This most often occurs because the facet joints at on the posterior part of the spine have degenerated (worn away) and fail to prevent excessive vertebral slippage. In adults, the most common cause is a degenerative disc disease which leads to excessive stress on the facet joints and causes degeneration (such as arthritis) and the slip usually occurs between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae (L4 and L5) or the one below that level. Other causes of spondylolisthesis include stress fractures (caused by repetitive hyper-extension of the back, commonly see ...

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Slipped disc, Slipped disc - Types, Slipped disc - Causes, Slipped disc - Symptoms, Slipped disc - Treatment

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Brachiosaurus was a sauropod, one of a group of four-legged, plant-eating dinosaurs with long necks and tails, and tiny brains. Unlike other families of sauropods, it had a giraffe-like build, with long forelimbs and a very long neck, which, as a recent study has argued, it did not raise above its shoulders. It had teeth like chisels (spatulate), and nostrils on the top of its head, which may indicate it had a good sense of smell. It had a number of holes in its skull to reduce weight. The first toe on its front foot, and the first three ...

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Brachiosaurus, Brachiosaurus - Description and environment, Brachiosaurus - Berlin's brancai and Chicago's high flyer, Brachiosaurus - Classification, Brachiosaurus - Discovery

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Theorists within the schools of Humanistic psychology, Transpersonal psychology and Near-Death Studies describe a complex pattern of motor, sensory, affective and cognitive/hermeneutic symptoms called The Kundalini Syndrome. This psycho-somatic arousal and excitation is believed to occur in connection with prolonged and intensive spiritual or contemplative practice (such as meditation or yoga) or as a result of intense life experiences or a close encounter with death (such as a near-death experience) (Greyson 1993, 2000; Scotton, 1996; Lukof ...

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Kundalini, Kundalini - Historical source text, Kundalini - The interpretation of Kundalini, Kundalini - Kundalini Yoga, Kundalini - Kundalini in the world's religions, Kundalini - Kundalini rising, Kundalini - The Kundalini Syndrome, Kundalini - Kundalini and development, Kundalini - Kundalini and physiology, Kundalini - Pathological Kundalini

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('corpus radii') The body is prismoid in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward. It presents three borders and three surfaces. Radius bone - Borders. The volar border (margo volaris; anterior border) extends from the lower part of the tuberosity above to the anterior part of the base of the styloid process below, and separates the volar from the lateral surface. Its upper third is prominent, and from its oblique direction has received the n ...

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Radius bone, Radius bone - The Upper Extremity, Radius bone - The Body or Shaft, Radius bone - Borders, Radius bone - Surface, Radius bone - The Lower Extremity, Radius bone - Structure, Radius bone - Ossification

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It articulates with two other tarsal bones, the talus above and the cuboid toward the midfoot. In addition to receiving the weight of the body with each step, the calcaneus is the anchor for the plantar fascia, which supports the arch of the foot. The posterior-most portion of the calcaneus is the calcaneal tuberosity, a large, non-articulating process that is the insertion point for the calcaneal tendon (or Achilles tendon). In addition, this process is the origin for some of t ...

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Calcaneus, Calcaneus - Human, Calcaneus - Horse

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The spinal cord originates inside the brain at the inferior end of the medulla oblongata, exiting the skull via the foramen magnum. It is wrapped in three layers of membranes, called meninges. The spinal cord carries sensory signals and motor innervation to most of the skeletal muscles in the body. Just about every voluntary muscle in the body below the head depends on the spinal cord for control. Similarly, most cutaneous sensation below the neck is transmitted via the spinal cord. Most of the sympathetic pathways and the lower (i.e. non-vagal) parasympathetic pa ...

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Spinal cord, Spinal cord - Embryology, Spinal cord - Anatomy, Spinal cord - Pathology

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('proximal extremity') The upper extremity is large, and expanded into two eminences, the medial and lateral condyles. The superior articular surface presents two smooth articular facets [Fig. 1]. The medial facet, oval in shape, is slightly concave from side to side, and from before backward. The lateral, nearly circular, is concave from side to side, but slightly convex from before backward, especially at its posterior part, where it is prolonged on to the p ...

See also:

Tibia, Tibia - The upper extremity, Tibia - The body or shaft, Tibia - Borders, Tibia - Surfaces, Tibia - The lower extremity, Tibia - Surfaces, Tibia - Structure, Tibia - Ossification

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The coccyx is formed of four rudimentary vertebrae; the number may be as high as five or as low as three. It articulates superiorly with the sacrum. In each of the first three segments may be traced a rudimentary body and articular and transverse processes; the last piece (sometimes the third) is a mere nodule of bone. All the segments are destitute of pedicles, laminae, and spinous processes. The first is the largest; it resembles the lowest sacral vertebra, and often exists as a separate piece; the last three diminish in size from above downward, and are usually fused with one another. ...

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Coccyx, Coccyx - Function, Coccyx - Structure, Coccyx - Surfaces, Coccyx - Borders, Coccyx - Base, Coccyx - Apex, Coccyx - Pathology

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Frontal bone - Surfaces. The external surface [Fig. 1] of this portion is convex and usually exhibits, in the lower part of the middle line, the remains of the frontal or metopic suture; in infancy this suture divides the bone into two, a condition which may persist throughout life. On either side of this suture, about 3 cm. above the supraorbital margin, is a rounded elevation, the frontal eminence (tuber frontale). These eminences vary in size in different individuals, are occasiona ...

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Frontal bone, Frontal bone - Squama squama frontalis or vertical part, Frontal bone - Surfaces, Frontal bone - Orbital or horizontal part, Frontal bone - Surfaces, Frontal bone - Borders, Frontal bone - Structure, Frontal bone - Ossification, Frontal bone - Articulations

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What it was intended to represent remains a mystery to Egyptologists, and no single hypothesis has yet been widely accepted. Some have speculated that it was a stylized womb. Sir Alan Gardiner speculated that it represented a sandal strap, with the loop going around the ankle. The word for sandal strap was also spelled ʿnḫ, although it may have been pronounced differently. Eliot Carter speculated it could be a primitive r ...

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Ankh, Ankh - Origins, Ankh - Usage and importance, Ankh - The Ankh in pop culture

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One way to group the bones of the human skeleton is to divide them into two groups, namely the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of bones in the midline and includes all the bones of the head and neck, the vertebrae, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of the clavicles, scapulae, bones of the upper limb, bones of the pelvis and bones of the lower limb. The bones of the human skeleton are structurally and in many taxonomies organized as those of the: skullSee also:

Human skeleton, Human skeleton - Function, Human skeleton - Organization, Human skeleton - Gender differences, Human skeleton - Diseases

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The greater multangular bone may be distinguished by a deep groove on its volar surface. It is situated at the radial side of the carpus, between the navicular and the first metacarpal bone. The superior surface is directed upward and medialward; medially it is smooth, and articulates with the navicular; laterally it is rough and continuous with the lateral surface. The inferior surface is oval, concave from side to side, convex from before backward, so as to form a saddle-shaped surface for articulation with the base of the first metac ...

See also:

Trapezium bone, Trapezium bone - Overview of anatomy, Trapezium bone - Articulations

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The carpal bones, eight in number, are arranged in two rows. Those of the proximal row, from the radial to the ulnar side, are: Scaphoid bone Lunate bone Triquetral bone Pisiform bone Those of the distal row, in the same order, are: Trapezium (bone) Trapezoid bone Capitate bone Hamate bone (One mnemonic to remember these is "some lovers try positions t< ...

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Carpus, Carpus - The Carpus Ossa Carpi, Carpus - Common Characteristics of the Carpal Bones

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There are many differences between the male and female human skeletons. Men tend to have slightly thicker and longer limbs and digit bones while women tend to have larger pelvic bones in relation to body size. Women also tend to have narrower rib cages, smaller teeth, less angular mandibles, and less pronounced cranial features such as the brow ridges and occipital protuberance (the small bump in the cranium's posterior). Most striking is the difference in hip bones, owing to differences related to the process of reproduction, and very likely also to the biological process ...

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Human skeleton, Human skeleton - Function, Human skeleton - Organization, Human skeleton - Gender differences, Human skeleton - Diseases

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The scapula is ossified from seven or more centers: one for the body, two for the coracoid process, two for the acromion, one for the vertebral border, and one for the inferior angle. Ossification of the body begins about the second month of fetal life, by the formation of an irregular quadrilateral plate of bone, immediately behind the glenoid cavity. This plate extends so as to form the chief part of the bone, the spine growing up from its dorsal surface about the third month. At birth, a large part of the scapula is osseous, but the glenoid cavity, the coracoid process, the acromion, the vertebral border, a ...

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Scapula, Scapula - Muscles, Scapula - Surfaces, Scapula - Costal, Scapula - Dorsal, Scapula - The Spine 'spina scapulæ', Scapula - The Acromion, Scapula - Borders, Scapula - Angles, Scapula - The Coracoid Process 'processus coracoideus', Scapula - Structure, Scapula - Ossification

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The spine is a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the dorsal surface of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa. It begins at the vertical border by a smooth, triangular area over which the tendon of insertion of the lower part of the Trapezius glides, and, gradually becoming more elevated, ends in the acromion, which overhangs the shoulder joint. The spine is triangular, and flattened from above d ...

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Scapula, Scapula - Muscles, Scapula - Surfaces, Scapula - Costal, Scapula - Dorsal, Scapula - The Spine 'spina scapulæ', Scapula - The Acromion, Scapula - Borders, Scapula - Angles, Scapula - The Coracoid Process 'processus coracoideus', Scapula - Structure, Scapula - Ossification

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The ulna is broader proximally, and narrower distally. Proximally, the ulna has a bony process, the olecranon process, a hook-like structure that fits into the olecranon fossa of the humerus. This prevents hyperextension and forms a hinge joint with the trochlea of the humerus. There is also a radial notch for the head of the radius, and the ulna tuberosity to which muscles can attach. Distally (near the hand), there is a styloid process. See also:

Ulna, Ulna - Articulations, Ulna - Proximal and distal aspects, Ulna - The upper extremity, Ulna - The olecranon, Ulna - The coronoid process, Ulna - The semilunar notch, Ulna - The radial notch, Ulna - The body or shaft, Ulna - Borders, Ulna - Surfaces, Ulna - The lower extremity, Ulna - Structure, Ulna - Ossification

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('corpus ulnæ') The body at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward. It tapers gradually from above downward, and has three borders and three surfaces. Ulna - Borders. The volar border (margo volaris; anterior border) begins above at the prominent medial angle of the coronoid process, and ends below in front of the styloid process. Its upper part, ...

See also:

Ulna, Ulna - Articulations, Ulna - Proximal and distal aspects, Ulna - The upper extremity, Ulna - The olecranon, Ulna - The coronoid process, Ulna - The semilunar notch, Ulna - The radial notch, Ulna - The body or shaft, Ulna - Borders, Ulna - Surfaces, Ulna - The lower extremity, Ulna - Structure, Ulna - Ossification

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Pressure sores can trigger other ailments, and cause patients considerable suffering and financial cost (Brem et al., 2004). Some complications include autonomic dysreflexia, bladder distension, osteomyelitis, pyarthroses, sepsis, amyloidosis, anemia, urethral fistula, and very rarely malignant transformation. Sores often recur because patients do not follow recommended treatment or develop seromas, hematomas, infections, or dehiscence. Paralytic patients are the most likely people to have pressure sores recur. In some cases, complications from pressure sores can be life-threatening. The most common causes of fatality ...

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Bedsore, Bedsore - Classification, Bedsore - Pathophysiology, Bedsore - Epidemiology, Bedsore - Prevention, Bedsore - Complications, Bedsore - Famous sufferers

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The lower extremity is large, of quadrilateral form, and provided with two articular surfaces - one below, for the carpus, and another at the medial side, for the ulna. The carpal articular surface is triangular, concave, smooth, and divided by a slight antero-posterior ridge into two parts. Of these, the lateral, triangular, articulates with the navicular bone; the medial, quadrilateral, with the lunate bone. The articular surface for the ulna is called the ulnar notch (sigmoid cavity) of the radius; it is narrow, concave, ...

See also:

Radius bone, Radius bone - The Upper Extremity, Radius bone - The Body or Shaft, Radius bone - Borders, Radius bone - Surface, Radius bone - The Lower Extremity, Radius bone - Structure, Radius bone - Ossification

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The condition is prevalent in sedentary individuals, such as those living with paralysis or confined to a bed because of illness or impairment. Nursing homes and hospitals usually set programs to avoid the development of bedsores in bedridden patients (e.g. moving them every two hours, using a standing frame to reduce pressure, ensuring dry sheets, etc.). Poor nutrition is also a major fact ...

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Bedsore, Bedsore - Classification, Bedsore - Pathophysiology, Bedsore - Epidemiology, Bedsore - Prevention, Bedsore - Complications, Bedsore - Famous sufferers

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('corpus tibiæ') The body has three borders and three surfaces. Tibia - Borders. The anterior crest or border, the most prominent of the three, commences above at the tuberosity, and ends below at the anterior margin of the medial malleolus. It is sinuous and prominent in the upper two-thirds of its extent, but smooth and rounded below; it gives attachment to the deep fascia of the leg. The medial border is smooth and rounded above and below, but more prominent in the center; i ...

See also:

Tibia, Tibia - The upper extremity, Tibia - The body or shaft, Tibia - Borders, Tibia - Surfaces, Tibia - The lower extremity, Tibia - Surfaces, Tibia - Structure, Tibia - Ossification

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