19th century is traditionally referred to as the "Golden Age" for Russian literature. Romanticism permitted a flowering of especially poetic talent: the names of Zhukovsky and Aleksandr Pushkin came to the fore, followed by Mikhail Lermontov. Nineteenth-century developments included Ivan Krylov the fabulist; non-fiction writers such as Belinsky and Herzen; playwrights such as Griboedov and Ostrovsky; poets such as Evgeny Baratynsky, Konstantin Batyushkov, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev, ...

See also:

Russian literature, Russian literature - Early history, Russian literature - Petrine era, Russian literature - Golden Age, Russian literature - Silver Age, Russian literature - Soviet era, Russian literature - Post-Soviet era

Read more here: » Russian literature: Encyclopedia II - Russian literature - Golden Age

Nadezhda Durova was born in an army camp, the daughter of a Russian major. Her father placed her in the care of his soldiers after an incident that nearly killed her in infancy when her abusive mother threw her out the window of a moving carriage. As a small child Durova learned all the standard marching commands and her favorite toy was an unloaded gun. After her father retired from service she continued playing with broken sabers and frightened her family by secretly taming a stallion that they considered unbreakable. In 1801 she ma ...

See also:

Nadezhda Durova, Nadezhda Durova - Early life, Nadezhda Durova - Military service, Nadezhda Durova - Later years and legacy, Nadezhda Durova - Artistic works about Nadezhda Durova, Nadezhda Durova - Bibliography

Read more here: » Nadezhda Durova: Encyclopedia II - Nadezhda Durova - Early life

Crime and Punishment - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov. Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, variously called Rodya and Rodka, is the protagonist from whose perspective the story is primarily told. The reader is told that he was a student, now fallen out, who is living in abject poverty in a top-floor flat in the slums of Saint Petersburg. Despite the name of the novel it does not deal with his crime and its formal punishment but with Raskolnikov's internal struggle and failing justification of his actions. The murder is ...

See also:

Crime and Punishment, Crime and Punishment - Plot, Crime and Punishment - Analysis, Crime and Punishment - Themes, Crime and Punishment - Salvation through suffering, Crime and Punishment - Christian existentialism, Crime and Punishment - Characters, Crime and Punishment - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, Crime and Punishment - Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova, Crime and Punishment - Other characters, Crime and Punishment - Structure, Crime and Punishment - Movie versions

Read more here: » Crime and Punishment: Encyclopedia II - Crime and Punishment - Characters

Tuberculosis - Transmission. TB is spread through aerosol droplets which are expelled when persons with active TB disease cough, sneeze, speak, or spit. Close contacts (people with prolonged, frequent, or intense contact) are at highest risk of becoming infected (typically 22 percent infection rate but everything is possible, even up to 100%). A person with untreated, active tuberculosis can infect an estimated 20 other people per year. Others at risk include foreign-born from areas where TB is common, immunocomp ...

See also:

Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis - Other names for the disease, Tuberculosis - The bacterium, Tuberculosis - The disease, Tuberculosis - Transmission, Tuberculosis - Pathogenesis, Tuberculosis - Progression, Tuberculosis - Drug resistance, Tuberculosis - Diagnosis, Tuberculosis - Treatment, Tuberculosis - Prevention, Tuberculosis - BCG vaccine, Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis vaccine, Tuberculosis - Animals, Tuberculosis - History, Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis in art literature history and film

Read more here: » Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia II - Tuberculosis - The disease

Tuberculosis (commonly shortened to TB) is an infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which most commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also affect the central nervous system (meningitis), lymphatic system, circulatory system (Miliary tuberculosis), genitourinary system, bones and joints. Tuberculosis is the most common major infectious disease today, infecting two billion people or one-third of the world's population, with nine million new cases of active disease annually, resulting in ...

Including:

• Tuberculosis - Other names for the disease
• Tuberculosis - The bacterium
• Tuberculosis - The disease
• Tuberculosis - Transmission
• Tuberculosis - Pathogenesis
• Tuberculosis - Progression
• Tuberculosis - Drug resistance
• Tuberculosis - Diagnosis
• Tuberculosis - Treatment
• Tuberculosis - Prevention
• Tuberculosis - BCG vaccine
• Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis vaccine
• Tuberculosis - Animals
• Tuberculosis - History
• Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis in art literature history and film

Read more here: » Tuberculosis: Encyclopedia - Tuberculosis

The Russian Federation (Russian: Росси́йская Федера́ция, transliteration: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya or Rossijskaja Federacija), or Russia (Russian: Росси́я, transliteration: Rossiya or Rossija), is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia. With an area of 17,075,200 km² (6,595,600 mi²), it is the largest country in the world (by land mass), covering almost twice the territory of the next-largest country, Canada. I ...

Including:

• Russia - History
• Russia - Ancient Rus
• Russia - Imperial Russia
• Russia - Russia as part of Soviet Union
• Russia - Post-Soviet Russia
• Russia - Politics
• Russia - Subdivisions
• Russia - Geography and Climate
• Russia - Borders
• Russia - Spatial extent
• Russia - Cities
• Russia - Economy
• Russia - Demographics
• Russia - Culture
• Russia - Name
• Russia - Miscellaneous topics

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Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin (Russian: Алекса́ндр Серге́евич Пу́шкин listen ▶ (help·info)) (June 6 (May 26, O.S.), 1799 - February 10 (January 29, O.S.), 1837) was a Russian Romantic author whom many consider the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin pioneered the use of vernacular speech in his poems and plays, creating a style of storytelling—mixing drama, romance, and satire—assoc ...

Including:

• Aleksandr Pushkin - Life
• Aleksandr Pushkin - Sample of Pushkin's Work
• Aleksandr Pushkin - Works
• Aleksandr Pushkin - Biography
• Aleksandr Pushkin - Hoaxes and other attributed works

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Constance Clara Garnett (née Black) (December 19, 1861 - December 17, 1946) was an English translator whose translations of nineteenth-century Russian classics first introduced them on a wide basis to the English public. Garnett is the first English translator of Dostoevsky and Chekhov. Born in Brighton, Garnett studied Latin and Greek at Newnham College, Cambridge, where she also learned Russian, and worked shortly as a school teacher. In 1893, shortly after a visit to Moscow and Petersburg during which she met Leo Tol ...

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• Constance Garnett - External link

Read more here: » Constance Garnett: Encyclopedia - Constance Garnett

Please remove this notice after the article has been expanded. Details are on this talk page or at Wikipedia:Requests for expansion. The culture of Russia is a hybrid one created from the cultures of the nationalities of this multinational state and the result of development over several distinct epochs. Historically, the dominating position in Russia is occupied by the Russian culture, the culture of Russian language and Russian nationality; this is partly because Russians constitute the vast major ...

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• Culture of Russia - By medium

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Crime and Punishment (Russian: Преступление и наказание) is a novel written in 1866 by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. Along with War and Peace, this novel is among the best-known and most influential Russian novels of all time. The novel expresses Dostoevsky's religious and existentialist views, with a predominant focus on the theme of attaining salvation through suffering. Crime and Punishment - Plot. The novel portrays the haphazardly planned murder of a miser ...

Including:

• Crime and Punishment - Plot
• Crime and Punishment - Analysis
• Crime and Punishment - Themes
• Crime and Punishment - Salvation through suffering
• Crime and Punishment - Christian existentialism
• Crime and Punishment - Characters
• Crime and Punishment - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov
• Crime and Punishment - Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova
• Crime and Punishment - Other characters
• Crime and Punishment - Structure
• Crime and Punishment - Movie versions

Read more here: » Crime and Punishment: Encyclopedia - Crime and Punishment

For the ghost town in Western Australia, see Cossack, Western Australia. Cossack is the common name that has been independently shared by several population groups and military units throughout the history of Eastern Europe and some adjacent territories. The most prominent and numerous are the Ukrainian Cossacks (Козаки) and the Russian Cossacks (Казаки) of the Don, Terek and Ural regions. Russian Cossacks were considerably involved in the colonizing of Siberia. In the middle of the 17th century ...

Including:

• Cossack - History
• Cossack - Russian Cossacks
• Cossack - Cossack Settlements
• Cossack - Cossacks during the final years of the Russian Empire
• Cossack - Cossacks After the Revolution
• Cossack - Cossack organization
• Cossack - Cossacks and religion
• Cossack - Popular image of Cossacks
• Cossack - Terminology
• Cossack - Ukrainian Cossacks
• Cossack - Russian Cossacks
• Cossack - Tatar Cossacks

Read more here: » Cossack: Encyclopedia - Cossack

This article is in need of attention. You can help Wikipedia by editing it into a better article. Please also consider changing this notice to be more specific. Western literature refers to the literature of the Indo-European languages, as well as several languages geographically or historically related to the Indo-European languages (Basque, Hungarian, and so forth). Western literature is conside ...

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Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (Russian: Владимир Владимирович Набоков; pronounced: vlah-DEE-meer nah-BAWK-awf) (April 22 [O.S. April 10] 1899– July 2, 1977) was a Russian-American author. He wrote his first literary works in Russian, but rose to international prominence as a masterly prose stylist for the novels he composed in English. Nabokov's Lolita (1955) is frequently cited as one of the most important novels of the 20th century. It is his best-known work in Englis ...

Including:

• Vladimir Nabokov - Biography
• Vladimir Nabokov - Note on Nabokov's date of birth
• Vladimir Nabokov - Work
• Vladimir Nabokov - Lepidoptery
• Vladimir Nabokov - List of Works
• Vladimir Nabokov - Fiction
• Vladimir Nabokov - Nonfiction
• Vladimir Nabokov - Works about Nabokov
• Vladimir Nabokov - Biography
• Vladimir Nabokov - Bibliography
• Vladimir Nabokov - Fictional works
• Vladimir Nabokov - Lepidoptery

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A Confession is a short work on questions of religion by Leo Tolstoy. It was first distributed in Russia in 1882. Consisting of autobiographical notes on the development of the author's belief, A Confession shows the process of searching for answers to the profound questions: "What will come of my life?" and "What is the meaning of life?", without answers to which life to him is impossible. Tolstoy shows different attempts to find answers on the examples of science, philosophy, eastern wisdom and the opinio ...

Including:

• A Confession novel - External link

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She participated in all the major Russian engagements of the 1806-1807 Prussian campaign. During two of those battles she saved the life of a fellow Russian soldier. The first was an enlisted man with a concussion who fell off his horse on the battlefield. She gave him first aid under heavy fire and brought him to safety as the army retreated around them. The second was an officer, unhorsed but uninjured. Three French dragoons were closing on him. She couched her lance and scattered the enemy ...

See also:

Nadezhda Durova, Nadezhda Durova - Early life, Nadezhda Durova - Military service, Nadezhda Durova - Later years and legacy, Nadezhda Durova - Artistic works about Nadezhda Durova, Nadezhda Durova - Bibliography

Read more here: » Nadezhda Durova: Encyclopedia II - Nadezhda Durova - Military service

A chance meeting introduced her to Aleksandr Pushkin some twenty years later. When he learned that she had kept a journal during her army service he encouraged her to publish it as a memoir. She added background about her early childhood but changed her age by seven years and eliminated all reference to her marriage. Durova published this as The Cavalry Maiden in 1836. Durova also wrote four novels and advocated for women's rights. Durova continued to wear male clothing for the rest ...

See also:

Nadezhda Durova, Nadezhda Durova - Early life, Nadezhda Durova - Military service, Nadezhda Durova - Later years and legacy, Nadezhda Durova - Artistic works about Nadezhda Durova, Nadezhda Durova - Bibliography

Read more here: » Nadezhda Durova: Encyclopedia II - Nadezhda Durova - Later years and legacy

Russia - Ancient Rus. This section covers the pre-Russ ancient history of present Russia and its early medieval period, which is historically referred to as Ancient Rus. The vast lands of present Russia were home to disunited tribes who were variously overwhelmed by invading Goths, Huns, and Turkish Avars between the third and sixth centuries AD. The Iranian Scythians populated the southern steppes, and a Turkic people, the Khazars, ruled the western portion of these lands ...

See also:

Russia, Russia - History, Russia - Ancient Rus, Russia - Imperial Russia, Russia - Russia as part of Soviet Union, Russia - Post-Soviet Russia, Russia - Politics, Russia - Subdivisions, Russia - Geography and Climate, Russia - Borders, Russia - Spatial extent, Russia - Cities, Russia - Economy, Russia - Demographics, Russia - Culture, Russia - Name, Russia - Miscellaneous topics

Read more here: » Russia: Encyclopedia II - Russia - History

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924. In March 1919, Lenin delivered a speech "On Anti-Jewish Pogroms"[6] on a gramophone disc. Lenin sought to explain the phenomenon of anti-Semitism in Marxist terms. According to Lenin, anti-Semitism was an "attempt to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants from the exploiters toward the Jews." Linking anti-Semitism to class struggle, ...

See also:

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Early History, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Tsarist Russia 1480s-1917, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Pogroms and the Pale of Settlement, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews and Bolshevism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Lenin 1917-1924, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Under Stalin 1922-1953, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After Stalin, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The Soviet Union and Zionism, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - The collapse of the Soviet Union and emigration to Israel, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jews in Russia today, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Jewish life, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Anti-semitism in post-Soviet countries, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Assimilation trends, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Demographic data, History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - Footnotes

Read more here: » History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union: Encyclopedia II - History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union - After the October Revolution 1917-1991

Turgenev made his name with A Sportsman's Sketches (Записки охотника), also known as Sketches From a Hunter's Album or Notes of a Hunter. Based on the author's own observations while sport hunting birds and hares in his mother's estate of Spasskoye, the work appeared in a collected form in 1852. In 1852, between Turgenev's Sketches and his first important novels, he wrote his now notorious obtiuary to his idol Gogol in the St. Petersburg Gazette. The key passage reads: "Gogol is dead!...what Russian ...

See also:

Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Turgenev - Life, Ivan Turgenev - Career, Ivan Turgenev - Bibliography

Read more here: » Ivan Turgenev: Encyclopedia II - Ivan Turgenev - Career

When World War I and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia shattered the Austrian and Russian empires, Ukrainians were caught in the middle. Between 1917 and 1918, several separate Ukrainian republics manifested independence, the Central Rada, the Hetmanate, the Directorate, the Ukrainian People's Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic. However, with the defeat in the Polish-Ukrainian War and then the failure of the Piłsudski's and Petliura's Kiev Operation, by the end of the Polish-Soviet War after the Peace of Riga in March 1921, ...

See also:

History of Ukraine, History of Ukraine - Early prehistory, History of Ukraine - Kievan Rus’, History of Ukraine - Halych-Volynia, History of Ukraine - Loss of independence, History of Ukraine - Under the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, History of Ukraine - The Cossack era, History of Ukraine - Transition to Russian and Austrian rule, History of Ukraine - The 20th century, History of Ukraine - Post-war and independence, History of Ukraine - Ukraine after independence

Read more here: » History of Ukraine: Encyclopedia II - History of Ukraine - The 20th century