Sanskrit - Modern-day India. Sanskrit's greatest influence, presumably, is that which it exerted on languages that grew from its vocabulary and grammatical base. Especially among elite circles in India, Sanskrit is prized as a storehouse of scripture and the language of prayers in Hinduism. Like Latin's influence on European languages, Sanskrit has influenced most Indian languages. While vernacular prayer is common, Sanskrit mantras are recited by millions of Hindus and most temple functions are conducted entirel ...

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Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Sandhi, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - Influence

The word saṃskṛta means "refined, consecrated, sanctified". The language referred to as saṃskṛtā vāk "the refined language" has by definition always been a 'high' language, used for religious and scientific discourse and contrasted with the la ...

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Sanskrit, Sanskrit - History, Sanskrit - Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit, Sanskrit - European Scholarship, Sanskrit - Phonology and writing system, Sanskrit - Vowels, Sanskrit - Consonants, Sanskrit - Phonology, Sanskrit - Pitch, Sanskrit - Sandhi, Sanskrit - Script, Sanskrit - Grammar, Sanskrit - Grammatical tradition, Sanskrit - Verbs, Sanskrit - Verbs: Conjugation, Sanskrit - Nominal inflection, Sanskrit - Personal Pronouns and Determiners, Sanskrit - Compounds, Sanskrit - Syntax, Sanskrit - Numerals, Sanskrit - Influence, Sanskrit - Modern-day India, Sanskrit - Interactions with Sino-Tibetan languages, Sanskrit - Western vogue for Sanskrit, Sanskrit - Computational linguistics

Read more here: » Sanskrit: Encyclopedia II - Sanskrit - History

This section generally describes the post-Classic phonology of the Greek language. All phonetic transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet Greek language - Vowel sounds. Greek has 5 vowel sounds, all phonemic: Close vowels, when found in unstressed final syllables, tend to be voiceless, particularly if they are between voiceless consonants [e.g.: φάσης /ˈfasis/ → /ˈfasi̥s/ (→ /f ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Phonology

Samdhi.

See SANDHI

(See also: Samdhi, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

Samdhya.

See SANDHI

(See also: Samdhya, Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)

Greek language - Some common words and phrases. Greek (man): Έλληνας, IPA /ˈe̞liˌnas/ Greek (woman): Ελληνίδα /ˌe̞liˈniða/ Greek (language): Ελληνικά /e̞ˌliniˈka/ hello: γεια /ʝa/ (informal, literally "health"), you say this only t ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Examples

Modern Greek is written in the late Ionic variant of the Greek alphabet, the oldest discovered inscriptions of which date to the 8th or 9th Century BC, assumed its final form in 403 BC, and displaced other regional variants due to its use for the Attic Koine dialect during the Hellenistic era. The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital and small form: Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ ς (word-final ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Writing system

Ancient Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages, was highly inflected. For example nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative), three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated in four main tenses (present, aorist, ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Grammar

This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on Proto-Greek language. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest evidence of this is found in the Linear B tablets dating from 1500 BC. The later Greek alphabet (q.v.) is unrelated to Linear B, and was derived from the Phoenician alphabet (abjad); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventi ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - History

The Nunavut dialects of Inuktitut have fifteen distinct consonants, except for Natsilingmiutut, which has the additional phoneme /ɟ/. IPA notation: This same table with Inuujingajut spellings for comparison: ...

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Inuit language phonology and phonetics, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Vowels, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonants, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Intonation, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Syllables, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonant sandhi, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Alveolars, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Labials, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Velars, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Uvulars, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Non-phonemic voiced labials, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Fricatives, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Other systematic dialectical variations, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonant weakening in Qawariaq, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Palatalization in Inupiatun, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Assibilation, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Fricative substitution in western Nunavut, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Nasalization of word-final consonants in western dialects, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Retroflex consonants in western dialects, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Double consonant clusters in Nunavimmiutut, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Glottal stops

Read more here: » Inuit language phonology and phonetics: Encyclopedia II - Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonants

This section generally describes the post-Classic phonology of the Greek language. All phonetic transcriptions in this section use the International Phonetic Alphabet Greek language - Vowel sounds. Greek has 5 vowel sounds, all phonemic: Close vowels, when found in unstressed final syllables, tend to be voiceless, particularly if they are between voiceless consonants [e.g.: φάσης /ˈfasis/ → /ˈfasi̥s/ (→ /f ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Phonology

In Inuktitut, intonation is important in distinguishing some words - particularly interrogatives - but it is not generally marked in writing. There are some minimal pairs in Inuktitut where only pitch distinguishes between two different words, but they are rare enough that context usually disambiguates them in writing. One common case, however is suva. A high pitch on the first syllable followed by a falling pitch on the second syllable means "What did you say?". A middle pitch on the first syll ...

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Inuit language phonology and phonetics, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Vowels, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonants, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Intonation, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Syllables, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonant sandhi, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Alveolars, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Labials, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Velars, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Uvulars, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Non-phonemic voiced labials, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Fricatives, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Other systematic dialectical variations, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonant weakening in Qawariaq, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Palatalization in Inupiatun, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Assibilation, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Fricative substitution in western Nunavut, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Nasalization of word-final consonants in western dialects, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Retroflex consonants in western dialects, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Double consonant clusters in Nunavimmiutut, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Glottal stops

Read more here: » Inuit language phonology and phonetics: Encyclopedia II - Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Intonation

Almost all dialects of Inuktitut have only three basic vowels and make a phonemic distinction between short and long forms of all vowels. In Inuujingajut, (Nunavut standard Roman orthography) long vowels are written as a double vowel. In western Alaska, Qawiaraq and to some degree the Malimiutun variant of Inupiatun retains an additional vowel /ə/ which was present in proto-Inuit and is still present in Yupik, but which has become /i/ or sometimes /a/ in all other dialects. ...

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Inuit language phonology and phonetics, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Vowels, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonants, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Intonation, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Syllables, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonant sandhi, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Alveolars, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Labials, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Velars, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Uvulars, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Non-phonemic voiced labials, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Fricatives, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Other systematic dialectical variations, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Consonant weakening in Qawariaq, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Palatalization in Inupiatun, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Assibilation, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Fricative substitution in western Nunavut, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Nasalization of word-final consonants in western dialects, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Retroflex consonants in western dialects, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Double consonant clusters in Nunavimmiutut, Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Glottal stops

Read more here: » Inuit language phonology and phonetics: Encyclopedia II - Inuit language phonology and phonetics - Vowels

Modern Greek is written in the late Ionic variant of the Greek alphabet, the oldest discovered inscriptions of which date to the 8th or 9th Century BC, assumed its final form in 403 BC, and displaced other regional variants due to its use for the Attic Koine dialect during the Hellenistic era. The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital and small form: Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ ς (word-final ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Writing system

Greek language - Typography. Athena, public domain polytonic Greek font Gentium — a typeface for the nations, a freely available font including polytonic Greek support Generator for Greek typographical filler text Greek language - Lexica. Translatum - The Greek Translation Vortal. An extended list of searchable and downloadable Greek dictionaries. Modern Greek–English, English–Modern Greek dictionary. (Basic dictionary) < ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Literature

Ancient Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages, was highly inflected. For example nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative), three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), and three numbers (singular, dual and plural). Verbs have four moods (indicative, imperative, subjunctive and optative), three voices (active, middle and passive), as well as three persons (first, second and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated in four main tenses (present, a ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - Grammar

This article does not cover the reconstructed history of Greek prior to the use of writing. For more information, see main article on Proto-Greek language. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest evidence of this is found in the Linear B tablets dating from 1500 BC. The later Greek alphabet (q.v.) is unrelated to Linear B, and was derived from the Phoenician alphabet (abjad); with minor modifications, it is still used today. Greek is conventionally divided into the followin ...

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Greek language, Greek language - History, Greek language - Classification, Greek language - Geographic distribution, Greek language - Official status, Greek language - Phonology, Greek language - Vowel sounds, Greek language - Consonants, Greek language - Sandhi rules, Greek language - Orthography, Greek language - Historical sound changes, Greek language - Grammar, Greek language - Writing system, Greek language - Examples, Greek language - Some common words and phrases, Greek language - The Iliad in Homeric Greek Lines 1-7, Greek language - The Lord's Prayer in Greek Matt. 6:9-13, Greek language - The Nicene Creed in Greek, Greek language - Literature, Greek language - Typography, Greek language - Lexica, Greek language - Spell checkers, Greek language - Special characters

Read more here: » Greek language: Encyclopedia II - Greek language - History

Northern Wu Romanization Scheme, developed by W.Z. Yin of the University of Chicago (芝加哥大学). The below romanization unites Shanghainese and Suzhou-hua, and is highly representative of other Northern Wu dialects as well. The initials and finals inventory below is by far the most extensive of any major Chinese dialect and has high correspondence with early Middle Chinese (just before Tang Dynasty) phonology. Example sentences: 搿能家好孛相法子个游戏值得收藏。 Genenkaa haubesianfatsi ge yeush ...

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Shanghainese dialect, Shanghainese dialect - Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese, Shanghainese dialect - Initials, Shanghainese dialect - Rimes, Shanghainese dialect - Tones, Shanghainese dialect - Advanced tone sandhi and argument for pitch accent classification:, Shanghainese dialect - Chicago Romanization, Shanghainese dialect - Fudan Romanization

Read more here: » Shanghainese dialect: Encyclopedia II - Shanghainese dialect - Chicago Romanization

English has a no longer productive process of voicing stem-final fricatives, which is encountered both in noun-verb pairs and in the formation of plural nouns. belief - believe life - live proof - prove strife - strive thief - thieve ba[θ] - ba[ð]e breaSee also:

Consonant mutation, Consonant mutation - Celtic, Consonant mutation - Japanese, Consonant mutation - Indonesian/Malay, Consonant mutation - Southern Paiute, Consonant mutation - Fula, Consonant mutation - Finnish, Consonant mutation - Dholuo, Consonant mutation - English, Consonant mutation - Modern Hebrew, Consonant mutation - In fiction, Consonant mutation - Sindarin, Consonant mutation - Mutation vs. sandhi, Consonant mutation - Bibliography

Read more here: » Consonant mutation: Encyclopedia II - Consonant mutation - English

(Vottay Da`oc复旦大学) Initials Rimes Glottal Stop “c” can be replaced by double writing the following consonantal letter except for”m,n,h”. There shall be only one of the vocalic letters (A,E,I,O,U) in one monosyllable,as there are no true diphthongal syllables in Shanghai dialect. Rimes "UYN", "UYQ" can be shortened by "YN", "YC". Tones The short high tone is only used in a monosyllable or the last syllable of a polysyllable. Long or short low tones are almost ...

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Shanghainese dialect, Shanghainese dialect - Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese, Shanghainese dialect - Initials, Shanghainese dialect - Rimes, Shanghainese dialect - Tones, Shanghainese dialect - Advanced tone sandhi and argument for pitch accent classification:, Shanghainese dialect - Chicago Romanization, Shanghainese dialect - Fudan Romanization

Read more here: » Shanghainese dialect: Encyclopedia II - Shanghainese dialect - Fudan Romanization

Note: Chinese characters for Shanghainese are not standardized and are provided for reference only. Unlike Mandarin, Shanghainese actually has the direct "yes" (ay/éi/ei) similar to English. About the romanizations: Romanization VT: Hui LI, Center for Anthropological Studies, Fudan University (Shanghai) Lumazi, Chicago: W.Z. Yin, University of Chicago ...

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Shanghainese dialect, Shanghainese dialect - Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese, Shanghainese dialect - Initials, Shanghainese dialect - Rimes, Shanghainese dialect - Tones, Shanghainese dialect - Advanced tone sandhi and argument for pitch accent classification:, Shanghainese dialect - Chicago Romanization, Shanghainese dialect - Fudan Romanization

Read more here: » Shanghainese dialect: Encyclopedia II - Shanghainese dialect - Common Words and Phrases in Shanghainese

Sandhya:

Sandhya. See Sandhi.

(See also: Sandhya, Tantra, Tantra Dictionary, Body Mind and Soul)