Encyclopedia - Saka: Encyclopedia - Saka
The Sakas are a peoples that lived in what is now Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Iran, Ukraine, and Al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saka: Encyclopedia Ii - Saka - Connection Theories
The following sections deal mostly with popular traditions of Saka descent found among numerous Asian and European peoples. The Saka/Scyt...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Saka: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Saka
Saka (Sanskrit) An era, epoch.   (See also: Saka , Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)      » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scythia: Encyclopedia - Scythia
Scythia was an area in Eurasia inhabited in ancient times by a group of Iranian people speaking Indo-Iranian languages, known as the Scyt...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashvakas: Encyclopedia - Ashvakas
The Ashvakas are very ancient people of north-east Afghanistan. They find mention in the Puranas, Mahabharata and other ancient Sanskrit ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cimmerians: Encyclopedia - Cimmerians
The Cimmerians (Greek Kimmerioi) were ancient equestrian nomads who, according to Herodotus, originally inhabited the region north of the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sai: Encyclopedia - Sai
Sai may be: Sai (weapon), a weapon used in certain martial arts, of Okinawan origin Sai (game), a variant of the game Mancala. Sai, Aomo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Western Kshatrapas: Encyclopedia - Western Kshatrapas
The Western Kshatrapas, or Western Satraps, (35-405 CE) were Saka rulers of the western and central part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 70s: Encyclopedia - 70s
Centuries: 1st century BC - 1st century - 2nd century Decades: 20s - 30s - 40s - 50s - 60s - 70s - 80s - 90s - 100s - 110s - 120s 70 71 7...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uisang: Encyclopedia - Uisang
Uisang (625 - 702) was one of the most eminent early Silla scholar-monks, a close friend of Wonhyo (元曉). He traveled to China, studyi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Avatamsaka Sutra: Encyclopedia - Avatamsaka Sutra
The Avataṃsaka Sūtra (Chinese 華嚴經; pinyin hua yan jing) is one of the most influential scriptures in East Asian Buddhism. The ti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Asanga: Encyclopedia - Asanga
Asanga (also called Aryasanga), born around 300 C.E., was a great exponent of the Yogacara. Born in Gandhara in north India as a Brahmin'...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scythia: Encyclopedia Ii - Scythia - Sakas
Main article: Sakas Sakas was the name given to Scythians in Asia, especially by Persians. The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rishikas: Encyclopedia Ii - Rishikas - Rishikas In Saka-dvipa
The name Rishika occurs in Mahabharata as a part of Saka-dvipa (2.27.25; India as Known to Panini, p 64). Lohan. Parama.Kambojan.Rishika...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rishikas: Encyclopedia Ii - Rishikas - Rishikas In Saka-dvipa
The name Rishika occurs in Mahabharata as a part of Saka-dvipa (2.27.25; India as Known to Panini, p 64). Lohan. Parama. Kambojan. Rishi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scythia: Encyclopedia Ii - Scythia - History
Scythia - Overview. To date, no widely accepted explanation exists for the origin of the Scythians, nor how they migrated to the Caucas...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - Saka Rule 160 Bce Onward
When the Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described Ta-Yuan around 128 BCE, he mentioned, besides the flourishing urban civilization, warriors "s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rishikas: Encyclopedia Ii - Rishikas - Rishikas In South-west India
The Saka invasion of India in second century BCE was a joint military venture in which the allied tribes of the Shakas, Pahlavas, Kamboja...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Saka Dwipa: Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary On Saka Dwipa
Saka Dwipa (Sanskrit). One of the seven islands or continents mentioned in the Puranas (ancient works).   (See also: Saka Dwip...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandhara Under Graeco Bactrians Sakas And Indo-parthinas
The decline of the Empire left the sub-continent open to Greco-Bactrian expansion. Southern Afghanistan was absorbed by Demetrius of Bact...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - Interaction With China 130 Bce Onward
The Ta-Yuan remained a healthy and powerful civilization which had numerous contacts and exchanges with China from 130 BCE. Around 130 BC...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indian National Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - Indian National Calendar - Calendar Structure
In leap years, Chaitra has 31 days and starts on March 21 instead. Like the Persian calendar, the months in the first half of the year al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indian National Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - Indian National Calendar - Calendar Structure
In leap years, Chaitra has 31 days and starts on March 21 instead. The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days, to take int...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rishikas: Encyclopedia Ii - Rishikas - On Kamboja Rishika Connection?
There are not enough references in ancient literature on Rishika clan. But it looks like there is somehow, a connection between the ancie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indian National Calendar: Encyclopedia Ii - Indian National Calendar - Adoption
The calendar was introduced by the Calendar Reform Committee in 1957, as part of the Indian Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, which also co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scythia: Encyclopedia Ii - Scythia - Scythian Society
The Scythians formed a loose network of nomadic tribes of equestrian herdsmen and raiders. They invaded many areas in the steppes of Eura...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Scythia: Encyclopedia Ii - Scythia - The Genetic Argument
Genetic research in modern populations reveals that the same Y chromosome haplogroup (R1a) represents a genetic lineage currently found i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - Punjab History Timeline
500,000 Years: Pre-historic and Proto-historic existance of early mankind 2500 - 1500 B.C.: Harappa Culture 2500 - 700 B.C.: Rigvedic Ary...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - An Era Of East-west Trade And Cultural Exchange
The Silk Road essentially came into being from the 1st century BC/BCE, following the efforts of China to consolidate a road to the Wester...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - Hellenistic Rule 329–160 Bce
The region of Ferghana was conquered by Alexander the Great in 329 BCE and became his most advanced base in Central Asia. He founded the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashvakas: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashvakas - Kamboja Cavalry In Ancient Wars
The Kambojas were basically a republican people. They were constituted into military Sanghas and Corporations to manage their affairs, as...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ta-yuan: Encyclopedia Ii - Ta-yuan - An Era Of East-west Trade And Cultural Exchange
The Silk Road essentially came into being from the 1st century BC/BCE, following the efforts of China to consolidate a road to the Wester...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Rishikas: Encyclopedia Ii - Rishikas - Rishikas On Sarasvati/greater Panjab
Matsya Purana makes us believe that the Rishikas were so called since they had descended from the Rishis or wisemen or learned parentage ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashvakas: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashvakas - Geographical Location
The Ashvakas were located in the eastern parts of modern Afghanistan in the intervening river valleys starting from Laghman in the west u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashvakas: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashvakas - Ashvakas Are The Kambojas
Ashvakas - Buddhist Texts evidence. Aruppa-Niddesa of Visuddhimagga by Buddhaghosa describes the Kamboja land as the base of horses (10...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashvakas: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashvakas - More Opinions From Scholars
Sir Thomas H. Holdich, in the his classic book, The Gates of India, writes that the Aspasians (Aspasios) represent the modern Kafirs (The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ashvakas: Encyclopedia Ii - Ashvakas - Afghan And Ashvakan Relationship
According to modern view, the name Afghan derives from Sanskrit Ashvaka or Ashvakan, the Assakenoi of classical writings. McCrindle obser...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cimmerians: Encyclopedia Ii - Cimmerians - Historical Accounts
The first historical record of the Cimmerians appears in Assyrian annals in the year 714 BC. These describe how a people termed the Gimir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - Introduction
The first known use of the word Punjab is in the book Tarikh-e-Sher Shah (1580), which mentions the construction of a fort by "Sher Khan ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - Indo-aryans
Main articles: Aryan invasion theory, Vedic civilization Factors in the civilization's decline likely included a change in weather patter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - Persian Domination
Of the sixteen great kingdoms (solas Mahajanapadas) that evolved prior to the rise of Buddhism in ancient Indian sub-continent, only the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - Alexander's Invasion And The Indo-greek Kingdoms
In the eighth decade of fourth century BCE, the companions of Alexander the Great did not record the names of Gandhara and/or the Kamboja...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - The Rise Of Sikh Power
The Punjab presented a picture of chaos and confusion when Ranjit Singh took the control of Sukerchakias misal. The edifice of Ahmad Shah...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Saka: Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary On Saka
Saka (Sanskrit). Lit., "the One", or the Ekas; used of the "Dragon of Wisdom" or the manifesting deities, taken co...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - The British In Punjab
By 1845 the British had moved 32,000 troops to the Sutlej frontier, ostensibly to secure their northernmost possessions against the succe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - The Punjab Of India And Pakistan
In terms of area, Pakistan obtained roughly 70% of the Punjab in 1947, including most of the population, which was Muslim. More than 10 m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandhara Under Turkshahi & Hindushahi
After the fall of Sassanian Empire to Arabs in 644 AD Afghanistan and Gandhara came under pressure from Muslims. But they failed to exten...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cimmerians: Encyclopedia Ii - Cimmerians - Origins
Their origins are obscure, but they are believed to have been Indo-European. Their language is regarded as being related to either Thraci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Language
The Gandharan Buddhist texts are both the earliest Buddhist texts and the earliest Indian manuscripts ever discovered. Most are composed...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandharan Proselytism
Gandharan Buddhist missionaries were active, with other monks from Central Asia, from the 2nd century CE in the Chinese capital of Loyang...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cimmerians: Encyclopedia Ii - Cimmerians - Language
Of the language of the Cimmerians, only a few personal names have survived in Assyrian inscriptions: Te-ush-pa, mentioned in the annals ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Geography
The Gandharas were settled since the Vedic times on the south bank of Kabul River (river Kubha or Kabol) up to its mouth into Indus itsel...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Ancient Gandhara
Gandhara - Pre Historic Period. Gandhara shows an influx of southern Central Asian culture in the Bronze Age with the Gandhara grave cu...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Cimmerians: Encyclopedia Ii - Cimmerians - Possible Offshoots
The Cimmerians are thought to have had a number of offshoots. The Thracians have been identified as a possible western branch of the Cimm...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Persian Rule
Cyrus the Great (558-530 BCE) built first universal empire of the world stretching from Greece to the Indus River. Both Gandhara and Kamb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandhara Under The Mauryas
Chandergupta, the founder of Mauryan dynasty was living in Taxila when Alexander captured this city. Here he met Kautilya, who remained h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - The Golden Age Of Kushans Rule
The Parthian dynasty fell about 75 AD to another horde from Central Asia. Kushans, a Turkish type people known as Yueh-Chih in China move...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandhara After Huns Invasion
Huns captured Gandhara around 450 AD. Huns did not adopt Buddhism and let Gandhara Civilization to decline. During there rule Hinduism re...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - Muslim Invasions And The Shahi Kingdom
Following the birth of Islam in Arabia in the 6th century, the Muslims rose to power, replacing Persia as the major power to the west of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Punjab: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Punjab - The Delhi Sultanate And Mughal Empire
After Muhammad's death in 1206, his general Qutb-ud-din Aybak took control of Muhummad's Indian empire, including Afghanistan, the Punjab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vikramāditya: Encyclopedia Ii - Vikramāditya - Vikramaditya And Shalivahana
Legand has it that Saka King Shalivahana defeated Vikramaditya and captured Ujjain in the 1st century AD. As a result, the Shalivahana er...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gandhara: Encyclopedia Ii - Gandhara - Gandharan Art
Gandhāra is noted for the distinctive Gandhāra style of Buddhist art, a consequence of merger of Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian art ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kamboja Location: Encyclopedia Ii - Kamboja Location - Kambojas: A Tribe Of Uttarapatha
Kamboja Location - Epic evidence. It is important to note that in ancient literature and inscriptions, the Kambojas are mostly listed w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - British Israelism: Encyclopedia Ii - British Israelism - General Overview
The teaching of British Israelism took off in the mid-1800s after the deciphering of the ancient rock inscription at Behistun in Persia, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Latin-celt: Encyclopedia Ii - Latin-celt - Origins And Background
Latin-celt - Celts. The term Celts (pronounced "kelts")[1] refers to any of a number of ancient peoples in Europe using the Celtic lang...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khasas: Encyclopedia Ii - Khasas - Antiquity And Origin
The Kashgar in Tarim Basin and Kashkar in Chitral are connected with the Khasas. But is seems more likely that these names come from anci...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khasas: Encyclopedia Ii - Khasas - Khasas In Epic Literature
The epic literature asserts that the Khasas, Chinas, Hunas, Shakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Kiratas, Sinhalas, Mlechchas etc were al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khasas: Encyclopedia Ii - Khasas - Khasas In Puranic Literature
[Purana]]s include the Khasas in the ancient Janapada list and place them in the parvatashrayin (mountainous) division of Puranic Bhuvana...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Vikramāditya: Encyclopedia Ii - Vikramāditya - Vikramaditya And Shalivahana
Legand has it that Saka King Shalivahana defeated Vikramaditya and captured Ujjain in the 1st century AD. As a result, the Shalivahana er...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khasas: Encyclopedia Ii - Khasas - Degraded Kshatriyas
Numerous Puranic literature states that after defeating the five hordes (panca-ganah) of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas and the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khasas: Encyclopedia Ii - Khasas - Geographical Distribution
As has been noted from the Puranic and epic references presented above, there had been many settlements of the Khasas. Prof. Atkinson say...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Indo-scythians: Encyclopedia Ii - Indo-scythians - Origins
The ancestors of the Indo-Scythians are thought to be Sakas (Scythian) tribes, originally settled in southern Siberia, in the Ili river a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khasas: Encyclopedia Ii - Khasas - Khasas Kambojas In Bengal
The archieves of Bengal contain references on the presence of foreign groups like Khasas, Pukkasha, Pulinda, Thara, Kamboja, Yavana, Sumh...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Khasas: Encyclopedia Ii - Khasas - Epilogue
From the foregoing discussion, it is noticeable that there are several references which bracket the Khasas with the Kambojas, Shakas, Pah...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Yona: Encyclopedia Ii - Yona - The Yonas And Other Northwestern Invaders In Indian Literature
The Yavanas or Yonas are frequently found listed with the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas and other northwestern tribes in numerous ancient Ind...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Saka: Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary On Saka
Saka (Sanskrit). According to the Orientalists the same as the classical Sace. It is during the reign of their King Yudishtira that th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Isaccea: Encyclopedia Ii - Isaccea - Name
Possibly the earliest mentioning is in De Administrando Imperio (around 950) of Constantine Porphyrogenitus. It talks about six deserted ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Latin-celt: Encyclopedia Ii - Latin-celt - Significance Of The Term
The terms Latin-celt and Franco-celt are fairly recent, but explain the relatively common occurance of black colored hair amongst many Ce...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hanshin Tigers: Encyclopedia Ii - Hanshin Tigers - History Of The Hanshin Tigers
The Hanshin Tigers, one of the oldest professional clubs in Japan, were founded in 1935 with the team being formed in 1936. The team was ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Languages: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Languages - Classification Of The Iranian Languages
I. Eastern Iranian A. Northeastern Avestan* Chorasmian* (Khwarezmian) Bactrian* Sogdian* (dialects: Christian, Buddhist, Manichaean), Ya...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Schools Of Buddhism: Encyclopedia Ii - Schools Of Buddhism - Nikaya Schools
See also: early Buddhist schools The initial split between Sthaviravāda and Mahāsaṃghika occurred about 100 years after Buddha's deat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Sindhi People: Encyclopedia Ii - Sindhi People - Culture And Society
Sindhis are an Indo-Aryan people who have been modified by mainly Iranian peoples, Turkic, and Afghan people over time. As a result of th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Jat: Encyclopedia Ii - Jat - Jat Origins
The origin of Jats has several theories ranging from their sudden appearance from Shiva's Jattas (locks) to their lineage in the Aryan ra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pashtun People: Encyclopedia Ii - Pashtun People - History And Origins
Pashtun culture is ancient and much of it is yet to be recorded in contemporary times. There are many conflicting theories, some contempo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pashtun People: Encyclopedia Ii - Pashtun People - Who Is A Pashtun?
Amongst historians, anthropologists, and the Pashtuns themselves, there is some debate as to who exactly is a Pashtun. The most prominent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pashtun People: Encyclopedia Ii - Pashtun People - Culture
Throughout Pashtun history poets, prophets, kings and warriors have been the most revered members of society. The term 'Pakhto' or 'Pasht...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pashtun People: Encyclopedia Ii - Pashtun People - Institutions
The Pashtuns are predominantly a tribal people, however, increasing numbers now dwell in cities and urban settlements. Many still identif...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pashtun People: Encyclopedia Ii - Pashtun People - Social Conditions
The Pashtuns today are a diverse population with widely varying lifestyles and perspectives. The effects of globalization have led to the...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Peoples: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Peoples - List Of Iranian Peoples
Iranian peoples - Past. Persians Medes (ancient people speaking a precursor to the modern Iranian language) Parthians Parni Cimmerians...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Magadha: Encyclopedia Ii - Magadha - Kings Of Magadha
A list of kings according to the Sri Lankan Chronicles follows: Bimbisāra (ruled for 52 years) Ajātaśatru (32 years; The Buddha is th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ugadi: Encyclopedia Ii - Ugadi - The Lunar Almanac Of The Deccan
The festival marks the new year day for people who follow the southern Indian lunar calendar, pervasively adhered to in the states of And...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Burmese Chinese: Encyclopedia Ii - Burmese Chinese - Sub-ethnic Groups
Generally, the Burmese Chinese are divided into three main groups. The first consists of Cantonese-speakers (Burmese: ein-gyi to, lit. sh...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Sakas: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Sakas
Sakas (Sanskrit) A people supposed to be of Western origin, Indo-Scythians; according to Orientalists, the same as the classical Sacae...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Saka: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Saka
Saka (Sanskrit) Applied to intellect or cosmic wisdom in the Vishnu-Purana, mystically and philosophically identical with cosmic mahat...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Saka-dvipa: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Saka-dvipa
Saka-dvipa (Sanskrit) According to the Puranas, the sixth of the seven dvipas (continents or islands) which compose the globe. Esoteri...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Sacea: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Sacea
Sacea.   See SAKAS   (See also: Sacea , Mysticism, Mysticism Dictionary)      » Read the article

Dictionary - Dvipa: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Dvipa
Dvipa (Sanskrit) A zone, region, land, or continent; those in Hindu mythology refer esoterically to the seven globes of the earth's pl...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Salmala, Salmali-dvipa: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Salmala, Salmali-dvipa
Salmala, Salmali-dvipa (Sanskrit) According to the Puranas, the third of the seven dvipas (continents or islands) which compose the wo...   » Read the article

Dictionary - Plaksha-dvipa, Plaksa-dvipa: Spiritual - Theosophy Dictionary On Plaksha-dvipa, Plaksa-dvipa
Plaksha-dvipa plaksa-dvipa (Sanskrit) According to the Puranas, the second of the seven dvipas, the continents or islands which make u...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Saka: Encyclopedia Ii - Saka - Sakas In Ancient Indian Literature
The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, an extension on the name Saca used by the Persians to designate Scythians. Shakas receive...   » Read the article