Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms

Amidst the genre of National histories and the scholarly desire to explain and legitimise modern national entities, it is easy to forget that the Kingdom of Alba was not the only source of regal authority in northern Britain. In fact, until the Norman era, and perhaps even until the reign of Alexander II, the Scottish king controlled only a minority of the people who lived inside the boundary of modern Scotland, in the same way as the French monarchs of the middle ages only had control of patches of what is now modern France. The rule ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I. King Domnall II was the first man to have been called rí Alban (i.e. King of Alba), when he died at Dunnotar in 900.[15] This meant king of Britain or Scotland. All his predecessors bore the style of either King of the Picts or King of Fortriu. Such an apparent innovation in the Gaelic chronicles is occasionally taken ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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We can be sure that at least all of northern Britain, except the Scandinavian far north and west was Christian by the tenth century. The most important factors for the conversion of Scotland were the Roman province of Britannia to the south, and later the so-called Gaelic or Columban church, an interlinked system of monasteries and aristocratic networks which combined to spread both Christianity and the Gaelic language amongst the Picts. Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints. Like every other Christian ...

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After the "Norman Conquest" of David I, the warriors of Scotland can be classed as of two types. Firstly, the native exercitus Scoticanus (i.e. "Gaelic army"); and, secondly, the exercitus militaris (i.e. "feudal army"). The Gaelic army formed the larger part of all pre-Stewart Scottish armies, but in the wider world of European (i.e. French) chivalry the feudal section was the more prestigious. The native Scots, like all early medieval Europeans, practiced organized slave-raiding. Presumably, they did so with each other. Howev ...

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As a predominantly Gaelic society, most Scottish cultural practices throughout this period mirrored closely those of Ireland, or at least those of Ireland with some Pictish borrowings. After David I, the French-speaking kings introduced cultural practices popular in Anglo-Norman England, France and elsewhere. As in all pre-modern societies, storytelling was popular. In the words of D.D.R. Owen, a scholar who specialises in the literature of the era, writes that "Professional storytellers would ply their trade from court to court. Some of the ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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The Irish thought of Scotland as a provincial place. Others thought of it as a outlandish or barbaric place. To the Holy Roman Emperor Friedrich II, Scotland was associated with having many lakes, to the Arabs, it was an uninhabited peninsula to the north of England. "Who would deny that the Scots are barbarians?" was a rhetorical question posed by the author of the De expugnatione Lyxbonensi (i.e. "On the Conquest of Lisbon").[76]See also:

Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Early Gaelic law tracts, first written down in the ninth century, reveal a society highly concerned with kinship, status, honour and the regulation of blood feuds. Scottish common law began to take shape at the end of the period, assimilating Gaelic and Celtic law with practices from Anglo-Norman England and the Continent.[52] In the twelfth century, and certainly in the thirteenth, strong continental legal influences began to have more effect, s ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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In this period, the word Scot was not the word used by vast majority of Scots to describe themselves. This was in fact only the word they used to describe themselves to foreigners, amongst whom it was the most common word. The Scots called themselves Albanach or simply Gaidel. As with Scot, in the latter word, they used an ethnic term which connected them to the majority of the inhabitants of Ireland. As the author of De ...

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The population of Scotland in this period is unknown. Not until 1755 do we get reliable information about the population of Scotland, when it was 1,265,380. However, best estimates put the Scottish population in this period between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people, growing from a low point to a high point.[45] This population was much more evenly spread than today. We can estimate that between 60 and 80% of people lived north of the Forth river, with the ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Main articles: Scotland in the Early Middle Ages, and Origins of the Kingdom of Alba In the Roman period, the province province of Britannia formally ended at Hadrian's Wall. Between Hadrian's Wall and the Antonine Wall, the Romans created a series of buffer state, and beyond the latter lay the Picts. The development of "Pictland", according to the historical model developed by Peter Heather, was a natural response to Roman Imperialism.[3]See also:

Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Neither the political nor the theoretical boundaries of Scotland in this period, as both Alba and Scotia, corresponded exactly to modern Scotland. The closest approximation came at the end of the period, when the Treaty of York (1237) and Treaty of Perth (1266) fixed the boundaries between the Kingdom of the Scots with England and Norway respectively; although in neither case did this border exactly match the modern one, Berwick and the Isle of Man being eventually lost to En ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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The Scottish economy of this period was dominated by agriculture and by short-distance, local trade. There was an increasing amount of foreign trade in the period, as well as exchange gained by means of military plunder. By the end of this period, coins were replacing barter goods, but for most of this period most exchange was done without the use of metal currency.[34] Most of Scotland's agricultural wealth in this period came from p ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Scotland in this period, for such a small region of Eurasia, is relatively well studied in this period. New works come out every year, and the field of Scottish medievalism is a vibrant and changing one. Scottish medievalists can generally be grouped into two categories: Celticists and Normanists. The former, such as Thomas Owen Clancy, Dauvit Broun, and others are interested in the native cultures of the country, and often have linguistic training necessary for their specialism. Normanists on the other hand, are concerned with the French an ...

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Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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Medieval Scottish society was stratified. We know more about status in early Gaelic society than perhaps any other early medieval European society, owing primarily to the large body of legal texts and tracts on status which are extant.[48] The legal tract that has come down to us as the Laws of Brets and Scots, lists five grades of man: King, mormaer/earl, toísech/thane, ócthigern and serf.^{See also:}

Scotland in the High Middle Ages, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Historiography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Origins of the Kingdom of Alba, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Kingdom of Alba or Scotia, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Gaelic kings: Domnall II to Alexander I, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Scoto-Norman kings: David I to Alexander III, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Other Kingdoms, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Geography, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Economy, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Demographics, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Society, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Law and government, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Military, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Christianity & the Church, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Saints, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Monasticism, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Ecclesia Scoticana, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Culture, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Outsiders view, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - National Identity, Scotland in the High Middle Ages - Notes

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