Safavids - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Safavids: Encyclopedia Ii - Safavids - Rise Of The Safavid State
Safavids - Beginnings. During the 15th century, the Ottomans expanded across Anatolia and centralized control by prosecuting Shi'ism. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Safavids: Encyclopedia Ii - Safavids - Rise Of The Safavid State
Safavids - Beginnings. During the 15th century, the Ottomans expanded across Anatolia and centralized control by prosecuting Shi'ism. T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uzbeks: Encyclopedia - Uzbeks
Afghanistan:    2,000,000 Tajikistan:    1,500,000 Kyrgyzstan:    700,000 Turkmenistan:    450,00...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Urmia: Encyclopedia - Urmia
Urmia (Persian: ارومیه, Turkish: Urumiah, Kurdish: Wurmê, Syriac: ܘܪܡܝܐ), previously called Rezaiyeh (رضائیه), is a cit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1623: Encyclopedia - 1623
1623 - Events. August 6 - Pope Urban VIII is elected to the Papacy. Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman II (1618-1622) ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ak Koyunlu: Encyclopedia - Ak Koyunlu
The Akkoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Azeri-Turkish: Ağqoyunlular/Akkoyunlular) were a Turkoman tribal federation that ruled prese...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Damascus: Encyclopedia - Damascus
Damascus (Arabic officially دمشق Dimashq, colloquially ash-Sham الشام) is the capital city of Syria. It is often referred to as ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian People: Encyclopedia - Persian People
United States:    913,000 Turkey:    821,000 Iraq:    343,000 United Arab Emirates:    188,000 Pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Islam: Encyclopedia - History Of Islam
Islam History of Islam Oneness of God Profession of Faith Prayer • Fasting Pilgrimage • Charity Muhammad Ali • Abu Bakr Companions...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia - Afghanistan
Afghanistan (Pashtu/Dari-Persian: افغانستان, Afğānistān) is a country at the crossroads of Asia. Usually placed in Central A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lists Of Office-holders: Encyclopedia Ii - Lists Of Office-holders - Heads Of State Or Government Modern Entities
See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Africa. Algeria Heads of state of Al...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Qom: Encyclopedia Ii - Qom - History
Qom as an urban settlement existed in the pre-Islamic ages. Architectural discoveries indicate that Qom was a residential area from the 5...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Peshawar: Encyclopedia Ii - Peshawar - History
The History of Peshawar is very relevant to the discussion about Durand Line and Peshawar which seems to occupy a prominent space on the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Durrani: Encyclopedia Ii - Durrani - A Brief History
The Durrani are, like other Pashtuns, primarily descendents of Aryan invaders of the Iranian variant (as well as the various invaders and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uzbeks: Encyclopedia Ii - Uzbeks - Genetic Origins
The modern Uzbek population represents varying degrees of diversity derived from the high traffic invasion routes through Central Asia. O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Urmia: Encyclopedia Ii - Urmia - Administrative Divisions
Urmia consists of five parts: Markazi (Central): Baranduzchay, Baranduzchay Shomali, Baranduzchay jonubi, bashqale, bakshluchay , Torkma...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Rule Under Saddām
In July 1979, Bakr resigned, and his chosen successor, Saddām Husayn, assumed the offices of both President and Chairman of the Revoluti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - History
Since ancient times the NWFP region has been invaded by numerous groups including the Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Kushans, Huns,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - History
North-West Frontier Province Pakistan - Ancient History. Since ancient times the NWFP region has been invaded by numerous groups includ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Qom Province: Encyclopedia Ii - Qom Province - History And Culture
Qom is thought to have existed in pre-Islamic ages. Archeological discoveries indicate Qom as a residential area from the 5th millennium ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shirvanshahs: Encyclopedia Ii - Shirvanshahs - History
The role of Shirvanshah (Shirvan) state in national development of Azerbaijan (especially of northern Azerbaijan) is hard to underestimat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uzbeks: Encyclopedia Ii - Uzbeks - Genetic Origins
The modern Uzbek population represents varying degrees of diversity derived from the high traffic invasion routes through Central Asia. O...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - History
Since ancient times the NWFP has been invaded by numerous groups including the Dravidians, Aryans, Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Kushans, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lists Of Office-holders: Encyclopedia Ii - Lists Of Office-holders - Heads Of State Or Government Modern Entities
See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year. Lists of office-holders - Middle East & North Africa. Alger...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Kings Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Kings Of Persia - Rulers After The Advent Of Islam In Iran
List of kings of Persia - Arab caliphs rule. All Persian provinces fell under The Arabic Caliphate from 661 to 867. Umayyad dynasty, 6...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Gwadar: Encyclopedia Ii - Gwadar - History
The Makran region surrounding Gwadar was occupied by unknown Bronze age people who settled in the few oases. It later became the Gedrosia...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan - Mughal-safavid Rivalry Ca. 1500-1747
Early in the sixteenth century, Babur, who was descended from Timur on his father's side and from Genghis Khan on his mother's, was drive...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Scholars: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Scholars - Muslim Scholars
Muslim scholars are either born in a Muslim families, or converted to Islam. For a list of scholars specialized in: Islamic history, see...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kurdistan Province Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - Kurdistan Province Iran - History
The rich, beautiful and mountainous lands of this area first encouraged Aryan tribes to settle in this region after their immigration to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Kurdistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Kurdistan - Human Rights Sitiuation In Iranian Kurdistan
There are five to eight million Kurdish Iranians residing mainly in the west and northwest of the country in areas contiguous with Kurdis...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Azerbaijan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Azerbaijan - Overview
The heritage, culture and civilization of Azerbaijan has both ancient and modern roots starting from the Middle Paleolithic period throug...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Turkic States And Empires: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Turkic States And Empires - Historical Kingdoms And Empires
The following listed kingdoms and empires were at some time ruled by Turkic kings/khans/shahs or other dynasties. Mentioning of any parti...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Scholars: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Scholars - List
Here follows two list of all Islamic scholars, one for Muslim and one for non-Muslim. For a list of scholars specialized in: Islamic his...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Damascus: Encyclopedia Ii - Damascus - History
Damascus - Ancient. Excavations at Tell Ramad on the outskirts of the city have demonstrated that Damascus has been inhabited as early ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Islam: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Islam - The 20th Century
The modern age brought radical technological and organizational changes to Europe and Islamic countries found themselves less modern when...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - History
Main article: History of Afghanistan Afghanistan exists at a unique nexus-point where numerous Eurasian civilizations have interacted and...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian People - Persian Arts
The artist heritage of Persia is actually quite eclectic and includes major contributions from both east and west. Persian art borrowed h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Constitution
Main article: Constitution of Afghanistan According to the 2004 constitution, Afghanistan is run by a president, who is elected by direct...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Culture
Main article: Culture of Afghanistan Afghans display pride in their country, ancestry, military prowess, and above all, their independenc...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lists Of Office-holders: Encyclopedia Ii - Lists Of Office-holders - Heads Of State Or Government Defunct Entities
Lists of office-holders - Ancient world. Akkad Kings of Akkad Gutian kings Assyria Kings of Assyria Athens King of Athens Archo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lists Of Office-holders: Encyclopedia Ii - Lists Of Office-holders - Heads Of International Organizations
See also international organization leaders by year. President of the European Commission United Nations Secretary-General United Nation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kurdistan Province Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - Kurdistan Province Iran - Geography
Kurdistan Province is entirely a mountainous region that can be divided into two western and eastern sections from topographical points o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kurdistan Province Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - Kurdistan Province Iran - Kurdistan Province Today
Kurdistan Province Iran - Economy. The major activities of the inhabitants are agriculture and modern livestock farming. Wheat, barley,...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Education
Main article: Education in Afghanistan In the spring of 2003, it was estimated that 30% of Afghanistan's 7,000 schools had been seriously...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Kurdistan Province Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - Kurdistan Province Iran - People And Culture
The population of the province in 1996 was 1,346,383 of which 52.42% were urban dwellers and 47.58% rural dwellers. The sex ratio of the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Kings Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Kings Of Persia - Sassanid Dynasty Ad 224–651
   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Kings Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Kings Of Persia - Early Realms In Iran
List of kings of Persia - Elamite Kingdom 3000–660 BC. The Elamites were a people located in Susa, in what is now Khuzestan province....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan - The Islamic Conquest
In 637, five years after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, Arab Muslims shattered the might of the Iranian Sassanians at the Bat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - The Arab Conquest And The Early Islamic Period
The first organised conflict between local Bedouin Arab tribes and Iranian forces seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - The Turkish Conquest
During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, the Black Sheep Turkmen ruled the area now known as Iraq. In 1466, the White Sheep Turkmen...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Ethnic Diversity & Religion
The inhabitants were very mixed. There was an aristocratic and administrative Persian upper class, but most of the population were middle...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Persian Domination; 550 Bce To 652 Ce
In CE 600 the country which in our modern time known as Iraq was a province of the Iranian Empire known as khvarvaran province, to which ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Ancient Times
For most of historic time, the land area now known as modern Iraq was almost equivalent to Mesopotamia. The Mesopotamian plain between th...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Modern History
Ottoman rule over Iraq lasted until the Great War (World War I) when British forces invaded the country. During the invasion the British ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Islam: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Islam - Introduction
Like most world religions, Islam's historical development has had a clear impact on the political, economic, and military history of area...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan - Ghaznavid And Ghorid Rule
Out of the Samanid Dynasty came the first great Islamic empire of the region, the Ghaznavid Empire, whose warriors, forged an empire that...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Afghanistan The population of Afghanistan is divided into a wide variety of ethnic groups largely composed ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Islam: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Islam - Muhammad
Arabia before Muhammad was scantly populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were Bedouin, pastoral nomads organized in trib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iraq: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iraq - Coalition Occupation Of Iraq
In 2003, after the American and British invasion, Iraq was occupied by Coalition forces. On 23 May 2003, the UN Security Council unanimou...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Conquest Of Afghanistan - Mongol Rule 1220-1506
Followings years of conquest in China and Central Asia, the Mongol Empire had emerged as a major world power of its day and attempted to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Demographics And Society
The NWFP has an estimated population of roughly 21 million that does not include more than 5 million Afghan refugees and their descendent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Politics
Main article: Politics of Afghanistan Afghanistan is currently led by president Hamid Karzai, who was elected in October of 2004. Before ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Qom Province: Encyclopedia Ii - Qom Province - Geography
The climate of Qom province varies between a desert and semi-desert climate, and comprises of mountainous areas, foothills and plains. Du...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Demographics And Society
The NWFP has an estimated population of roughly 21 million that does not include more than 3 million Afghan refugees and their descendent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Subdivisions
Afghanistan is divided into 34 provinces (velayat) which are further divided into districts. Main article: Provinces of Afghanistan Main ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Qom Province: Encyclopedia Ii - Qom Province - Qom Today
Today, Qom is considered as one of the focal centers of the Shiite sect both in Iran and round the globe. Its theological center and the ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shirvanshahs: Encyclopedia Ii - Shirvanshahs - Shahs Of Shirvan Lineage
Shirvanshahs - Mazyaddid/Kesranid dynasty 861-1382. Heysam Mohammed Ibn Heysam Ali Mohammed Bin Yazid Ahmed and Mohammed Shah Yezid Ibn...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Persian People: Encyclopedia Ii - Persian People - Origins And Roots
The Persians of Iran are mainly descended from the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranians, an Indo-European people that migrated to the regi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Origin And History Of The Name
The current name of Afghanistan derives from the alternative name for the Pashtuns: Afghan, being the founders of modern Afghanistan. The...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uzbeks: Encyclopedia Ii - Uzbeks - Language
The Uzbek language is an Altaic language and is part of the South-eastern (Central Asian) or Karluk group of Turkic languages. Modern Uzb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uzbeks: Encyclopedia Ii - Uzbeks - History
The roots of the Uzbek people stretch back for many millennia, while the identity of modern Uzbeks was shaped by events during the early ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Social Issues
The NWFP continues to have an image problem. Even within Pakistan it is regarded as a "radical state" and a "backwater" due to the rise o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Education
The trend towards higher education is rapidly increasing in the province and the NWFP is home to Pakistan's foremost engineering universi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Economy
NWFP is on the way to economic recovery, largely due to stable political and law-and-order conditions. Agriculture remains important and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Azerbaijan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Azerbaijan - Soviet Union 1945-1991
Policies of de-Stalinization and improvement after the 1950s led to better education and welfare conditions for most of Azerbaijan. This ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Geography And Main Attractions
The NWFP sits mainly on the Iranian plateau and lies primarily in Central Asia, while parts of it overlap onto South Asia as well and thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Economy
Main article: Economy of Afghanistan Although Afghanistan has significant amounts of natural resources, it is a poor country, highly depe...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Education
The trend towards higher education is rapidly increasing in the province and the NWFP is home to Pakistan's foremost engineering universi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Social Issues
The NWFP continues to have an image problem. Even within Pakistan it is regarded as a "radical state" and a "backwater" due to the rise o...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Economy
NWFP is on the way to economic recovery, largely due to stable political and law-and-order conditions. Agriculture remains important and ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Geography
Main article: Geography of Afghanistan Afghanistan is a land-locked mountainous country, with plains in the north and southwest. The high...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Demographics And Society
The NWFP has an estimated population of roughly 21 million that does not include more than 3 million Afghan refugees and their descendent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan: Encyclopedia Ii - North-west Frontier Province Pakistan - Geography
The NWFP sits mainly on the Iranian plateau and lies primarily in Central Asia, while parts of it overlap onto South Asia as well and thi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lists Of Office-holders: Encyclopedia Ii - Lists Of Office-holders - Heads Of Modern Subnational Entities
Lists of office-holders - Australia. Premiers of New South Wales Premiers of Queensland Premiers of South Australia Premiers of Tasman...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Azerbaijan: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Azerbaijan - World War Ii
During the 1940s, the Azerbaijan SSR supplied much of the Soviet Union's gas and oil during the war with Nazi Germany and was thus a stra...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Urmia: Encyclopedia Ii - Urmia - History
The Columbia Encyclopedia mentions that Urmia was an important town in the region during the 9th century.[2] Oghuz Turks entered the area...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Damascus: Encyclopedia Ii - Damascus - Geography
Damascus lies about 80 km inland from the Mediterranean Sea, sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. It lies on a plateau 680 meters abo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Damascus: Encyclopedia Ii - Damascus - Historical Sites
Damascus has a wealth of historical sites dating back to many different periods of the city's history. Since the city has been built up w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Uzbeks: Encyclopedia Ii - Uzbeks - History
The roots of the Uzbek people stretch back for many millenia, while the identity of modern Uzbeks was shaped by events during the early 2...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Islam: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Islam - Present Day
History of Islam - Reformist Islam vs. Islamism. See liberal movements within Islam, Islamic fundamentalism, Islam as a political movem...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Islam: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Islam - Three Muslim Empires
In the 18th century there were three great Muslim empires: the aforementioned Ottoman in Turkey, Mesopotamia, the Red Sea, and the Medite...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Kings Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Kings Of Persia - Hellenistic Rulers
List of kings of Persia - Argead Dynasty 330–310 BC. Alexander of Macedon (Alexander the Great) (330 BC–323) Philip III Arrihadeus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Afghanistan: Encyclopedia Ii - Afghanistan - Origin And History Of The Name
The name of Afghanistan derives from word Afghan. The Pushtuns appear to have begun using the term Afghan as a name for themselves from t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Qom: Encyclopedia Ii - Qom - Listing Of Qom's Senior Ranking Clerics
The following is a list of Grand Ayatollahs and the most senior ranking Ayatollahs in or directly related to Qom. Qom - Current. Grand...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Qom: Encyclopedia Ii - Qom - Qom Today
Today, Qom is counted as one of the focal centers of the Shiite sect both in Iran and round the globe. Its theological center and the Hol...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Islam: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Islam - Muhammad
Arabia before Muhammad was scantly populated by a number of Arabic-speaking peoples. Some were Bedouin, pastoral nomads organized in trib...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Scholars: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Scholars - Non-muslim Scholars
Many non-Muslims have been interested in Islam, the first real scholars begining in the 19th century. ... See also:Islamic scholars, I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Lists Of Office-holders: Encyclopedia Ii - Lists Of Office-holders - Heads Of International Organizations
See also international organization leaders by year. President of the European Commission United Nations Secretary-General United Nation...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Kings Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Kings Of Persia - Shahs Of Modern Iran
The modern Iranian monarchy was established in 1502 after the Safavid Dynasty came to power under Shah Ismail I, and ended the so-called ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Kings Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Kings Of Persia - Empire Of Medians And Persians
List of kings of Persia - Median Dynasty 728–550 BC. Deioces, 728–675 Phraortes, 675–653 Madius the Scythian, 653–625 Cyaxares...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Kings Of Persia: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Kings Of Persia - Sassanid Dynasty Ad 224–651
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