Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623–August 19, 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. Pascal was a child prodigy, who was educated by his father. Pascal's earliest work was in the natural and applied sciences, where he made important contributions to the construction of mechanical calculators and the study of fluids, and clarified the concepts of pressure and vacuum by expanding the work of Evangelista Torricelli. Pascal also w ...

Including:

• Blaise Pascal - Early life and education
• Blaise Pascal - Contributions to mathematics
• Blaise Pascal - Philosophy of mathematics
• Blaise Pascal - Contributions to the physical sciences
• Blaise Pascal - Mature life religion philosophy and literature
• Blaise Pascal - Religious conversion
• Blaise Pascal - Upon brink of death
• Blaise Pascal - The Provincial Letters
• Blaise Pascal - Miracle
• Blaise Pascal - The Pensées
• Blaise Pascal - Last works and death
• Blaise Pascal - Legacy
• Blaise Pascal - Works
• Blaise Pascal - Notes

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For more information, please refer to discussion on this page and/or the listing at Wikipedia:Requested pictures. An environment is a complex of external factors. It acts on a system and determines its course and form of existence. An environment may be thought of as a superset, of which the given system is a subset. An environment may have one or more parameters, physical or otherwise. The environment of a given system must interact with t ...

Including:

• Environment - Life science
• Environment - Physical science
• Environment - Liberal arts and social science
• Environment - Computer science and informatics

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Jainism (pronounced in English as /ˈdʒeɪ.nɪzm̩/), traditionally known as Jain Dharma (जैन धर्म) , is a religion and philosophy originating in the prehistory of South Asia. Now a minority in modern India with growing communities in the US, Western Europe, Africa and elsewhere, Jains have continued to sustain the the ancient Shraman (श्रमण) tradition. Jainism has significantly influenced the ethical, political and economic spheres in India for well ...

Including:

• Jainism - Overview of Jain Dharma
• Jainism - Universal History and Jain Cosmology
• Jainism - Beliefs and practices
• Jainism - Jain Symbols
• Jainism - Jain Literature
• Jainism - Jain Worship and Rituals
• Jainism - Digambar and Shvetambar Traditions
• Jainism - Geographical spread and influence
• Jainism - Jain Contributions to Indian Culture
• Jainism - Jainism and Indian Archaeology
• Jainism - Holy sites
• Jainism - Jain Temples in the West
• Jainism - Holy days
• Jainism - Jainism and other religions

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The Latin term ab initio means from the beginning and is used in several contexts: when describing literature: told from the beginning as opposed to in medias res (meaning starting in the middle of the story). See also: List of Latin phrases as a legal term: See List of legal terms in sciences (especially physics and chemistry): from first principles. A calculation is said to be "ab initio" (or "from first principles") if it relies on basic and establishe

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Anthropology (from the Greek word άνθρωπος, "human" or "person") consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans at all times, and with all dimensions of humanity. A primary trait that traditionally distinguished anthropology from other humanistic disciplines is an emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons. This distinction has, however, become increasingly the subject of controversy and debate, with anthropological methods now bein ...

Including:

• Anthropology - Historical and institutional context
• Anthropology - Anthropology in the U.S.
• Anthropology - Anthropology in Britain
• Anthropology - Anthropology in France
• Anthropology - Anthropology after World War Two
• Anthropology - Politics of anthropology
• Anthropology - Anthropological fields and subfields

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Gerard of Cremona's Latin translation of an Arabic text was the only version of Ptolemy’s Almagest that was known in Western Europe for centuries, until George of Trebizond and then Johannes Regiomontanus translated it from the Greek originals in the 15th century. The Almagest formed the basis for a mathematical astronomy until it was eclipsed by the theories of Copernicus. Gerard edited for Latin readers the Tables of Toledo, the most accurate compilation of astronomical data ever seen in Europe at the time. Th ...

See also:

Gerard of Cremona, Gerard of Cremona - Gerard's translations, Gerard of Cremona - A second Gerard Cremonensis

Read more here: » Gerard of Cremona: Encyclopedia II - Gerard of Cremona - Gerard's translations

He was awarded a degree in medicine at the university of Sydney (Doctor of Medicine in 1895, with a dissertation on the fore-brain of the monotremes) and developed an interest in the anatomy of the human brain. He held a travelling scholarship at Cambridge in 1896, then he catalogued the human brain-collection of the British Museum. From 1900-1909 he was the first chairholder of anatomy at the Cairo School of Medicine and investigated the brains of ...

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Grafton Elliot Smith, Grafton Elliot Smith - Professional Career, Grafton Elliot Smith - Hyperdiffusionism, Grafton Elliot Smith - Private Life, Grafton Elliot Smith - Bibliography, Grafton Elliot Smith - Sources

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Albanians - Contribution to humanity. Albanians have played a prominent role in the development of the arts and sciences as well as in religion and sport. Prominent individuals have included the defender and leader of Albania during the mid 15th century Skenderbeg, the writer Ismail Kadare, the painter Ibrahim Kodra, the composer Simon Gjoni, the Nobel prize winner Ferid Murad, the Olympic athlete Klodiana Shala, the Roman Catholic missionary Mother Teresa and Pope Clement XI.Other well known individuals include ...

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Albanians, Albanians - Population, Albanians - Culture, Albanians - Contribution to humanity, Albanians - Language, Albanians - Religion, Albanians - Military Influence, Albanians - Symbolism, Albanians - History, Albanians - Ethnic Albanians, Albanians - Albanian Nationalism

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History of astrology - Western astrology's Babylonian origins. The history of western astrology can now be traced back to ancient Babylonia, and indeed to the earliest phases of Babylonian history, i.e. to about 3000 B.C. In Babylonia as well as in Assyria as a direct offshoot of Babylonian culture (or as we might also term it "Euphratean" culture), astrology takes its place in the official cult as one of the two chief means at the disposal of the priests (who were called bare or "inspectors") for ascertaining the will and intention of the gods, the other being through the inspection of ...

See also:

History of astrology, History of astrology - Overview, History of astrology - History, History of astrology - Western astrology's Babylonian origins, History of astrology - The spread of astrology from Babylonia, History of astrology - Greek and Egyptian contributions to astrology, History of astrology - Medieval and Renaissance astrology, History of astrology - Astrology's 20th century expansion, History of astrology - Astrology in the Jewish community, History of astrology - Noted predictions, History of astrology - Historical proponents of astrology, History of astrology - Historical opponents of astrology, History of astrology - Other miscellany

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Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Early bands. Steinblóm (Stone Flowers) by 1969, was his first group. It was a trio formed by Guðlaugur in electric and acoustic guitars, Haraldur Johannessen in acoustic guitar as well, and Gunnar Magnússon in acoustic bass. Steinblóm played punk versions of renowned artists as Bob Dylan and his British counterpart Donovan, besides some original songs composed by Guðlaugur himself, and some folk songs. At that time, he was experimenting with homemade electro-acou ...

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Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Childhood: first contact with science and music, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Jobs and studies, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Scientific career, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Inventions, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Research scientific papers and other works, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Research and scientific papers, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Music career, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Early bands, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Þeyr transcends the frontiers, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - KUKL and The Elgar Sisters: a step towards experimentation, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Other music projects, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Collaborations, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Solo career, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Discography, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Early bands, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Discography with Þeyr 1981-1983, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Niceland 1983, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Discography of KUKL 1983-1986, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - MEGAKUKL 1985, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - The Elgar Sisters 1984-1986, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Solo career, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Collaborations of Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Inventions, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Publications for the University of Iceland, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Scientific papers, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Presentations / conferences, Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Related bibliography

Read more here: » Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson: Encyclopedia II - Guðlaugur Kristinn Óttarsson - Music career

Bachelard was a postmaster in Bar-Sur-Aube before studying physics and then finally becoming interested in philosophy. He was a professor at Dijon from 1930 to 1940 and then became the inaugural chair of history and philosophy of the sciences at the Sorbonne. Bachelard's studies of the history and philosophy of science in such works as Le nouvel esprit scientifique ("The New Scientific Mind") (1934) and La formation de l'esprit scientifique ("The Formation of the Scientific Mind")(1938) were based on his vision of histor ...

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Gaston Bachelard, Gaston Bachelard - Life and work, Gaston Bachelard - Bibliography, Gaston Bachelard - Introduction, Gaston Bachelard - Endnotes

Read more here: » Gaston Bachelard: Encyclopedia II - Gaston Bachelard - Life and work

Among Siegel's many published works are: Self and World: An Explanation of Aesthetic Realism. About Self and World, Smithsonian magazine wrote: "Whether child or adult is spoken of, this book [Self and World] sees a person's concerns with dignity and compassion". (February, 1982) [4] Hot Afternoons Have Been in Montana: Poems, a collection of poems nominated for a National Book Award in 1958. Regarding the title poem, poet William Carlos Williams wrote, "I say definitely that that sing ...

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Eli Siegel, Eli Siegel - Life, Eli Siegel - Aesthetic Realism, Eli Siegel - Works, Eli Siegel - Comments on Siegel's work, Eli Siegel - Epitaph

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An interdisciplinary scholar, Rosenstock-Huessy was admired in his own lifetime by some of the most influential intellectuals of the day, and exposure to his work continues to elicit expressions of regret that it is not more widely known. He himself indicated that popularity for his work is as unlikely in the future as it was while he lived. He writes near the close of his best known book of history, called Out of Revolution: "I have survived decades of study and teaching in scholastic and academic sciences. Every one of ...

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Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy - Out of Revolution, Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy - I am an impure thinker, Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy - Partial bibliography

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The generative sciences originate from the monadistic philosophy of Leibniz. This was further developed by the neural model of Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch. The development of computers or Turing Machines laid a technical source for the growth of the generative sciences. However, the cornerstones of the generative sciences came from the work on cellular automaton theory by John Von Neumann, which was based on the Walter Pitts and Warren McCulloch model of the neuron. Cellular automata were mathematical representations of simple entities ...

See also:

Generative sciences, Generative sciences - Elemental perspective, Generative sciences - Scientific and philosophical origins, Generative sciences - Prospective directions, Generative sciences - Prominent generative scientists, Generative sciences - Selected bibliography

Read more here: » Generative sciences: Encyclopedia II - Generative sciences - Scientific and philosophical origins

Biologists refer to this misconception as teleology, the idea of intrinsic finality that things are "supposed" to be and behave a certain way, and naturally tend to act that way to pursue their own good. As the fossil record demonstrates that more than ninety nine percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct it is clear that most species do not evolve despite radical environmental changes. From a biological viewpoint, when species evolve it is not a reaction to necessity, but ...

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Devolution fallacy, Devolution fallacy - Misconceptions about evolution, Devolution fallacy - Use of the term by opponents of evolution, Devolution fallacy - Devolution in Science Fiction, Devolution fallacy - Devolution as a Metaphor

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Until seventeen Emden studied Talmud under his father Zvi Ashkenazi, the foremost Talmudic authority of the age, first at Altona, then from 1710 to 1714 at Amsterdam. In 1715 Emden married the daughter of Mordecai ben Naphtali Kohen, rabbi of Uhersky Brod, Moravia, and continued his studies in his father-in-law's yeshivah. Emden became well versed in Talmudic literature; later he studied philosophy, Kabbalah, and grammar, and made an effort to acquire the Latin and Dutch languages, in which, however, he was seriously hindered by his belief that a Jew should occupy himself with secular s ...

See also:

Jacob Emden, Jacob Emden - Biography, Jacob Emden - The Emden-Eybeschütz Controversy, Jacob Emden - Analysis

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Denison was an exclusively male college at the time of its inception, but has since become coeducational. This began with the Granville Female Seminary, which was founded in 1831 by Charles Sawyer. It was sold to Dr. Daniel Shepardson in 1861. It was renamed to Shepardson College for Women and became a part of Denison University in 1900. Denison previously offered some graduate programs leading to a master's degree; however, Denison was made into an exclusively undergraduate institution in the late 1920s. The university offers 35 majo ...

See also:

Denison University, Denison University - History, Denison University - About the College, Denison University - Degrees and majors, Denison University - Greek life, Denison University - Alumni

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In some countries, a Ph.D. candidate is required to present an oral defense of his or her thesis, known in the UK as a viva (short for viva voce, Latin for "by live voice") before a committee. In France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Germany, and Switzerland, before a degree can be granted, the dissertation has to be defended in what is, using a medieval term, called a disputation: an expert in the field, often from another university, is appointed who will present the dissertation, subject it to a critical examinati ...

See also:

Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Philosophy - Time, Doctor of Philosophy - Assessment, Doctor of Philosophy - Funding, Doctor of Philosophy - Oral defense, Doctor of Philosophy - Comparative value, Doctor of Philosophy - Criticism, Doctor of Philosophy - Etymology, Doctor of Philosophy - Bibliography

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Gibbs' scientific career can be divided into four phases. Up until 1879, he worked on the theory of thermodynamics. From 1880 to 1884, he worked on the field of vector analysis. From 1882 to 1889, he worked on optics and the electromagnetic theory of light. After 1889, he worked on statistical mechanics, laying a foundation and "providing a mathematical framework for quantum theory and for Maxwell's theories" [1]; he also produced classic textbooks on the matter. See also:

Josiah Willard Gibbs, Josiah Willard Gibbs - Biography, Josiah Willard Gibbs - Early years, Josiah Willard Gibbs - Middle years, Josiah Willard Gibbs - Later years, Josiah Willard Gibbs - Death and afterwards, Josiah Willard Gibbs - Scientific recognition, Josiah Willard Gibbs - External articles and references, Josiah Willard Gibbs - Citations, Josiah Willard Gibbs - General

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In medicine, most medications can be safely used with other medicines but particular combinations of medicines need to be monitored for interactions, often by the pharmacist. In molecular biology, the knowlege on gene/protein interaction among themselves and with their metabolites is referred to as molecular pathways. Interactions between medications fall generally into one of two main categories; pharmacodynamic (involving the actions of the two interacting drugs), and pharmacokinetic (involving the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of ...

See also:

Interaction, Interaction - Chemistry and medicine, Interaction - Communications, Interaction - Media, Interaction - Physics, Interaction - Sociology

Read more here: » Interaction: Encyclopedia II - Interaction - Chemistry and medicine

IEEE's Constitution defines the purposes of the organization as "scientific and educational, directed toward the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, communications and computer engineering, as well as computer science, the allied branches of engineering and the related arts and sciences." In pursuing these goals, the IEEE serves as a major publisher of scientific journals and a conferences organizer. It is also a leading developer of industrial standards in a broad range of disciplines, including electric power ...

See also:

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Overview, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Grades, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Senior Member Grade, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Fellow Grade, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - IEEE Xplore, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - History, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Standards & the IEEE Standards Development Process, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Notable IEEE committees and formats, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - IEEE Awards and Honors

Read more here: » Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: Encyclopedia II - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - Overview

French Art Main Page Categories Prehistoric Medieval Renaissance & Mannerism Baroque & Classicism Rococo & Neoclassicism The 19th Century The 20th Century Contemporary French art Artists (chronological) Artists - Painters Sculptors - Architects Photographers Art movements (chronological) Art movements Salons & academies Art museums Impressionism - Cubism Dada - Surrealism ...

See also:

French Renaissance, French Renaissance - Art of the French Renaissance, French Renaissance - The High Renaissance, French Renaissance - Late Mannerism and Early Baroque, French Renaissance - Literature of the French Renaissance, French Renaissance - Music of the French Renaissance, French Renaissance - Reference works

Read more here: » French Renaissance: Encyclopedia II - French Renaissance - Art of the French Renaissance