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Scientific Research on Spirituality | A Wisdom Archive on Scientific Research on Spirituality | | Scientific Research on Spirituality A selection of articles related to Scientific Research on Spirituality | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Scientific Research on Spirituality | | | | | | |  Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - How science views the fieldIn the scientific disciplines there is a belief that all claims should be treated with scientific skepticism. Mainstream science believes that after examining psi claims for over a century, there has been significant difficulty in merging the results of parapsychology studies with other fields of science. A growing network of scientists — in association with the Institute of Noetic Sciences, which was founded by American Astronaut, Dr. Edgar Mitchell — is seeking to bridge t ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Well-known psychic mediums, Parapsychology - Other claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - How science views the field |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence Many scientists hold that the entire body of evidence to date is of poor quality and not properly controlled; in their view, the entire field of parapsychology has produced no results whatsoever. Frequently, however, those who hold this view have not had any contact with the published literature of the field such as that which can be found in the Journal of Parapsychology, the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, or in the proceedings of the annual convention of the Paraps ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence Many scientists hold that the entire body of evidence to date is of poor quality and not properly controlled; in their view, the entire field of parapsychology has produced no results whatsoever. Frequently, however, those who hold this view have not had any contact with the published literature of the field such as that which can be found in the Journal of Parapsychology, the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, the Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, or in the proceedings of the annual convention of the Paraps ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Well-known psychic mediums, Parapsychology - Other claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - How science views the field In the scientific disciplines there is a belief that all claims should be treated with scientific skepticism. Mainstream science believes that after examining psi claims for over a century, there has been significant difficulty in merging the results of parapsychology studies with other fields of science. As a result, many in the scientific community think that parapsychology is not a real science, that psi phenomena do not exist, and that parapsychology is a pseudoscience. Many scientists and skeptical observers of the field believe that so ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - How science views the field |
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| | | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Status of the field The standing of the field of parapsychology has always been controversial within the scientific community.
As its name indicates, parapsychology is sometimes considered a sub-branch of psychology, and this has arisen historically since it involved the study of apparently mental faculties. In its modern form, parapsychology is an interdisciplinary field, which has attracted physicists, engineers, and biologists, as well as psychologists and those from other sciences. (For an argument that parapsychological phenomena may not in fact be ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Status of the field |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Status of the field The standing of the field of parapsychology has always been controversial within the scientific community.
As its name indicates, parapsychology is sometimes considered a sub-branch of psychology, and this has arisen historically since it involved the study of apparently mental faculties. In its modern form, parapsychology is an interdisciplinary field, which has attracted physicists, engineers, and biologists, as well as psychologists and those from other sciences. (For an argument that parapsychological phenomena may not in fact be ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Well-known psychic mediums, Parapsychology - Other claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Status of the field |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms The opinion of parapsychologists regarding the overall evaluation of the body of evidence to date is divided. As noted above, some parapsychologists are skeptic and do not believe that there is anything observed so far which cannot ultimately be explained within the existing framework of known science. Probably a majority of parapsychologists believe in the likelihood, or at least the possibility, of actual psi phenomena, though there is a range of attitudes toward the evidence.
Regarding the evidence, the rule of the thumb of the ske ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms The opinion of parapsychologists regarding the overall evaluation of the body of evidence to date is divided. As noted above, some parapsychologists are skeptic and do not believe that there is anything observed so far which cannot ultimately be explained within the existing framework of known science. Probably a majority of parapsychologists believe in the likelihood, or at least the possibility, of actual psi phenomena, though there is a range of attitudes toward the evidence.
Regarding the evidence, the rule of the thumb of the ske ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Well-known psychic mediums, Parapsychology - Other claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology There are a variety of other objections to parapsychology as well.
Psi Phenomena as a Violation of the Laws of Physics or Nature
Some critics claim that the existence of psi phenomena would violate "the known laws of physics", and some of these critics believe that this is reason enough that such phenomena should not be studied. Parapsychologists respond that "laws of nature" are simply summaries of existing scientific knowledge and do get revised from time to time during the course of scientific progress, in ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Psychic investigations, Parapsychology - General organizations, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology There are a variety of other objections to parapsychology as well.
Psi Phenomena as a Violation of the Laws of Physics or Nature
Some critics claim that the existence of psi phenomena would violate "the known laws of physics", and some of these critics believe that this is reason enough that such phenomena should not be studied. Parapsychologists respond that "laws of nature" are simply summaries of existing scientific knowledge and do get revised from time to time during the course of scientific progress, in ...
See also:Parapsychology, Parapsychology - Types of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Status of the field, Parapsychology - How science views the field, Parapsychology - Interpretation of the evidence, Parapsychology - Criticisms of parapsychological research, Parapsychology - Responses from parapsychologists to criticisms, Parapsychology - Early Scientific American challenge, Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology, Parapsychology - History and evaluation, Parapsychology - Trivia, Parapsychology - Famous parapsychologists, Parapsychology - Well-known psychic mediums, Parapsychology - Other claimed psychics, Parapsychology - Critics of parapsychology, Parapsychology - Independent research organizations, Parapsychology - University research organizations, Parapsychology - External links Read more here: » Parapsychology: Encyclopedia II - Parapsychology - Other objections to parapsychology |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience Since it implies rejection by the mainstream scientific community, the term "pseudoscience" removes the perceived legitimacy afforded by the category "science". Since, historically, it has been applied to competing theories and interpretations of empirical evidence within the mainstream--sometimes with emotional overtones--critics caution against its over-use.
Another criticism is that it is impossible to define the term pseudoscience with the degree of rigor commonly demanded of scientific definitions. Although various definit ...
See also:Pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Introduction, Pseudoscience - Classifying pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience, Pseudoscience - The problem of demarcation, Pseudoscience - Fields often associated with pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudomathematics, Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - People, Pseudoscience - Lists Read more here: » Pseudoscience: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience The term "pseudoscience" removes the legitimacy afforded by the category "science"; leaving such a labeled body of theory to try to obtain legitimacy on other grounds.
Such attempts at attaining legitimacy include:
claiming all theories are equally scientific
some are just politically incorrect
some have more evidence, others less; but that doesn't make them not science
peer review has no value
for really new ideas
for politically incorrect ideas
See also: Pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Introduction, Pseudoscience - Classifying pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience, Pseudoscience - The problem of demarcation, Pseudoscience - Fields often associated with pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudomathematics, Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - People, Pseudoscience - Lists Read more here: » Pseudoscience: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Classifying pseudoscience Pseudoscience fails to meet the criteria met by science generally (including the scientific method), and can be identified by a combination of these characteristics:
by asserting claims or theories unconnected to previous experimental results;
by asserting claims which cannot be verified or falsified (claims that violate falsifiability);
by asserting claims which contradict experimentally established results;
by failing to provide an experimental possibility of reproducible results;
by failing ...
See also:Pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Introduction, Pseudoscience - Classifying pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience, Pseudoscience - The problem of demarcation, Pseudoscience - Fields often associated with pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudomathematics, Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - People, Pseudoscience - Lists Read more here: » Pseudoscience: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Classifying pseudoscience |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Introduction The standards for determining of any body of knowledge, methodology, or practice as nonscience vary, but often include lack of empirical evidence, unfalsifiability, or failure to comply with scientific method or apply a heuristic such as Occam's Razor. A number of attempts have been made to apply philosophical rigor to the notion with mixed results. These include Karl Popper's criterion of falsifiability and the historiographical approach of Imre Lakatos in his Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Other historians and philosophers ...
See also:Pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Introduction, Pseudoscience - Classifying pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience, Pseudoscience - The problem of demarcation, Pseudoscience - Fields often associated with pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudomathematics, Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - People, Pseudoscience - Lists Read more here: » Pseudoscience: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Introduction |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Fields often associated with pseudoscience Main article: List of alternative, speculative and disputed theories
Examples of theories and fields of endeavor which their critics believe are often associated in one way or another with pseudoscience:
Acupuncture (the traditional theory behind it)
Alchemy (pre- or proto-scientific rather than pseudoscientific)
Astrology
Sun-Sign Astrology
Biblical scientific foresight
Chakra theory
Characterology
Chiropractic
Clairvoyance
See also:Pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Introduction, Pseudoscience - Classifying pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience, Pseudoscience - The problem of demarcation, Pseudoscience - Fields often associated with pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudomathematics, Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - People, Pseudoscience - Lists Read more here: » Pseudoscience: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Fields often associated with pseudoscience |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - The problem of demarcation Main article: Demarcation problem
After more than a century of active dialogue, the question of what marks the boundary of science remains fundamentally unsettled. As a consequence the issue of what constitutes pseudoscience continues to be controversial. Nonetheless, reasonable consensus exists on certain sub-issues. Criteria for demarcation have traditionally been coupled to one philosophy of science or another. Logical positivism, for example, espoused a theory of meaning which held that only statements about empirical obser ...
See also:Pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Introduction, Pseudoscience - Classifying pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience, Pseudoscience - The problem of demarcation, Pseudoscience - Fields often associated with pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudomathematics, Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - People, Pseudoscience - Lists Read more here: » Pseudoscience: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - The problem of demarcation |
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| | | | | Scientific Research on Spirituality: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience Pseudoscience also differs from protoscience. Protoscience is a term sometimes used to describe a hypothesis that has not yet been tested adequately by the scientific method, but which is otherwise consistent with existing science or which, where inconsistent, offers reasonable account of the inconsistency.
Pseudoscience, in contrast, is characteristically lacking in adequate tests or the possibility of them, occasionally untestable in principle, and its supporters are frequently strident in insisting that existing scientific results ...
See also:Pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Introduction, Pseudoscience - Classifying pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience, Pseudoscience - The problem of demarcation, Pseudoscience - Fields often associated with pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - Pseudomathematics, Pseudoscience - Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience, Pseudoscience - People, Pseudoscience - Lists Read more here: » Pseudoscience: Encyclopedia II - Pseudoscience - Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience |
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