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scientific classification | A Wisdom Archive on scientific classification | | scientific classification A selection of articles related to scientific classification | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO scientific classification | | | |  scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Copy protection for computer softwareCopy protection for early home computer software, especially for games, started a long cat-and-mouse struggle between publishers and crackers. These were (and are) programmers who as a hobby would defeat copy protection on software, add their alias to the title screen, and then distribute the cracked product to the network of warez BBSes or Internet sites that specialized in distributing unauthorized copies of software.
Software copy protection schemes for early computers such as the Apple II and Commodore 64 computers depended on pre ...
See also:Copy protection, Copy protection - Note on terminology, Copy protection - Business rationale, Copy protection - Technical challenges, Copy protection - Copy protection on older media, Copy protection - Copy protection for computer software, Copy protection - Case study: Steam, Copy protection - Copy protection specific to old games, Copy protection - Copy protection for videotape, Copy protection - Copy protection for audio CDs, Copy protection - Sony CD copy protection controversy, Copy protection - Copy protection in recent digital media Read more here: » Copy protection: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Copy protection for computer software |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Genetics - History In his paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments in Plant Hybridization"), presented in 1865 to the Brunn Natural History Society, Gregor Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and showed that they could be described mathematically. Although not all features show these patterns of Mendelian inheritance, his work suggested the utility of the application of statistics to the stu ...
See also:Genetics, Genetics - History, Genetics - Timeline of notable discoveries, Genetics - Areas of genetics, Genetics - Classical genetics, Genetics - Behavioral genetics, Genetics - Clinical genetics, Genetics - Molecular genetics, Genetics - Population quantitative and ecological genetics, Genetics - Genomics, Genetics - Closely-related fields, Genetics - Publications Read more here: » Genetics: Encyclopedia II - Genetics - History |
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| | | | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Capitalization - What to capitalize Capitalization custom varies with language. The full rules of capitalization for English are complicated and have changed over time, generally to capitalize fewer terms; to the modern reader, an 18th century document seems to use initial capitals excessively. It is an important function of English style guides to describe the complete current rules.
Capitalization - Pronouns.
In English, the nominative form of the singular first-person pronoun, I, is capitalized, along with all its contraction ...
See also:Capitalization, Capitalization - What to capitalize, Capitalization - Pronouns, Capitalization - Nouns, Capitalization - Adjectives, Capitalization - Others, Capitalization - How to capitalise, Capitalization - Headings and publication titles, Capitalization - Compound names, Capitalization - Accents, Capitalization - Digraphs and ligatures, Capitalization - Initial mutation Read more here: » Capitalization: Encyclopedia II - Capitalization - What to capitalize |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Subcellular components All cells whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic have a membrane, which envelopes the cell, separates its interior from its environment, controls what moves in and out, and maintains the electric potential of the cell. Inside the membrane, a salty cytoplasm takes up most of the cell volume. All cells possess DNA, the hereditary material of genes and RNA, which contain the information necessary to build various proteins such as enzymes, the cell's primary machinery. There are also other kinds of biomolecules in cells. This article will list these primary compo ...
See also:Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Subcellular components |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Crocodilia - Description Like mammals and unlike most other reptiles, crocodiles have a four-chambered heart (although, monitor lizards have a four-chambered heart, as well); however, unlike mammals, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can be mixed when the foramen of Panazzi is open, which bridges both ventricles in the heart. This opening is typically only open during diving, in order to shunt blood away from the lungs. Their blood has ...
See also:Crocodilia, Crocodilia - Spelling, Crocodilia - Description, Crocodilia - Extinct Species, Crocodilia - Extant species Read more here: » Crocodilia: Encyclopedia II - Crocodilia - Description |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Genetics - History In his paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden" ("Experiments in Plant Hybridization"), presented in 1865 to the Brunn Natural History Society, Gregor Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and showed that they could be described mathematically. Although not all features show these patterns of Mendelian inheritance, his work suggested the utility of the application of statistics to the study of inheritance. Since that time many more complex forms of ...
See also:Genetics, Genetics - History, Genetics - Timeline of notable discoveries, Genetics - Areas of genetics, Genetics - Classical genetics, Genetics - Behavioral genetics, Genetics - Clinical genetics, Genetics - Molecular genetics, Genetics - Population quantitative and ecological genetics, Genetics - Genomics, Genetics - Closely-related fields, Genetics - Publications Read more here: » Genetics: Encyclopedia II - Genetics - History |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Species - The isolation species concept in more detail In general, for large, complex, organisms that reproduce sexually (such as mammals and birds), one of several variations on the isolation or biological species concept is employed. Often, the distinction between different species, even quite closely related ones, is simple. Horses (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus asinus) are easily told apart even without study or training, and yet are so closely related that they can interbreed after a fashion. Because the result, a m ...
See also:Species, Species - Definitions of species, Species - Importance in biological classification, Species - Implications of assignment of species status, Species - The isolation species concept in more detail, Species - The isolation question, Species - The difference question, Species - Historical development of the species concept Read more here: » Species: Encyclopedia II - Species - The isolation species concept in more detail |
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| | | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Copy protection for videotape Companies like Macrovision provide schemes to videotape publishers making copies unusable if they were created with a normal VCR. All major videotape manufacturers license Macrovision or similar technologies to copy protect their videotapes.
Starting in 1985 with the video release of "The Cotton Club", Macrovision has licensed to publishers a technology that exploits the automatic gain control feature of VCRs by adding pulses to the vertical blanking sync signal. These pulses do not affect the image a consumer sees on his TV, but do c ...
See also:Copy protection, Copy protection - Note on terminology, Copy protection - Business rationale, Copy protection - Technical challenges, Copy protection - Copy protection on older media, Copy protection - Copy protection for computer software, Copy protection - Case study: Steam, Copy protection - Copy protection specific to old games, Copy protection - Copy protection for videotape, Copy protection - Copy protection for audio CDs, Copy protection - Copy protection in recent digital media Read more here: » Copy protection: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Copy protection for videotape |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Copy protection on older media Copy protection has been attempted in many ways, long before computers and digital media entered the picture. For example, the ancient practice of watermarking is an attempt to at least prove the authenticity of the original, though this does not itself prevent copying.
The music industry in particular has long sought a reliable copy protection method—early attempts included adding a high frequency spoiler signal to an analog recording so that tape recorders would generate an unpleasant whistle when the spoiler heterodyned wi ...
See also:Copy protection, Copy protection - Note on terminology, Copy protection - Business rationale, Copy protection - Technical challenges, Copy protection - Copy protection on older media, Copy protection - Copy protection for computer software, Copy protection - Case study: Steam, Copy protection - Copy protection specific to old games, Copy protection - Copy protection for videotape, Copy protection - Copy protection for audio CDs, Copy protection - Copy protection in recent digital media Read more here: » Copy protection: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Copy protection on older media |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Technical challenges From a technical standpoint, it would seem theoretically impossible to completely prevent users from making copies of the media they purchase, as long as a "writer" is available that can write to blank media. The basic technical fact is that all types of media require a "player"—a CD player, DVD player, videotape player, computer, or video game console, to give five examples. The player has to be able to read the media in order to display it to a human. In turn, then, logically, a player could be built that first reads the media, and then writes out an exact copy of what was read, to the same type of media, or perh ...
See also:Copy protection, Copy protection - Note on terminology, Copy protection - Business rationale, Copy protection - Technical challenges, Copy protection - Copy protection on older media, Copy protection - Copy protection for computer software, Copy protection - Case study: Steam, Copy protection - Copy protection specific to old games, Copy protection - Copy protection for videotape, Copy protection - Copy protection for audio CDs, Copy protection - Copy protection in recent digital media Read more here: » Copy protection: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Technical challenges |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Anatomy of cells
Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization, specifically their lack of a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes also lack most of the intracellular organelles and structures that are characteristic of eukaryotic cells (an important exception is the ribosomes, which are present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells). Most of the functions of organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the Golgi apparatus, are taken over by the prokaryotic ...
See also:Cell biology, Cell biology - Overview, Cell biology - Properties of cells, Cell biology - Types of cells, Cell biology - Subcellular components, Cell biology - Cell membrane - a cell's protective coat, Cell biology - Cytoskeleton - a cell's scaffold, Cell biology - Genetic material, Cell biology - Organelles, Cell biology - Anatomy of cells, Cell biology - Prokaryotic cells, Cell biology - Eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - Cell functions, Cell biology - Cell growth and metabolism, Cell biology - Making new cells, Cell biology - Protein synthesis, Cell biology - Origins of cells, Cell biology - Origin of first cell, Cell biology - Origin of eukaryotic cells, Cell biology - History, Cell biology - External links Read more here: » Cell biology: Encyclopedia II - Cell biology - Anatomy of cells |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Note on terminology The media industries have always referred to the technology as copy protection. Opponents believe the term encourages people to identify with publishers who benefit from it, rather than the users who are restricted by it. [1] Copy prevention and Copy control are neutral terms that are sometimes used instead.
The term is also often related and/or confused to the concept of digital rights management. Digital rights management is a more general term because it includes all sort of management of works, including copy ...
See also:Copy protection, Copy protection - Note on terminology, Copy protection - Business rationale, Copy protection - Technical challenges, Copy protection - Copy protection on older media, Copy protection - Copy protection for computer software, Copy protection - Case study: Steam, Copy protection - Copy protection specific to old games, Copy protection - Copy protection for videotape, Copy protection - Copy protection for audio CDs, Copy protection - Copy protection in recent digital media Read more here: » Copy protection: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Note on terminology |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Business rationale Copy protection is most commonly found on videotapes, DVDs, computer software discs, video game discs and cartridges, and more recently, some audio CDs. Historically, most companies that publish works on these media have believed that copy protection will increase the company's revenues, by limiting the ability of the consumer to make copies of the media. In the absence of copy protection, most of these media are relatively easy to copy in their entirety using a machine (as opposed to photocopying each page of a book). This results in a situ ...
See also:Copy protection, Copy protection - Note on terminology, Copy protection - Business rationale, Copy protection - Technical challenges, Copy protection - Copy protection on older media, Copy protection - Copy protection for computer software, Copy protection - Case study: Steam, Copy protection - Copy protection specific to old games, Copy protection - Copy protection for videotape, Copy protection - Copy protection for audio CDs, Copy protection - Copy protection in recent digital media Read more here: » Copy protection: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Business rationale |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Copy protection for audio CDs Starting in 2000, music publishers started to sell some CDs with various copy protection schemes. Most of these are playback restrictions that aim to make the CD unusable in devices that can also be conveniently used for duplicating (e.g., CD-ROM drives in computers), leaving only dedicated audio CD players for playback. This does not, however, prevent such a CD from being copied via analogue connections, ...
See also:Copy protection, Copy protection - Note on terminology, Copy protection - Business rationale, Copy protection - Technical challenges, Copy protection - Copy protection on older media, Copy protection - Copy protection for computer software, Copy protection - Case study: Steam, Copy protection - Copy protection specific to old games, Copy protection - Copy protection for videotape, Copy protection - Copy protection for audio CDs, Copy protection - Copy protection in recent digital media Read more here: » Copy protection: Encyclopedia II - Copy protection - Copy protection for audio CDs |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Latin - Education Although Latin was once the universal academic language in Europe, in recent years it has been supplanted by the study of many other languages; it is a requirement in relatively few places, and in some schools is not even offered. However, in Italy, Latin is still compulsory in secondary schools such as the Liceo Classico and Liceo Scientifico, which are usually attended by people who aim to the highest level of education. In Liceo Classico, ancient Greek is also a compulsory subject. In France, Latin is found in the Lyc ...
See also:Latin, Latin - History, Latin - Legacy, Latin - Grammar, Latin - Education Read more here: » Latin: Encyclopedia II - Latin - Education |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Species - Historical development of the species concept In the earliest works of science, a species was simply an individual organism that represented a group of similar or nearly identical organisms. No other relationships beyond that group were implied. Aristotle used the words genus and species to mean generic and specific categories. Aristotle and other pre-Darwinian scientists took the species to be distinct and unchanging, with an "essence", like the chemical elements. When early observers began to develop systems of organization for living things, they began to place formerly ...
See also:Species, Species - Definitions of species, Species - Importance in biological classification, Species - Implications of assignment of species status, Species - The isolation species concept in more detail, Species - The isolation question, Species - The difference question, Species - Historical development of the species concept Read more here: » Species: Encyclopedia II - Species - Historical development of the species concept |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Murray Cod - Range The Murray Cod is named after the Murray River. The Murray River is part of the Murray-Darling Basin in eastern Australia, Australia's largest and most important river system, draining approximately 13% of the continent. The Murray Cod's natural range encompasses virtually the whole Murray-Darling Basin, particularly the lowland areas, but extending well into upland areas; to ~700m elevation in the southern half of the basin and to ~1000 ...
See also:Murray Cod, Murray Cod - Classification and Related Species, Murray Cod - Description, Murray Cod - Size, Murray Cod - Age, Murray Cod - Diet, Murray Cod - Reproduction, Murray Cod - Range, Murray Cod - Conservation, Murray Cod - In Aquariums Read more here: » Murray Cod: Encyclopedia II - Murray Cod - Range |
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| | | | | scientific classification: Encyclopedia II - Murray Cod - Conservation Once the most common large fish in the Murray-Darling Basin, the first serious declines in Murray Cod were caused by gross overfishing; in the late 19th and early 20th centuries they were caught in unimaginable numbers by both recreational anglers and professional fishermen. Further serious declines in the 20th century have been driven by:
so called "river improvements", particularly the removal of hundreds of thousands of submerged timber "snags", mainly River Red Gum, that are critical habitat, spawning and ecosystem function ...
See also:Murray Cod, Murray Cod - Classification and Related Species, Murray Cod - Description, Murray Cod - Size, Murray Cod - Age, Murray Cod - Diet, Murray Cod - Reproduction, Murray Cod - Range, Murray Cod - Conservation, Murray Cod - In Aquariums Read more here: » Murray Cod: Encyclopedia II - Murray Cod - Conservation |
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