Accounts that may relate to symptoms of schizophrenia date back as far as 2000 BC in the Book of Hearts, part of the ancient Ebers papyrus. However, a recent study1 into the ancient Greek and Roman literature showed that, while the general population probably had an awareness of psychotic disorders, there was no recorded condition that would meet the modern diagnostic crite ...

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - History

See also:

Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

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Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms. Like many mental illnesses, the diagnosis of schizophrenia is based upon the behavior of the person being assessed. There is a list of criteria that must be met for someone to be so diagnosed. These depend on both the presence and duration of certain signs and symptoms. The most commonly used criteria for diagnosing schizophrenia are from the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the World Health Organ ...

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Schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Overview, Schizophrenia - History, Schizophrenia - Diagnosis, Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms, Schizophrenia - Subtypes, Schizophrenia - Presentation, Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies, Schizophrenia - Causes, Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences, Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences, Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence, Schizophrenia - Treatment, Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization, Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support, Schizophrenia - Prognosis, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use, Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens, Schizophrenia - Cannabis, Schizophrenia - Tobacco, Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence, Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia, Schizophrenia - General reading

Read more here: » Schizophrenia: Encyclopedia II - Schizophrenia - Diagnosis

Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness characterized by persistent defects in the perception or expression of reality. A person experiencing untreated schizophrenia typically demonstrates grossly disorganized thinking, and may also experience delusions or auditory hallucinations. Although the illness primarily affects cognition, it can also contribute to chronic problems with behavior or emotions. Due to the many possible combinations of symptoms, it is difficult to say whether it is in fact a single psychiatric disorder; and Eugen Bleuler deliberately called the disease "the schizo ...

Including:

Schizophrenia - Overview Schizophrenia - History Schizophrenia - Diagnosis
Schizophrenia - Criteria signs and symptoms Schizophrenia - Subtypes Schizophrenia - Presentation Schizophrenia - Diagnostic issues and controversies
Schizophrenia - Causes
Schizophrenia - Genetic and environmental influences Schizophrenia - Neurobiological influences
Schizophrenia - Incidence and prevalence Schizophrenia - Treatment
Schizophrenia - Medication and hospitalization Schizophrenia - Therapy and community support
Schizophrenia - Prognosis Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and drug use
Schizophrenia - Hallucinogens Schizophrenia - Cannabis Schizophrenia - Tobacco
Schizophrenia - Schizophrenia and violence
Schizophrenia - Violence perpetrated by people with schizophrenia Schizophrenia - Violence against people with schizophrenia
Schizophrenia - Alternative approaches to schizophrenia Schizophrenia - Notable people affected by schizophrenia Schizophrenia - General reading

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The term antipsychotic is applied to a group of drugs used to treat psychosis. Common conditions with which antipsychotics might be used include schizophrenia, mania and delusional disorder, although antipsychotics might be used to counter psychosis associated with a wide range of other diagnoses. Antipsychotics also have some effects as mood stabilizers, leading to their frequent use in treating mood disorder (particularly bipolar disorder) even when no signs of psychosis are present. Some antipsychotics (haloperidol, pimozide) are used to treat Tourette's Syndrome. These drugs are also referred to as n ...

Including:

Antipsychotic - Common antipsychotic drugs Antipsychotic - Drug action and effectiveness Antipsychotic - Side effects Antipsychotic - History and design Antipsychotic - External link

Read more here: » Antipsychotic: Encyclopedia - Antipsychotic

Erotomania is a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that another person, usually of a higher social status, is in love with them. Erotomania is also called de Clerambault's syndrome, after the French psychiatrist Gaëtan Gatian de Clerambault (1872 - 1934) who published a comprehensive review paper on the subject (Les Psychoses Passionelles) in 1921. Erotomania - History. Early references to the condition can be found in the work of Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Pluta ...

Including:

Erotomania - History Erotomania - Contemporary syndrome Erotomania - Erotomania in fiction

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Clozapine Clozapine (trade names Clozaril®; Leponex®; Fazaclo®), approved by the FDA in 1989, was the first of the atypical antipsychotics. Clozapine is the only FDA-approved medication indicated for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and for reducing the risk of suicidal behaviour in patients with schizophrenia. Clozapine - History and main uses. Clozapine was developed by Sandoz in 1961, and introduced in Europe ten years later. ...

Including:

Clozapine - History and main uses Clozapine - Commonly approved indications Clozapine - Off-label and investigational drug use Clozapine - Chemistry Clozapine - Pharmacology Clozapine - Pharmacokinetics Clozapine - Metabolism Clozapine - Contraindications Clozapine - Side effects Clozapine - Monitoring Clozapine - Dosage

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The atypical antipsychotics (also known as second generation antipsychotics) are a class of prescription medications used to treat psychiatric conditions. All atypical antipsychotics are FDA approved for use in the treatment of schizophrenia. Some carry FDA approved indications for acute mania, bipolar mania, psychotic agitation, bipolar maintenance, and other indications. Atypical antipsychotic - History. The first atypical antipsychotic medication, clozapine, was discovered in the 1950s, and introduced in ...

Including:

Atypical antipsychotic - History Atypical antipsychotic - Pharmacology of the atypicals Atypical antipsychotic - Side effects
Atypical antipsychotic - Metabolic side effects with atypical antipsychotics
Atypical antipsychotic - Atypical antipsychotic medications

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Carbamazepine Carbamazepine (Biston®; Calepsin®; Carbatrol®; Epitol®; Finlepsin®; Sirtal®; Stazepine®; Tegretol®; Telesmin®; Timonil®; Equetro®) is an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy and bipolar disorder; but also used to treat schizophrenia and trigeminal neuralgia. Carbamazepine - Mechanisms. The mecha ...

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Carbamazepine - Mechanisms Carbamazepine - Side Effects Carbamazepine - History Carbamazepine - Reference

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Those found to have been not guilty by reason of insanity are generally then required to undergo psychiatric treatment; except in the case of temporary insanity (see below). Defendants found not guilty by reason of insanity are generally placed in a mental institution. Unlike defendants who are found guilty of a crime, they are not institutionalized for a fixed period, but rather they are held within the institution until authorities determine that they are no longer a threat. Authorities making this decision tend to be cautious; as a ...

See also:

Insanity defense, Insanity defense - Psychiatric treatment, Insanity defense - Psychosis and schizophrenia, Insanity defense - Incompetency intoxication and mental illness, Insanity defense - History of the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Controversy over the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Rules of appreciation, Insanity defense - The M'Naghten Rules, Insanity defense - The irresistible impulse, Insanity defense - The Durham rule, Insanity defense - The Insanity Defense Reform Act US, Insanity defense - The Substantial Capacity Test, Insanity defense - The Brawner rule, Insanity defense - Temporary insanity

Read more here: » Insanity defense: Encyclopedia II - Insanity defense - Psychiatric treatment

The concept of defense by insanity has existed since ancient Greece and Rome. The first complete transcript of an insanity trial dates 1724. Edward II, under English Common law, declared that a person was insane if their mental capacity was no more than that of a "Wild Beast". In Ford v. Wainwright (1975) the US Supreme Court ruled that insane prisoners cannot be executed. The insanity plea was legalized in the United States with the McNaughten Rule, which came as a direct result of the attempted assassination of British Prime Ministe ...

See also:

Insanity defense, Insanity defense - Psychiatric treatment, Insanity defense - Psychosis and schizophrenia, Insanity defense - Incompetency intoxication and mental illness, Insanity defense - History of the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Controversy over the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Rules of appreciation, Insanity defense - The M'Naghten Rules, Insanity defense - The irresistible impulse, Insanity defense - The Durham rule, Insanity defense - The Insanity Defense Reform Act US, Insanity defense - The Substantial Capacity Test, Insanity defense - The Brawner rule, Insanity defense - Temporary insanity

Read more here: » Insanity defense: Encyclopedia II - Insanity defense - History of the insanity defense

There are many different interpretations of "insane" and many different notions of how to deal with insane individuals. In the US (1982), the insanity defense came under increasing criticism following the acquittal of John Hinckley, Jr., who attempted to assassinate President Reagan. Critics of the defense argue that it relies too much on opinion and/or "permits" behavior by one group which is forbidden to another. “If you commit a big crime then you are crazy, and the more heinous the crime, the crazier yo ...

See also:

Insanity defense, Insanity defense - Psychiatric treatment, Insanity defense - Psychosis and schizophrenia, Insanity defense - Incompetency intoxication and mental illness, Insanity defense - History of the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Controversy over the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Rules of appreciation, Insanity defense - The M'Naghten Rules, Insanity defense - The irresistible impulse, Insanity defense - The Durham rule, Insanity defense - The Insanity Defense Reform Act US, Insanity defense - The Substantial Capacity Test, Insanity defense - The Brawner rule, Insanity defense - Temporary insanity

Read more here: » Insanity defense: Encyclopedia II - Insanity defense - Controversy over the insanity defense

Those found to have been not guilty by reason of insanity are generally then required to undergo psychiatric treatment; except in the case of temporary insanity (see below). Defendants found not guilty by reason of insanity are generally placed in a mental institution. Unlike defendants who are found guilty of a crime, they are not institutionalized for a fixed period, but rather they are held within the institution until authorities determine that they are no longer a threat. Authorities making this decision tend to be cautious; as a ...

See also:

Insanity defense, Insanity defense - Psychiatric treatment, Insanity defense - Psychosis and schizophrenia, Insanity defense - Incompetency intoxication and mental illness, Insanity defense - History of the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Controversy over the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Rules of appreciation, Insanity defense - The M'Naghten Rules, Insanity defense - The irresistible impulse, Insanity defense - The Durham rule, Insanity defense - The Insanity Defense Reform Act US, Insanity defense - The Substantial Capacity Test, Insanity defense - The Brawner rule, Insanity defense - Temporary insanity, Insanity defense - Scottish law

Read more here: » Insanity defense: Encyclopedia II - Insanity defense - Psychiatric treatment

The concept of defense by insanity has existed since ancient Greece and Rome. The first complete transcript of an insanity trial dates 1724. Edward II, under English Common law, declared that a person was insane if their mental capacity was no more than that of a "Wild Beast". In Ford v. Wainwright (1975) the US Supreme Court ruled that insane prisoners cannot be executed. The insanity plea was legalized in the United States with the M'Naghten Rules, which came as a direct result of the attempted assassination of British Prime Ministe ...

See also:

Insanity defense, Insanity defense - Psychiatric treatment, Insanity defense - Psychosis and schizophrenia, Insanity defense - Incompetency intoxication and mental illness, Insanity defense - History of the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Controversy over the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Rules of appreciation, Insanity defense - The M'Naghten Rules, Insanity defense - The irresistible impulse, Insanity defense - The Durham rule, Insanity defense - The Insanity Defense Reform Act US, Insanity defense - The Substantial Capacity Test, Insanity defense - The Brawner rule, Insanity defense - Temporary insanity, Insanity defense - Scottish law

Read more here: » Insanity defense: Encyclopedia II - Insanity defense - History of the insanity defense

There are many different interpretations of "insane" and many different notions of how to deal with insane individuals. In the US (1982), the insanity defense came under increasing criticism following the acquittal of John Hinckley, Jr., who attempted to assassinate President Reagan. Critics of the defense argue that it relies too much on opinion and/or "permits" behavior by one group which is forbidden to another. “If you commit a big crime then you are crazy, and the more heinous the crime, the crazier yo ...

See also:

Insanity defense, Insanity defense - Psychiatric treatment, Insanity defense - Psychosis and schizophrenia, Insanity defense - Incompetency intoxication and mental illness, Insanity defense - History of the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Controversy over the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Rules of appreciation, Insanity defense - The M'Naghten Rules, Insanity defense - The irresistible impulse, Insanity defense - The Durham rule, Insanity defense - The Insanity Defense Reform Act US, Insanity defense - The Substantial Capacity Test, Insanity defense - The Brawner rule, Insanity defense - Temporary insanity, Insanity defense - Scottish law

Read more here: » Insanity defense: Encyclopedia II - Insanity defense - Controversy over the insanity defense

In this section, various rules applied in United States jurisdiction with respect to insanity defenses are discussed. Insanity defense - The M'Naghten Rules. The M'Naghten Rules (1843) 10 C & F 200, state, inter alia, that a person may be "insane" if "...at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason, arising from a disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or, if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong." These rules are, as of 2 ...

See also:

Insanity defense, Insanity defense - Psychiatric treatment, Insanity defense - Psychosis and schizophrenia, Insanity defense - Incompetency intoxication and mental illness, Insanity defense - History of the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Controversy over the insanity defense, Insanity defense - Rules of appreciation, Insanity defense - The M'Naghten Rules, Insanity defense - The irresistible impulse, Insanity defense - The Durham rule, Insanity defense - The Insanity Defense Reform Act US, Insanity defense - The Substantial Capacity Test, Insanity defense - The Brawner rule, Insanity defense - Temporary insanity, Insanity defense - Scottish law

Read more here: » Insanity defense: Encyclopedia II - Insanity defense - Rules of appreciation

All antipsychotic drugs tend to block the D2 receptors in the dopamine pathways in the brain, so the normal effect of dopamine release in the relevant synapses is reduced. It is the blockade of D2 receptors in the mesolimbic pathway of the brain which is thought to produce the intended antipsychotic effect. Typical antipsychotics are not particularly selective and also block the same receptors in the mesocortical pathway, tuberoinfundibular pathway and the nigrostriatal pathway. Blocking D2 receptors in these other pathways is thought to produce some of the unwanted side e ...

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Antipsychotic, Antipsychotic - Common antipsychotic drugs, Antipsychotic - Drug action and effectiveness, Antipsychotic - Side effects, Antipsychotic - History and design, Antipsychotic - External link

Read more here: » Antipsychotic: Encyclopedia II - Antipsychotic - Drug action and effectiveness

The range of interactions can produce different adverse effects including extrapyramidal reactions, including acute dystonias, akathisia, rigidity and tremor, tardive dyskinesia, tachycardia, hypotension, impotence, lethargy, seizures, and hyperprolactinaemia. The atypical antipsychotics (especially olanzapine) seem to cause weight gain more commonly than the typical antipsychotics. Clozapine also has a risk of inducing agranulocytosis, a potentially dangerous reduction in the number of white blood cells in the body. Because of ...

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Antipsychotic, Antipsychotic - Common antipsychotic drugs, Antipsychotic - Drug action and effectiveness, Antipsychotic - Side effects, Antipsychotic - History and design, Antipsychotic - External link

Read more here: » Antipsychotic: Encyclopedia II - Antipsychotic - Side effects

The original antipsychotic drugs were happened upon largely by chance and were tested empirically for their effectiveness. The first antipsychotic was chlorpromazine, which was developed as a surgical anesthetic. It was first used on psychiatric patients in the belief that it would have a calming effect. However, the drug soon appeared to reduce psychosis beyond this calming effect, and now some believe that it causes a reduction of psychosis unrelated to the sedating effect of the medication. It was introduced for the treatment of ps ...

See also:

Antipsychotic, Antipsychotic - Common antipsychotic drugs, Antipsychotic - Drug action and effectiveness, Antipsychotic - Side effects, Antipsychotic - History and design, Antipsychotic - External link

Read more here: » Antipsychotic: Encyclopedia II - Antipsychotic - History and design

Commonly used antipsychotic medications are listed below by drug group. Trade names appear in brackets. Typical antipsychotics: Phenothiazines: Chlorpromazine (Thorazine®) Fluphenazine (Prolixin®) - Available in decanoate (long acting) form Perphenazine (Trilafon®) Prochlorperazine (Compazine®) Thioridazine (Mellaril®) Trifluoperazine (Stelazine®) Haloperidol (Haldol®)- Available in decanoate (long acting) form Pimozide (Orap®) - ...

See also:

Antipsychotic, Antipsychotic - Common antipsychotic drugs, Antipsychotic - Drug action and effectiveness, Antipsychotic - Side effects, Antipsychotic - History and design, Antipsychotic - External link

Read more here: » Antipsychotic: Encyclopedia II - Antipsychotic - Common antipsychotic drugs