because of its magnificent Moorish castle, Alcazaba: among the Muslim fortresses of Andalusia, only Alhambra is larger. The city was founded by Abd ar-Rahman III of Cordoba in 955 as a principal harbor in his extensive doma ...

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The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars ...

Including:

• Crusade - Historical background
• Crusade - Historical context
• Crusade - The major crusades
• Crusade - First Crusade
• Crusade - Second Crusade
• Crusade - Third Crusade
• Crusade - Fourth Crusade
• Crusade - Albigensian Crusade
• Crusade - Children's Crusade
• Crusade - Fifth Crusade
• Crusade - Sixth Crusade
• Crusade - Seventh Crusade
• Crusade - Eighth Crusade
• Crusade - Ninth Crusade
• Crusade - Crusades in Baltic and Central Europe
• Crusade - Crusade legacy
• Crusade - Europe
• Crusade - Islamic world
• Crusade - Jewish community
• Crusade - The Caucasus
• Crusade - Usage of the term crusade
• Crusade - Popular reputation
• Crusade - Eastern Orthodoxy
• Crusade - References and further reading

Read more here: » Crusade: Encyclopedia - Crusade

The County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity (see Edessa). The County of Edessa was different from the other Crusader states in that it was landlocked; it was remote from the other states and was not on particularly good terms with its closest neighbor, the Principality of Antioch; and half of the county, including its capital, was located to the east of the Euphrates and hence far to the east of the others. The part west of ...

Including:

• County of Edessa - Foundation
• County of Edessa - Conflicts with Muslim neighbours
• County of Edessa - Fall of the county
• County of Edessa - Population and demographics
• County of Edessa - Vassals of Edessa
• County of Edessa - Lordship of Turbessel
• County of Edessa - Counts of Edessa 1098-1149

Read more here: » County of Edessa: Encyclopedia - County of Edessa

Saint Bernard of Clairvaux (Fontaines, near Dijon, 1090 – August 21, 1153 in Clairvaux) was a French abbot and theologian who was the main voice of conservatism during the intellectual revival of Western Europe called the Renaissance of the 12th century. The voice of conscience, the dominating figure in the Christian church from 1125 to 1153 (Cantor 1993), he was declared a Doctor of the Church in 1830. Bernard is a saint of the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches and was the ...

Including:

• Bernard of Clairvaux - Early life
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Abbot of the Cistercian abbey of Clairvaux
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Wider influence
• Bernard of Clairvaux - The schism of 1130–1138
• Bernard of Clairvaux - The contest with Abélard
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Bernard and the Cistercian Order
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Bernard and heresy
• Bernard of Clairvaux - The Second Crusade
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Bernard and the veneration of the Virgin Mary
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Bernard's character
• Bernard of Clairvaux - Works

Read more here: » Bernard of Clairvaux: Encyclopedia - Bernard of Clairvaux

1145 - Events. Pope Lucius II is succeeded by Pope Eugenius III Pope Eugenius III issues Quantum praedecessores, calling for the Second Crusade Construction begins on Notre-Dame d'Chartres in Chartres, France Korean historian Kim Pusik compiled the historical text Samguk Sagi. Woburn Abbey founded 1145 - Births. Maria of Antioch, Byzantine Empress (died 1182) Marie de Champagne, Countess of Champagne< ...

Including:

• 1145 - Events
• 1145 - Births
• 1145 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1145: Encyclopedia - 1145

Anti-Semitism (alternatively spelled antisemitism) is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group, which can range from individual hatred to institutionalized, violent persecution. The highly explicit ideology of Adolf Hitler's Nazism was the most extreme example of this phenomenon. Anti-Semitism has historically taken different forms: Religious anti-Semitism, or anti-Judaism. Before the 19th century, most anti-Semitism was primarily religious in nature, based on Christian or ...

Including:

• Anti-Semitism - Etymology and usage
• Anti-Semitism - Definitions of the term
• Anti-Semitism - Earliest Antisemitism
• Anti-Semitism - Religious Antisemitism
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism in the New Testament
• Anti-Semitism - Early Christianity
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the Middle Ages
• Anti-Semitism - Disabilities and Restrictions
• Anti-Semitism - The Crusades
• Anti-Semitism - The expulsions from England France Germany and Spain
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Judaism and the Reformation
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in 19th and 20th century Catholicism
• Anti-Semitism - Passion plays
• Anti-Semitism - Racial anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - The rise of racial anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Elites and the use of Anti-semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Dreyfus Affair
• Anti-Semitism - Pogroms
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Jewish Legislation
• Anti-Semitism - The Holocaust and Holocaust Denial
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitic conspiracy theories
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and the Muslim world
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-semitism and specific countries
• Anti-Semitism - United States
• Anti-Semitism - Europe
• Anti-Semitism - Asia
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism
• Anti-Semitism - New anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism - Anti-Semitism in the 21st century

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Audita tremendi was a papal bull issued by Pope Gregory VIII on October 29, 1187, calling for the Third Crusade. It was issued just days after Gregory had succeeded Urban III as pope, in response to the defeat of the Kingdom of Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin on July 4 of 1187. Jerusalem itself had fallen to Saladin on October 2 (see Siege of Jerusalem), but news of this had not yet reached Europe by ...

Including:

• Audita tremendi - Sources

Read more here: » Audita tremendi: Encyclopedia - Audita tremendi

Conrad III (1093 - February 15, 1152, Bamberg), the first German king of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the son of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia and Agnes, a daughter of Emperor Henry IV. Conrad was appointed duke of Franconia by his uncle, emperor Henry V, in 1115. One year later he acted as regent for Germany, together with his elder brother, Frederick II of Swabia. At the death of Henry (1125), Conrad un ...

Including:

• Conrad III of Germany - Sources

Read more here: » Conrad III of Germany: Encyclopedia - Conrad III of Germany

A Papal bull is a special kind of patent or charter issued by a pope and named for the seal (bulla) that was appended to the end to authenticate it. Papal bulls were originally issued by the pope for many kinds of communication of a public nature, but after the 15th century, only for the more formal or solemn of occasions. Modern scholars have retroactively used the term "bull" to describe any elaborate papal document issued in the form of a decree or privilege (solemn or simple), and to some less elaborate ones issued in the form of a letter. Popularly, the name is used f ...

Including:

• Papal bull - Format
• Papal bull - Content
• Papal bull - Examples of papal bulls

Read more here: » Papal bull: Encyclopedia - Papal bull

1150 - Events. Åhus, Sweden gains city privileges City of Airdrie, Scotland founded King Sverker I of Sweden is deposed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden. Albrecht the Bear inhabits Brandenburg Peter the Lombard publishes Sentences University of Paris, now known as the Sorbonne, founded During Crusades, city of Ashkelon fortified with 53 towers by Fatimid rulers Earl of Bedford created Cu ...

Including:

• 1150 - Events
• 1150 - Births
• 1150 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1150: Encyclopedia - 1150

1146 - Events. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the Second Crusade at Vezelay, Burgundy First written mention of Bryansk. 1146 - Births. Giraldus Cambrensis, Welsh clergyman and chronicler (approximate date; died c. 1223) William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (died 1219) 1146 - Deaths. August 1 - Vsevolod II of Kiev September 14 - Zengi, ruler of Syria (assassinated) (born 1087)Including:

• 1146 - Events
• 1146 - Births
• 1146 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1146: Encyclopedia - 1146

The Crusades were a series of several military campaigns—usually sanctioned by the Papacy—that took place during the 11th through 13th centuries. Originally, they were Roman Catholic endeavors to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims, but some were directed against other Europeans, such as the Fourth Crusade against Constantinople, the Albigensian Crusade against the Ca ...

Including:

• The Crusades - Historical background
• The Crusades - Historical context
• The Crusades - The major crusades
• The Crusades - First Crusade
• The Crusades - Second Crusade
• The Crusades - Third Crusade
• The Crusades - Fourth Crusade
• The Crusades - Albigensian Crusade
• The Crusades - Children's Crusade
• The Crusades - Fifth Crusade
• The Crusades - Sixth Crusade
• The Crusades - Crusade versus the Stedingers
• The Crusades - Seventh Crusade
• The Crusades - Eighth Crusade
• The Crusades - Ninth Crusade
• The Crusades - Crusades in Baltic and Central Europe
• The Crusades - Crusade legacy
• The Crusades - Europe
• The Crusades - Islamic world
• The Crusades - Jewish community
• The Crusades - The Caucasus
• The Crusades - Usage of the term crusade
• The Crusades - Popular reputation
• The Crusades - Eastern Orthodoxy
• The Crusades - References and further reading

Read more here: » The Crusades: Encyclopedia - The Crusades

Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria. It is often referred to as 'the oldest continuously-inhabited city in the world'. Its current population is estimated at about 2 million. Damascus - Name. In Arabic, the city is called دمشق الشام Dimashq ash-Sham. Although this is often shortened to Dimashq by many, the citizens of Damascus, and of Syria and some other Arab neighbors, colloquially call the city < ...

Including:

• Damascus - Name
• Damascus - Geography
• Damascus - History
• Damascus - Ancient
• Damascus - Greco-Roman
• Damascus - From the Muslim conquest to the Fatimids
• Damascus - Fatimids the Crusades and the Seljuks
• Damascus - Mamluk rule
• Damascus - Timurlank
• Damascus - The Ottoman conquest
• Damascus - Rise of Arab nationalism
• Damascus - Modern
• Damascus - Historical sites
• Damascus - The walls and gates of Damascus
• Damascus - Born in Damascus
• Damascus - Further References

Read more here: » Damascus: Encyclopedia - Damascus

Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων Roman (Byzantine) Empire Motto: Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων (Greek: King of Kings Ruling Over Rulers) The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. In certain s ...

Including:

• Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire
• Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness
• Byzantine Empire - Origin
• Byzantine Empire - Early history
• Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I
• Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival
• Byzantine Empire - Golden era
• Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders
• Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline
• Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire
• Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance
• Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

Read more here: » Byzantine Empire: Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire

Bernard de Tramelay (died August 16, 1153) was the fourth Grand Master of the Knights Templar. He was born in the castle of Tramelay near Saint-Claude in the Jura. According to Du Cange, he succeeded a certain Hugues as Master of the Temple, although this Hugues is otherwise unknown. He was elected Grand Master in June of 1151, after the abdication of Everard des Barres, who had returned to France following the Second Crusade. King Baldwin III of Jerusalem granted him the ru ...

Including:

• Bernard de Tremelay - Sources

Read more here: » Bernard de Tremelay: Encyclopedia - Bernard de Tremelay

Jerusalem had recently been conquered by Christian Franks in 1099 during the First Crusade, and was ruled by a dynasty from the County of Boulogne in France. Melisende was the heir of this dynasty, and was designated her father's successor before 1129. Women who inherited territory usually did so because war and violence brought many men to premature death, and women who were recognized as queen regnant rarely exercised their authority. Contemporaries of Melisende who did rule, however, included Urraca of Castile (1080-1129), Empress Matilda ...

See also:

Melisende of Jerusalem, Melisende of Jerusalem - Inheritance, Melisende of Jerusalem - Palace intrigue, Melisende of Jerusalem - Patroness of the church and arts, Melisende of Jerusalem - Second Crusade, Melisende of Jerusalem - Mother and son, Melisende of Jerusalem - Retirement, Melisende of Jerusalem - Death, Melisende of Jerusalem - Sources, Melisende of Jerusalem - Historical Fiction

Read more here: » Melisende of Jerusalem: Encyclopedia II - Melisende of Jerusalem - Inheritance

After the failure of the Third Crusade, there was little interest in Europe for another crusade against the Muslims. The Fourth Crusade was the last of the major crusades to be directed by the Papacy, before the Popes lost much of their power to the Holy Roman Empire and other secular monarchs. The later crusades were directed by individual monarchs, and even the Fourth quickly fell out of Papal control. In 1198, Pope Innocent III called for a new Crusade, which was largely ignored among European leaders. The Germans were struggling a ...

See also:

Fourth Crusade, Fourth Crusade - Background, Fourth Crusade - Attack on Zara, Fourth Crusade - Diversion to Constantinople, Fourth Crusade - Further attacks on Constantinople, Fourth Crusade - Final capture of Constantinople; outcome

Read more here: » Fourth Crusade: Encyclopedia II - Fourth Crusade - Background