The adjective saṃskṛta- means "refined, consecrated, sanctified". The language referred to as saṃskṛtā vāk "the refined language" has by definition always been a 'high' language, used for religious and scientific discourse and contrasted with ...

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Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - History

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Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Sandhi, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - Influence

Sanskrit - Modern-day India. Sanskrit's greatest influence, presumably, is that which it exerted on languages that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base. Especially among elite circles in India, Sanskrit is prized as a storehouse of scripture and the language of prayers in Hinduism. Like Latin's influence on European languages, Sanskrit has influenced most Indian languages. While vernacular prayer is common, Sanskrit mantras are recited by millions of Hindus and most temple functions are conducted entirel ...

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Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - Influence

Sanskrit (saṃskṛtam संस्कृतम्) is a classical language of India and a liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It has a position in India and Southeast Asia similar to that of Latin and Greek in Medieval Europe, and is a central part of Hindu tradition. Sanskrit is one of the 22 official languages of India. Sanskrit is taught in schools and households th ...

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• Sanskrit - History
• Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - European Scholarship
• Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system
• Sanskrit - Vowels
• Sanskrit - Consonants
• Sanskrit - Phonology
• Sanskrit - Pitch
• Sanskrit - Sandhi
• Sanskrit - Script
• Sanskrit - Grammar
• Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition
• Sanskrit - Verbs
• Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation
• Sanskrit - Nominal inflection
• Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners
• Sanskrit - Compounds
• Sanskrit - Syntax
• Sanskrit - Numerals
• Sanskrit - Influence
• Sanskrit - Modern-day India
• Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages
• Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit
• Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

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Varamala is set of letters in any one Indian languages like sanskrit. Vara means basic akshara or letter. Mala means series. There are two kinds of letters in typical Indian language, vowels and consonants. Varnamala - Sanskrit Varamala. vowels: A Aa E Ee Consonants: k kh g gh Todo: needs to be completed. Alphabet See also. Alphabet ...

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• Varnamala - Sanskrit Varamala

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Virama is a generic term for the diacritic character in many Brahmic scripts that is used to suppress an inherent vowel sound that occurs with every consonant character. It is a Sanskrit word, and used in place of several script-specific terms for this diacritic, including halant in Devanagari script Hindi and hôshonto in the Bengali script. Other related archivesBengali script, Brahmic scripts, Devanagari, Hindi, Sanskrit, diacritic, vowel

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Akshara is the Sanskrit term for what can be roughly translated as a letter in alphabet. It also refers to the basic unit of sound, that is syllable. It derives its name from the fact that the first letter of this varnamala(alphabet) is 'a' and the last is 'ksha'. Combining these two characters, one gets the term akshara which is used to denote the all letters in entire varnamala. There are two main kinds of letters in indian alphabet, vowels and consonants. Vowels are ending sounds of any syllable. Consonants are starting soun ...

Including:

• Akshara - SyllabliAksharas in typical Indian language
• Akshara - Other meaning

Read more here: » Akshara: Encyclopedia - Akshara

Kavi is the oldest script of Javanese language, and is derived from the Indic Brahmi. A more recent script was Jawi. These scripts were used in the Singhasari kingdom of Java. The more recent scripts were extant in the Majapahit Empire of Java, Bali, Borneo and Sumatra. The scripts are abugida which represent a syllable ending in a vowel, just as in the Sanskrit of Vedic times and the Theravada Buddhist language Pali, thus annotation (virama) is needed to represent a pure consonant. Kavi< ...

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Bengali or Bangla (বাংলা Bāṇlā) is an Indo-Aryan language of South Asia that evolved as a successor to the Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit languages. Bengali is the English word for the name of the language and for its speakers; in Bengali, the language itself is called Bangla (pronounced: IPA: < ...

Including:

• Bengali language - Script
• Bengali language - Phonetics
• Bengali language - Phonology
• Bengali language - Stress
• Bengali language - Intonation
• Bengali language - Vowel Length
• Bengali language - Consonant Clusters
• Bengali language - Syntax
• Bengali language - Morphology
• Bengali language - Nouns
• Bengali language - Verbs
• Bengali language - Vocabulary
• Bengali language - Variation in dialects
• Bengali language - Literary forms
• Bengali language - Regional variations
• Bengali language - Lexical variations
• Bengali language - Bangla literature
• Bengali language - History
• Bengali language - The Fight for Bangla

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There are several kinds of consonant harmony. One of the most commonly found, called sibilant harmony, requires all the sibilants of the word to belong either to the anterior class (s-like sounds) or the nonanterior class (sh-like sounds). Such patterns are found in Navajo, Kinyarwanda, and elsewhere. Various Austronesian languages exhibit consonant harmony among the liquid consonants, with [r] assimilating at a distance to [l] or vice versa. Likewise, in Sanskrit, [n] is retroflexed to [ṇ] if certain consonants pr ...

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Consonant harmony, Consonant harmony - Examples

Read more here: » Consonant harmony: Encyclopedia II - Consonant harmony - Examples

Tamil script - Basic Consonants. Consonants are also called the 'body' (mei) letters. Tamil script - Borrowed consonants. Also called "Grantha" letters, these letters are used almost exclusively for writing words that are borrowed from Sanskrit (or sometimes other languages such as English). Seeing one of these letters in a word is a good indication that the word is probably borrowed from Sanskrit though of course not all such words include these letters.See also:

Tamil script, Tamil script - The Tamil letters, Tamil script - Basic Consonants, Tamil script - Borrowed consonants, Tamil script - Vowels, Tamil script - Tamil in Unicode

Read more here: » Tamil script: Encyclopedia II - Tamil script - The Tamil letters

vowels: A Aa E Ee Consonants: k kh g gh Todo: needs to be completed. ...

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Varnamala, Varnamala - Sanskrit Varamala

Read more here: » Varnamala: Encyclopedia II - Varnamala - Sanskrit Varamala

You will need a Unicode-capable browser and font that contains the Thai alphabet to view the Thai letters below. Thai alphabet - Consonants. There are 44 consonants representing 21 distinct consonant sounds. Duplicate consonants represent different Sanskrit and Pali consonants pronounced identically in Thai. Their continued use is necessary to differentiate among unrelated loan-words which are Thai homophones. The consonants are divided into three classes - low, middle and high - which determine the tone of the following vowel. There are in addition four consonant-vowel combi ...

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Thai alphabet, Thai alphabet - History, Thai alphabet - Alphabet listing, Thai alphabet - Consonants, Thai alphabet - Vowels, Thai alphabet - Diacritics, Thai alphabet - Other symbols, Thai alphabet - Thai in computing

Read more here: » Thai alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Thai alphabet - Alphabet listing

Many words and names transliterated from Devanagari end with the letter "a", to indicate the pronunciation in the original Sanskrit. This final 'inherent a' is often no longer pronounced in some Sanskrit-derived Indian languages, including Hindi. This results in an alternative, 'modern' transliteration that omits it. Sanskrit: Mahabharata, Ramayana, Shiva Hindi: Mahabharat, Ramayan, Shiv Some words retain the final a, generally because they would be difficult to say without it: e.g; Krishna, vajra, Maurya Some Indian languages continue to use ...

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Devanagari transliteration, Devanagari transliteration - Pronunciation of the final a, Devanagari transliteration - Retroflex consonants, Devanagari transliteration - Aspirated consonants

Read more here: » Devanagari transliteration: Encyclopedia II - Devanagari transliteration - Pronunciation of the final a

The oldest surviving written grammar for any language is believed to be the Tolkāppiyam (தொல்காப்பியம்), a book on the grammar of the Tamil language, written around 200 BCE by Tolkāppiyar. Its classification of the alphabet into consonants and vowel was a breakthrough. The historical record of the study of language begins in North India with Pāṇini, the 5th century BCE grammarian who formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, known as the Aṣṭādhyāyī (अष� ...

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Language, Language - Properties of language, Language - Human languages, Language - Origins of human language, Language - Language taxonomy, Language - Constructed languages, Language - The study of language, Language - Animal nonhuman language, Language - Formal languages

Read more here: » Language: Encyclopedia II - Language - The study of language

Main article: Bengali script Bangla is written in the Bangla alphasyllabary (also called syllabic alphabet or abugida), a Brahmic script similar to the Devanagari alphasyllabary used for Hindi, Sanskrit, and many other Indic languages. The Bangla alphasyllabary is a cursive script with 12 vowel characters and 52 consonant characters. As in all alphasyllabaries, every consonant in the Bangla script can come with what is called an "embedded" or "inherent" vowel sound. For example, the simple letter ম can represent ...

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Bengali language, Bengali language - Script, Bengali language - Phonetics, Bengali language - Phonology, Bengali language - Stress, Bengali language - Intonation, Bengali language - Vowel Length, Bengali language - Consonant Clusters, Bengali language - Syntax, Bengali language - Morphology, Bengali language - Nouns, Bengali language - Verbs, Bengali language - Vocabulary, Bengali language - Variation in dialects, Bengali language - Literary forms, Bengali language - Regional variations, Bengali language - Lexical variations, Bengali language - Bangla literature, Bengali language - History, Bengali language - The Fight for Bangla

Read more here: » Bengali language: Encyclopedia II - Bengali language - Script

There are 11 vowels and 35 consonants in Standard Hindī. They are shown below: Hindi - Vowels. The vowel /æ/ occurs in English loans and is represented by ऐ, which was originally used in Sanskrit for the 'ai' or 'əi' diphthong. But today in Khariboli, the Standard dialect, the vowel stands for /æ/ in almost all Hindi words. The other ten vowels have phonemic nasal counterparts. The vowel sequen ...

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Hindi, Hindi - Area, Hindi - Number of Speakers, Hindi - History, Hindi - Standard Hindi, Hindi - Vocabulary, Hindi - Dialects, Hindi - Sounds, Hindi - Vowels, Hindi - Consonants, Hindi - Borrowed sounds, Hindi - Writing system, Hindi - Grammar, Hindi - Word order, Hindi - Common tenses and aspect, Hindi - Case, Hindi - Literature, Hindi - Common difficulties faced in learning Hindi

Read more here: » Hindi: Encyclopedia II - Hindi - Sounds

The Satem languages show the characteristic change of the so-called Proto-Indo-European palato-velars (*ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ) into affricate and fricative consonants articulated in the front of the mouth. For example, *ḱ became Sanskrit ś [ʃ], Avestan, Russian and Armen ...

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Centum-Satem isogloss, Centum-Satem isogloss - Proto-Indo-European dorsals, Centum-Satem isogloss - Satem, Centum-Satem isogloss - Centum, Centum-Satem isogloss - Origins of the sound change, Centum-Satem isogloss - Literature

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The Ancient Greek verbal system is extremely archaic, maintaining nearly all the complexities of Proto-Indo-European. It includes a distinction between a thematic (/oː/) class, with a "thematic" vowel /o/ or /e/ before the endings, and an athematic (/mi/) class, with endings added directly to the root. (Unlike in Sanskrit, nearly all athematic roots end in a vowel. The only exceptions are /es-/ "be" and /oid-/,/eid-/,/id-/ "know".) The endings are also distinguished as primary (us ...

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Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Dialects of Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek - Sound changes, Ancient Greek - Sounds, Ancient Greek - Vowels, Ancient Greek - Consonants, Ancient Greek - Consonant classes, Ancient Greek - Consonant contractions, Ancient Greek - Compensatory lengthening, Ancient Greek - Augment, Ancient Greek - Reduplication, Ancient Greek - Grammatical forms, Ancient Greek - Nouns, Ancient Greek - Alpha Declension, Ancient Greek - Omicron Declension, Ancient Greek - The Article, Ancient Greek - Numerals, Ancient Greek - Verbs, Ancient Greek - Principal parts, Ancient Greek - Present tense, Ancient Greek - Contracted verbs, Ancient Greek - Future tense, Ancient Greek - Aorist tense, Ancient Greek - Perfect tense, Ancient Greek - Deponents semi-deponents, Ancient Greek - Sample paradigms, Ancient Greek - Subordination rules and verbs meaning

Read more here: » Ancient Greek: Encyclopedia II - Ancient Greek - Verbs

Main article: Hindi literature The beginnings of Hindi literature can be traced to the Prakrits of classical Sanskrit plays. Tulasidas's Ramacharitamanas attained wide popularity. Modern litterateurs include Jaishankar Prasad, Sumitranandan Pant, Maithili Sharan Gupta, Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Mahadevi Varma, Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayana 'Ajneya' and Munshi Premchand. ...

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Hindi, Hindi - Area, Hindi - Number of Speakers, Hindi - History, Hindi - Standard Hindi, Hindi - Vocabulary, Hindi - Dialects, Hindi - Sounds, Hindi - Vowels, Hindi - Consonants, Hindi - Borrowed sounds, Hindi - Writing system, Hindi - Grammar, Hindi - Word order, Hindi - Common tenses and aspect, Hindi - Case, Hindi - Literature, Hindi - Common difficulties faced in learning Hindi

Read more here: » Hindi: Encyclopedia II - Hindi - Literature