Sarasvati River

The Sarasvati River is an ancient river that is mentioned in Hindu texts. The Nadistuti hymn in the Rig Veda mentions the Sarasvati between the Yamuna in the east and the Sutlej in the west, and later texts like the Mahabharata mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert. The largest concentration of Indus Valley sites appears to be east of the Indus, at and near the dried-up Ghaggar-Hakra riverbed. There is also a small present-day Saraswati River that joins the Ghaggar river and appears to be one of the branches of the an ...

Including:

• Sarasvati River - The Sarasvati River in Hindu texts
• Sarasvati River - Rig Veda
• Sarasvati River - Other Hindu texts
• Sarasvati River - The present-day Sarasvati
• Sarasvati River - Helmand river
• Sarasvati River - Bibliography

Read more here: » Sarasvati River: Encyclopedia - Sarasvati River

Sarasvati River - Rig Veda. The Hindu Vedas mention a river named Sarasvatī. In Sanskrit saras means a pool or water body, and vatī (from vntī, the female form of the -vant suffix) means "she having lots of pools". Sarasvati was the biggest and most important of the seven holy rivers of the Rig Veda. In the Rig Veda the Sarasvati River is mentioned over 60 times (e.g. Rig Veda 2.41.16; 6.61.8-13; 1.3.12.), and there are sever ...

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Sarasvati River, Sarasvati River - The Sarasvati River in Hindu texts, Sarasvati River - Rig Veda, Sarasvati River - Other Hindu texts, Sarasvati River - The present-day Sarasvati, Sarasvati River - Helmand river, Sarasvati River - Bibliography

Read more here: » Sarasvati River: Encyclopedia II - Sarasvati River - The Sarasvati River in Hindu texts

Aryan invasion theory, often abbreviated to AIT, is a term used to refer to the theory developed by 19th Century European linguists to explain the similarity between Sanskrit and European languages, supposing the invasion or migration of peoples who originated outside of India. The term is now most used by Indian opponents of the theory, or to label obsolete forms of the theory. The term "Aryan" derives from the word arya, used in the Vedas in a sense of "nobility", and as an ethnic term in Iran. The phrase "Aryan ...

Including:

• Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory
• Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory
• Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism
• Aryan invasion theory - Later developments
• Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues
• Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory
• Aryan invasion theory - Literature

Read more here: » Aryan invasion theory: Encyclopedia - Aryan invasion theory

The theory arose from the discovery by William Jones that Sanskrit was related to the classical European languages Latin and Greek, and to Avestan, the ancient language of Iran. Jones surmised that all four languages derived from a common source "which perhaps no longer exists". For Jones, writing in the 1790s, this discovery was consistent with the biblical account of the origins of the tribe of Japheth, one of the sons of Noah, who was thought to have been the ancestor of the European peoples, and to have migrated from Mount Ararat into Eu ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

Read more here: » Aryan invasion theory: Encyclopedia II - Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory

Satellite photography has shown that the Ghaggar-Hakra was indeed a large river that dried up probably between ca. 2500 to 2000 B.C. The dried out Hakra river bed is between three and ten kilometers wide. Recent research indicates that the Sutlej and possibly also the Yamuna once flowed into the Saraswati river bed. The Sutlej and Yamuna Rivers have changed their courses over the time. (see for example Studies from the Post-Graduate Research Institute of Deccan College, Pune, and the Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur. ...

See also:

Ghaggar-Hakra River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Ghaggar River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Hakra River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Indus Valley Civilization, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and its ancient tributaries, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Sutlej, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Yamuna, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Bibliography

Read more here: » Ghaggar-Hakra River: Encyclopedia II - Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and its ancient tributaries

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان, islāmī jamhūriya i pākistān), or Pakistan (Urdu: پاکستان, pākistān) is a country located in South Asia that overlaps onto the Greater Middle East and Central Asia. The country borders Iran (Persia), Afghanistan, China, India and the Arabian Sea. The name of the country "Pakistan" in Urdu and Persian means Land of the Pure. With around 163 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country with the secon ...

Including:

• Pakistan - History
• Pakistan - Ancient History
• Pakistan - Arrival of Islam
• Pakistan - Pre-colonial History
• Pakistan - British rule
• Pakistan - Independence and After
• Pakistan - Politics
• Pakistan - Domestic Politics
• Pakistan - Foreign Relations
• Pakistan - Political History
• Pakistan - Geography
• Pakistan - Economy
• Pakistan - Overview
• Pakistan - Macroeconomic Reform and Prospects
• Pakistan - Tourism
• Pakistan - Demographics
• Pakistan - Population Statistics
• Pakistan - Religion
• Pakistan - Languages
• Pakistan - Ethnic Groups
• Pakistan - Subdivisions
• Pakistan - Society and Culture
• Pakistan - Roots
• Pakistan - Film Television & Music
• Pakistan - Globalization
• Pakistan - Sports
• Pakistan - Mercantile Culture

Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia - Pakistan

The Indus Valley Civilization, 3300 BCE–1700 BCE, was an ancient civilization thriving along the lower Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. Among other names for this civilization is the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa. Indus Valley Civilization - Overview. The Indus Civilization is among the world's earliest civilizations, contemporary to the Bronze Age civilizations of Mesopotamia and Anci ...

Including:

• Indus Valley Civilization - Overview
• Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements
• Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors
• Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization
• Indus Valley Civilization - Cities
• Indus Valley Civilization - Science
• Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture
• Indus Valley Civilization - Trade
• Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture
• Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System
• Indus Valley Civilization - Geography
• Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy
• Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia - Indus Valley Civilization

The river was also of great importance to the Indus Valley Civilization. Archaeologists have suggested that the drying up of this river may have been one of the causes for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization. Along the course of the Ghaggar-Hakra river are many archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilization; but not further south than the middle of Bahawalpur district. It could be that the permanent Sarasvati ended there, and its water only reached the sea in very wet rainy seasons. It may also ha ...

See also:

Ghaggar-Hakra River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Ghaggar River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Hakra River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Indus Valley Civilization, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and its ancient tributaries, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Sutlej, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Yamuna, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Bibliography

Read more here: » Ghaggar-Hakra River: Encyclopedia II - Ghaggar-Hakra River - Indus Valley Civilization

Because of the view that the Aryans were the ancestors of Europeans it was assumed by many scholars that they must have been "white" caucasians. Interpretations were made of the Vedic scriptures to support this view. The Varna (caste) system associates the high-caste Brahmins with the colour white and the low-caste Shudras with the colour black. Hence it was argued that the higher castes were white-skinned invaders, who had subordinated dark-skinned natives. The derogatory application of the word "anasa" (noseless) to the Dasa, the enemies o ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

Read more here: » Aryan invasion theory: Encyclopedia II - Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory

The theory that the original Aryans were northern Europeans who had migrated into India was used by some British imperialists as an ideological justification for British control of India, on the grounds that the founders of Indian culture were of the same race as the Anglo-Saxon invaders who established the British Raj. The theory provided an argument for an alliance between the British and the Indian ruling classes. However some Indian nationalists also took the view that the Aryans had originated outside India. In The Arctic Home in the ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

Read more here: » Aryan invasion theory: Encyclopedia II - Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism

Even in the 19th century several theorists had criticised the use of the term "primitive [i.e. primal] Aryans" to refer to the earliest speakers of Indo-European languages, wherever they may have originated. They argued that the word should only describe the cultures in which the term "Arya" was used – those that occupied Iran and northern India. The tribal name of the earliest speakers is unknown, hence the term Proto-Indo-Europeans is now used. Such writers stated that equation of the Indo-Iranians with northern European invaders was unj ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

Read more here: » Aryan invasion theory: Encyclopedia II - Aryan invasion theory - Later developments

The Hakra is the dried-out channel of a river in Pakistan that until about 2000 BC - 1500 BC was the continuation of the Ghaggar River in India. Many settlements of the Indus Valley Civilisation have been found along the Ghaggar and Hakra rivers. (According to National Geographic maps, the Ghaggar-Hakra river flowed through the Indus valley. National Geographic Vol.197, No.6, Page114) ...

See also:

Ghaggar-Hakra River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Ghaggar River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Hakra River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Indus Valley Civilization, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and its ancient tributaries, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Sutlej, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Yamuna, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Bibliography

Read more here: » Ghaggar-Hakra River: Encyclopedia II - Ghaggar-Hakra River - Hakra River

While the classical "Aryan invasion" scenario – the idea that a wave of Vedic Aryan invaders were the cause of the Indus Valley Civilization's destruction – has fallen out of favor, the majority of archaeologists would not dispute that the Sanskrit language and Hindu religion have some external sources in addition to internal ones. Sanskrit and other Indic languages are clearly related to the Iranian languages which historically have occupied much of Central Asia. However, even as early as the Rig-Veda (1500-1200 BCE), Sanskrit contains ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

Read more here: » Aryan invasion theory: Encyclopedia II - Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory

The Ghaggar is a seasonal river in India, flowing when water is available from monsoon rains. It originates in the Shivalik Hills of Himachal Pradesh and flows through Punjab and Haryana to Rajasthan; just southwest of Sirsa in Haryana, this seasonal river feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan, and is thereby consumed. The present-day Sarasvati originates in a submontane region (Ambala district) and joins the Ghaggar near Shatrana in PEPSU. Near Sadulgarh (Hanumangarh) the Naiwala channel, a dried out channel of the Sutlej, joins the Ghaggar. Near Suratgarh the Ghag ...

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Ghaggar-Hakra River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Ghaggar River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Hakra River, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Indus Valley Civilization, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and its ancient tributaries, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Sutlej, Ghaggar-Hakra River - The Ghaggar-Hakra and the Yamuna, Ghaggar-Hakra River - Bibliography

Read more here: » Ghaggar-Hakra River: Encyclopedia II - Ghaggar-Hakra River - Ghaggar River

In modern India, the discussion of Indo-Aryan migration is charged politically and religiously. Supporters of migration are faced with several accusations. The major one is that the British Raj and European Indologists from the 19th century to the present day promoted the Aryan Invasion hypothesis in support of Eurocentric notions of white supremacy. Assertions that the highly advanced proto-Hindu Vedic culture could not have had its roo ...

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Aryan invasion theory, Aryan invasion theory - Origin of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Racial aspects of the theory, Aryan invasion theory - Role in Imperialism and Nazism, Aryan invasion theory - Later developments, Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues, Aryan invasion theory - Modern Theory, Aryan invasion theory - Literature

Read more here: » Aryan invasion theory: Encyclopedia II - Aryan invasion theory - Political and religious issues

Sindhis are an Indo-Aryan people who have been modified by mainly Iranian peoples, Turkic, and Afghan people over time. As a result of their geographic location and countless invasions and migration, the Sindhis display a wide variety of phenotypes. As regards the composition of the Sindhi population the two main stocks that inhabit Sind are related to, and common, one with the Punjab and another with Balochistan. The majority stock is that of Rajputs and Jats who are the partial descendants of Sakas, Kushans and Huns who also constit ...

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Sindhi people, Sindhi people - History, Sindhi people - Culture and society

Read more here: » Sindhi people: Encyclopedia II - Sindhi people - Culture and society

Around 1900 BC, signs of a gradual decline begin to emerge. People started to leave the cities. Those who remained were poorly nourished. By around 1800 BC, most of the cities were abandoned. In the aftermath of the Indus civilization's collapse, regional cultures emerged, to varying degrees showing the influence of the Indus civilization. In the formerly great city of Harappa, burials have been found that correspond to a regional culture called the Cemetery H culture. At the same time, the Ochre ...

See also:

Indus Valley Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Overview, Indus Valley Civilization - Settlements, Indus Valley Civilization - Predecessors, Indus Valley Civilization - Emergence of Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization - Cities, Indus Valley Civilization - Science, Indus Valley Civilization - Arts and Culture, Indus Valley Civilization - Trade, Indus Valley Civilization - Agriculture, Indus Valley Civilization - Writing or Symbol System, Indus Valley Civilization - Geography, Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy, Indus Valley Civilization - Bibliography

Read more here: » Indus Valley Civilization: Encyclopedia II - Indus Valley Civilization - Decline collapse and legacy

Related articles: History of Afghanistan, History of Iran, History of Tajikistan, History of South Asia, History of Central Asia, History of India. As one of the cradles of human civilisation, the Pakistani region has long been at the crossroads of history. It was the birthplace of some of the most ancient civilisations and a strategic centre of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road. Pakistan was the site of much of the Indus Valley Civilisation and was subsequently occupied by many groups, including Dravidians, ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - History

See main article for detailed information: History of Pakistan (Including pre-history, civilizations of the region, and modern events to date) Related articles: History of Afghanistan, History of Iran, History of Tajikistan, History of Central Asia, History of South Asia, History of India. Pakistan is the birthplace of some of the most ancient civilizations and a strategic center of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road. It exists in a region whose history has overlapped that of many empires (e.g M ...

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Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - Pre-colonial History, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Independence and After, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Domestic Politics, Pakistan - Foreign Relations, Pakistan - Political History, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Overview, Pakistan - Macroeconomic Reform and Prospects, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic Groups, Pakistan - Subdivisions, Pakistan - Society and Culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Film Television & Music, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Sports, Pakistan - Mercantile Culture

Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - History

Related articles: History of Afghanistan, History of Iran, History of Tajikistan, History of South Asia, History of Central Asia, History of India. As one of the cradles of human civilisation, the Pakistani region has long been at the crossroads of history. It was the birthplace of some of the most ancient civilisations and a strategic centre of historic trade routes, including the Silk Road. Pakistan was the site of much of the Indus Valley Civilisation and was subsequently occupied by many groups, including Dravidians, ...

See also:

Pakistan, Pakistan - History, Pakistan - Ancient History, Pakistan - Arrival of Islam, Pakistan - British rule, Pakistan - Post-independence, Pakistan - Politics, Pakistan - Political history, Pakistan - Foreign relations, Pakistan - Provinces and Territories, Pakistan - Geography, Pakistan - Tourism, Pakistan - Economy, Pakistan - Demographics, Pakistan - Population Statistics, Pakistan - Religion, Pakistan - Languages, Pakistan - Ethnic groups, Pakistan - Society and culture, Pakistan - Roots, Pakistan - Media, Pakistan - Globalization, Pakistan - Mercantile culture

Read more here: » Pakistan: Encyclopedia II - Pakistan - History