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sciences | A Wisdom Archive on sciences | | sciences A selection of articles related to sciences | |
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sciences, Science, Science - Etymology, Science - External articles and references, Science - Fields of science, Science - Goals of science, Science - Locations of science, Science - Mathematics and the scientific method, Science - Philosophy of science, Science - Science and social concerns, Science - Scientific literature, Science - Scientific method, Science - What is science?, Science - Environmental sciences, Science - Further reading, Science - Holistic interdisciplinary and applied sciences, Science - Natural sciences, Science - News and articles, Science - Resources, Science - Social sciences, Science - Textbooks, Organization and practice of science: International Council of Science (ICSU)., For an understanding of how these fields came to be: History of science., See also scientists for catalogs of people active in each of these fields.
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO sciences | | | |  sciences: Encyclopedia II - Maoism - Maoist theoryUnlike the earlier forms of Marxism-Leninism in which the urban proletariat was seen as the main source of revolution, and the countryside was largely ignored, Mao focused on the peasantry as a revolutionary force which, he said, could be mobilized by a Communist Party with their knowledge and leadership. The model for this was of course the Chinese Communist rural insurgency of the 1920s and 1930s, which eventually brought the Communist Party of China to power. Furthermore, unlike other forms of Marxism-Leninism in which large-scale industr ...
See also:Maoism, Maoism - Maoist theory, Maoism - Maoism in China, Maoism - Maoism Internationally, Maoism - Military strategy Read more here: » Maoism: Encyclopedia II - Maoism - Maoist theory |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Western philosophy - Western philosophical subdisciplines Philosophical inquiry is often divided into several major "branches" based on the questions typically addressed by people working in different parts of the field. In the ancient world, the most influential division of the subject was the Stoics' division of philosophy into Logic, Ethics, and Physics (conceived as the study of the nature of the world, and including both natural science and metaphysics). In contemporary philosophy, specialties within the field are more commonly divided into metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and aestheti ...
See also:Western philosophy, Western philosophy - Origins, Western philosophy - Western philosophical subdisciplines, Western philosophy - Philosophy contrasted with other disciplines Read more here: » Western philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Western philosophy - Western philosophical subdisciplines |
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| | | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Rudjer Boscovich - Biography
Rudjer Boscovich - Early years.
Boscovich was born in the Republic of Dubrovnik (Dalmatia, present-day Croatia), an independent republic at the time, as the seventh child of Nikola Bošković, a trader from Herzegovina; and Paula Bettera, daughter of a local noble. Rudjer Boscovich's ethnicity is a controversial issue; he has Italian heritage from his mother's side, while his Slavic heritage is disputed between the Croats who claim him due to the integration of Dubrovnik in the Croatian milieu, and the Serbs who ...
See also:Rudjer Boscovich, Rudjer Boscovich - Biography, Rudjer Boscovich - Early years, Rudjer Boscovich - Middle years, Rudjer Boscovich - Late years, Rudjer Boscovich - Legacy, Rudjer Boscovich - Name in other languages, Rudjer Boscovich - Bibliography Read more here: » Rudjer Boscovich: Encyclopedia II - Rudjer Boscovich - Biography |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Jainism - Universal History and Jain Cosmology According to Jain beliefs, the universe was never created, nor will it ever cease to exist. It is eternal but not unchangeable, because it passes through an endless series of cycles. Each of these upward or downward cycles is divided into six world ages (yugas). The present world age is the fifth age of one of these "cycles", which is in a downward movement. These ages are known as "Aaro" as in "Pehela Aara" or First Age, "Doosra Aara" or Second Age and so on. The last one is the "Chhatha Aara" or Sixth Age. ...
See also:Jainism, Jainism - Overview of Jain Dharma, Jainism - Universal History and Jain Cosmology, Jainism - Beliefs and practices, Jainism - Jain Symbols, Jainism - Jain Literature, Jainism - Jain Worship and Rituals, Jainism - Digambar and Shvetambar Traditions, Jainism - Geographical spread and influence, Jainism - Jain Contributions to Indian Culture, Jainism - Jainism and Indian Archaeology, Jainism - Holy sites, Jainism - Jain Temples in the West, Jainism - Holy days, Jainism - Jainism and other religions Read more here: » Jainism: Encyclopedia II - Jainism - Universal History and Jain Cosmology |
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| | | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Politics of anthropology Anthropology's traditional involvement with nonwestern cultures has involved it in politics in many different ways.
Some political problems arise simply because anthropologists usually have more power than the people they study. Some have argued that the discipline is a form of colonialist theft in which the anthropologist gains power at the expense of subjects. The anthropologist, they argue, can gain yet more power by exploiting knowledge and artifacts of the people he studies while the people he studies gain nothing, or even lose, ...
See also:Anthropology, Anthropology - Historical and institutional context, Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S., Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain, Anthropology - Anthropology in France, Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two, Anthropology - Politics of anthropology, Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields Read more here: » Anthropology: Encyclopedia II - Anthropology - Politics of anthropology |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Archaeology - Public archaeology Early archaeology was largely an attempt to uncover spectacular artifacts and features, or to explore vast and mysterious abandoned cities. Such pursuits continue to fascinate the public, portrayed in books (such as King Solomon's Mines) and films (such as The Mummy and Raiders of the Lost Ark).
Much thorough and productive research has indeed been conducted in dramatic locales such as Copán and the Valley of the Kings, but the stuff of modern archaeology is not so reliably sensational. In addition, archaeologica ...
See also:Archaeology, Archaeology - Usage, Archaeology - Ontology and definition, Archaeology - Importance and applicability, Archaeology - Goals, Archaeology - Academic sub-disciplines, Archaeology - Cultural resources management, Archaeology - Field methods, Archaeology - Survey, Archaeology - Excavation, Archaeology - Post-excavation analysis, Archaeology - History of archaeology, Archaeology - Archaeological theory, Archaeology - Public archaeology, Archaeology - Pseudoarchaeology, Archaeology - Looting, Archaeology - Public outreach, Archaeology - Descendant peoples Read more here: » Archaeology: Encyclopedia II - Archaeology - Public archaeology |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Society of Jesus - Foundation On August 15, 1534, Ignatius (born Iñigo López de Loyola) and six other students (Francis Xavier, a fellow Basque, Alfonso Salmeron, James Lainez, and Nicholas Bobadilla, Spaniards, Peter Faber from France and Simon Rodrigues, a Portuguese) met in Montmartre outside Paris, probably near the modern Chapel of St Denys, Rue Antoinette, and binding themselves by a vow of poverty and chastity, founded the Society of Jesus – to "enter upon hospital and missionary work in Jerusalem, or to go witho ...
See also:Society of Jesus, Society of Jesus - Foundation, Society of Jesus - The name Jesuit, Society of Jesus - Early works, Society of Jesus - Expansion, Society of Jesus - Suppression and Restoration, Society of Jesus - Jesuits today, Society of Jesus - Controversies, Society of Jesus - Famous Jesuits, Society of Jesus - Jesuit institutions, Society of Jesus - Jesuit buildings Read more here: » Society of Jesus: Encyclopedia II - Society of Jesus - Foundation |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Williams College - Distinguishing features
Williams College - School colors and origins thereof.
Williams's primary school color is purple.
The story goes that at the Williams-Harvard baseball game in 1869, spectators, watching from carriages, had trouble telling the teams apart (there were no uniforms) so one of the onlookers bought ribbons from a nearby millinery store to pin on Williams' players. The only color available was purple. The buyer was Jennie Jerome (later Winsto ...
See also:Williams College, Williams College - History, Williams College - Presidents, Williams College - Commencement Speakers, Williams College - Distinguishing features, Williams College - School colors and origins thereof, Williams College - Purple cow, Williams College - Alma mater, Williams College - Student media, Williams College - Williams Trivia, Williams College - The Old Hopkins Observatory, Williams College - Williams College Museum of Art, Williams College - Chapin Library, Williams College - Alumni society, Williams College - Notable alumni, Williams College - Sports, Williams College - Academics Read more here: » Williams College: Encyclopedia II - Williams College - Distinguishing features |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - University of Southern California - Overview Founded in 1880 as a Methodist University, on land donated by three wealthy Los Angeles residents, it has grown to international prominence. The university opened with an enrollment of 53 students and a faculty of 10. Its first graduating class in 1884 was a class of three - two males and a female valedictorian. The University is no longer a Methodist institution, having ended formal ties with the church se ...
See also:University of Southern California, University of Southern California - Overview, University of Southern California - The University Park Campus, University of Southern California - Demographics, University of Southern California - Academics, University of Southern California - Academic Subdivisions, University of Southern California - Athletics, University of Southern California - Men's NCAA National Title, University of Southern California - Women's NCAA National Title, University of Southern California - Club sports, University of Southern California - The Marching Band, University of Southern California - Tradition, University of Southern California - Trophies, University of Southern California - Administration, University of Southern California - Student Government, University of Southern California - Campus Renovations, University of Southern California - Notable alumni faculty and students, University of Southern California - Trivia Read more here: » University of Southern California: Encyclopedia II - University of Southern California - Overview |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Romanians - Population Most Romanians live in Romania and Moldova, where they constitute a majority; Romanians also constitute a minority in the countries that neighbour them. Romanians can be found in many countries as immigrants, notably in the United States, Italy, Spain, Canada, France and Germany.
The contemporary total population of ethnic Romanians cannot be stated with any degree of certainty. A disparity can be observed between "official" sources (such as census counts) where they exist, and estimates which come from non-official sources and intere ...
See also:Romanians, Romanians - Population, Romanians - History, Romanians - Ancient Times, Romanians - Middle Ages, Romanians - Modern Age, Romanians - Culture, Romanians - Contribution to humanity, Romanians - Language, Romanians - Surnames, Romanians - Religion, Romanians - Symbols, Romanians - Customs, Romanians - Name, Romanians - Romanian, Romanians - Vlach, Romanians - Daco-Romanian, Romanians - Toponyms, Romanians - Anthroponyms, Romanians - Subgroups and related ethnic groups, Romanians - Notes and references Read more here: » Romanians: Encyclopedia II - Romanians - Population |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - The Legend of Prince Valiant - Story Summary
The Legend of Prince Valiant - The Premise.
Like the original comic strip, the series begins with the fall of Thule, the fictional kingdom that Prince Valiant is heir to. Valiant, his parents, and a group of survivors from the castle are exiled by the ruthless conqueror Cynin to a hostile marsh across the sea. The young prince, deeply saddened by this defeat and vengeful towards Cynin, attempts to make the best of his new life but craves some greater purpose. He find this purpose when he starts having a series of ...
See also:The Legend of Prince Valiant, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Story Summary, The Legend of Prince Valiant - The Premise, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Season One 26 Episodes, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Season Two 39 Episodes, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Characters, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Main Characters, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Supporting Characters, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Recurring Characters, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Themes, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Connections to Arthurian Lore and the Comic Strip, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Soundtrack, The Legend of Prince Valiant - Video Games Read more here: » The Legend of Prince Valiant: Encyclopedia II - The Legend of Prince Valiant - Story Summary |
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| | | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Statistics - Statistical methods
Statistics - Experimental and observational studies.
A common goal for a statistical research project is to investigate causality, and in particular to draw a conclusion on the effect of changes in the values of predictors or independent variables on a response or dependent variable. There are two major types of causal statistical studies, experimental studies and observational studies. In both types of studies, the effect of differences of an independent variable (or variables) on the behavior of the dependent variable are observed. The difference between the tw ...
See also:Statistics, Statistics - Origin, Statistics - Statistical methods, Statistics - Experimental and observational studies, Statistics - Levels of measurement, Statistics - Statistical techniques, Statistics - Probability, Statistics - Important contributors to statistics, Statistics - Specialized disciplines, Statistics - Software, Statistics - Additional references Read more here: » Statistics: Encyclopedia II - Statistics - Statistical methods |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Transhumanism - Criticisms Criticisms of transhumanism can be divided into two main categories: those objecting to likelihood of transhumanist goals being achieved, and those objecting to the ethical and moral principles of transhumanism.
Transhumanism - Practical criticisms.
Geneticist and science writer Steve Jones argues that humanity does not, and will never have the technology that proponents of transhumanism seek. He once joked that the letters of the genetic code, A, C, G and T should be replaced with the letters H, Y, P and E. Jones claims that technologies like human genetic engineering will ne ...
See also:Transhumanism, Transhumanism - Overview, Transhumanism - Enlightenment and humanistic roots, Transhumanism - History of transhumanism, Transhumanism - Currents within transhumanism, Transhumanism - Practical transhumanism, Transhumanism - Transhumanism and spirituality, Transhumanism - Criticisms, Transhumanism - Practical criticisms, Transhumanism - Ethical criticisms Read more here: » Transhumanism: Encyclopedia II - Transhumanism - Criticisms |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Stanford University - History Stanford was founded by railroad magnate and California Governor Leland Stanford and his wife, Jane Stanford. It is named in honor of their son, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died of typhoid as a teenager. Locals and university affiliates are known to refer to the school as The Farm, a nod to the fact that the university is located on the former site of Leland Stanford's horse farm.
The University's founding grant was written on November 11, 1885, and accepted by the first Board of Trustees on November 14. The cornerstone was laid ...
See also:Stanford University, Stanford University - History, Stanford University - Campus, Stanford University - Institutions, Stanford University - Community, Stanford University - Academics, Stanford University - Arts, Stanford University - Athletics, Stanford University - People, Stanford University - Presidents, Stanford University - Provosts, Stanford University - Notable alumni and faculty, Stanford University - Miscellaneous Read more here: » Stanford University: Encyclopedia II - Stanford University - History |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Rudjer Boscovich - Biography
Rudjer Boscovich - Early years.
Boscovich was born in the Republic of Dubrovnik (Dalmatia, present-day Croatia), an independent republic at the time, as the seventh child of Nikola Bošković, a trader from Herzegovina; and Paula Bettera, daughter of a local noble. Rudjer Boscovich's ethnicity is a controversial issue; he has Italian heritage from his mother's side, while his Slavic heritage is disputed between the Croats who claim him due to the integration of Dubrovnik in the Croatian milieu and his father bein ...
See also:Rudjer Boscovich, Rudjer Boscovich - Biography, Rudjer Boscovich - Early years, Rudjer Boscovich - Middle years, Rudjer Boscovich - Late years, Rudjer Boscovich - Legacy, Rudjer Boscovich - Name in other languages, Rudjer Boscovich - Bibliography Read more here: » Rudjer Boscovich: Encyclopedia II - Rudjer Boscovich - Biography |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - University of Bath - History Despite being granted university status merely forty years ago, the University of Bath can trace its roots to a technical school established in Bristol 100 years earlier, the Bristol Trade School of 1856. In 1885, the school became part of the Society of Merchant Venturers, and was renamed the Merchant Venturers' Technical College. Meanwhile, in the neighbouring city of Bath, a pharmaceutical school, the Bath School of Pharmacy was founded in 1907. This ...
See also:University of Bath, University of Bath - History, University of Bath - Campus and facilities, University of Bath - Academics and courses, University of Bath - Admissions and students, University of Bath - Housing and transport, University of Bath - Sports and recreation, University of Bath - Future expansion Read more here: » University of Bath: Encyclopedia II - University of Bath - History |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Reed College - Distinguishing features Reed is one of the most unusual institutions of higher learning in the United States. It features a traditional liberal arts curriculum, requiring freshmen to take Humanities 110 - an intensive introduction to the Classics. Hum 110 (pronounced, "Hume"), as most students refer to it, covers ancient Greece and Rome as well as the Bible and ancient Jewish history. Its program in the sciences is likewise unusual -- Reed's TRIGA research reactor makes it the only school in the US to have a nuclear reactor operated almost entirely by undergraduate ...
See also:Reed College, Reed College - History, Reed College - Distinguishing features, Reed College - Admissions and Student Demographics, Reed College - Tuition and Finances, Reed College - Reed's reputation, Reed College - Academic, Reed College - Social/Political, Reed College - Drug Use, Reed College - Campus, Reed College - Dorms, Reed College - Reed Canyon, Reed College - Reed Community Garden, Reed College - Food Services, Reed College - Trivia, Reed College - Unofficial mottos and folklore, Reed College - Unique student organizations, Reed College - Notable alumni, Reed College - Paideia, Reed College - Renn Fayre Read more here: » Reed College: Encyclopedia II - Reed College - Distinguishing features |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Baltimore City College - History Authorized by the City Council of Baltimore, in March 1838, it took until October of 1839 to open the new school under Professor Nathan C. Brooks. Located on Courtland Street (now Preston Gardens at St. Paul Place), it was later renamed the "Male High School" after the establishment of two schools for females, Eastern and Western High Schools in 1844.
In the 1850s, it became known as "The Central High School of Baltimore" when it was located at the northwestern corner of Holliday and Fayette Streets (the former "Assembly Rooms", built ...
See also:Baltimore City College, Baltimore City College - History, Baltimore City College - Relocation, Baltimore City College - Football Rivalry, Baltimore City College - Reconstruction, Baltimore City College - The Castle on the Hill, Baltimore City College - Notable alumni, Baltimore City College - Notable former teachers and coaches Read more here: » Baltimore City College: Encyclopedia II - Baltimore City College - History |
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| | | | | sciences: Encyclopedia II - Modern Orthodox Judaism - Philosophy Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements each drawing on several distinct, though related, philosophies, which in some combination provide the basis for all variations of the movement today; these are discussed in detail below. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and obligatory, while simultaneously attaching a positive, inherent value to interaction with the modern world. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can “be enriched” by its intersection with modernity; further, “modern society crea ...
See also:Modern Orthodox Judaism, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Philosophy, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Roots, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Torah Umadda, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Religious Zionism, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Comparison with other movements, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Haredi Judaism, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Neo-Orthodoxy, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Conservative Judaism, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Right and Left, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Modern forms of textual criticism, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Criticism, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Standards of observance, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Introduction of reforms, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Difficulties inherent, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Important figures, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Modern Orthodox advocacy groups, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Modern Orthodox Congregations, Modern Orthodox Judaism - Resources Read more here: » Modern Orthodox Judaism: Encyclopedia II - Modern Orthodox Judaism - Philosophy |
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