Yer - Old Russian: Yer. From the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries, the original [ъ] sound became extinct in all Slavic languages; this so-called fall of the yers is typically considered as marking the final disintegration of Common Slavonic. In Russian, the yers were dropped entirely in "weak" positions, and were replaced by non-reduced vowels in "strong" positions. Modern Russian inflection is therefore at times complicated by the so-called "transitive" (lit. беглые See also:

Yer, Yer - Original use, Yer - Russian language, Yer - Old Russian: Yer, Yer - Modern Russian: Hard sign, Yer - Bulgarian language, Yer - Belarusian language, Yer - Ukrainian language

Read more here: » Yer: Encyclopedia II - Yer - Russian language

Russian is primarily spoken in Russia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the USSR. Until 1917, it was the sole official language of the Russian Empire. During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian. Following the break-up of 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged thei ...

See also:

Russian language, Russian language - Classification, Russian language - Geographic distribution, Russian language - Official status, Russian language - Dialects, Russian language - Derived languages, Russian language - Writing system, Russian language - Alphabet, Russian language - Orthography, Russian language - Sounds, Russian language - Consonants, Russian language - Grammar, Russian language - Vocabulary, Russian language - The language of abuse and invective, Russian language - Proverbs and sayings, Russian language - History and examples, Russian language - Language description, Russian language - Related languages, Russian language - Other

Read more here: » Russian language: Encyclopedia II - Russian language - Geographic distribution

12. The ѯ and ѱ and are Greek letters xi and psi, used etymologically though inconsistently in secular writing until the eighteenth century, and more consistently to the present day in Church Slavonic. 13. The ѡ is the Greek letter omega, identical in pronunciation to о, used in secular writing until the eighteenth century, but to the present day in Church Slavonic, mostly t ...

See also:

Russian alphabet, Russian alphabet - The alphabet, Russian alphabet - The names of the letters, Russian alphabet - The non-vocalized letters, Russian alphabet - The vowels, Russian alphabet - Letters eliminated in 1918, Russian alphabet - Letters in disuse by 1750, Russian alphabet - Numeric values, Russian alphabet - References:, Russian alphabet - External link

Read more here: » Russian alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Russian alphabet - Letters in disuse by 1750

When the common Old East Slavic language became separated from the ancient Slavic tongue common to all Slavs is difficult to ascertain (6th–11th century). The history of the East Slavic languages is a very 'hot' subject, because it is interpreted from various political perspectives by the East Slavs "like all mortals, wishing to have an origin as ancient as possible" ("sicut ceteri mortalium, originem suam quam vetustissimam ostendere cupientes"), as Aeneas Sylvius ...

See also:

East Slavic languages, East Slavic languages - Current status, East Slavic languages - History, East Slavic languages - History of the literary languages, East Slavic languages - History of the dialects, East Slavic languages - Mutual Influences

Read more here: » East Slavic languages: Encyclopedia II - East Slavic languages - History

19th century is traditionally referred to as the "Golden Age" for Russian literature. Romanticism permitted a flowering of especially poetic talent: the names of Zhukovsky and Aleksandr Pushkin came to the fore, followed by Mikhail Lermontov. Nineteenth-century developments included Ivan Krylov the fabulist; non-fiction writers such as Belinsky and Herzen; playwrights such as Griboedov and Ostrovsky; poets such as Evgeny Baratynsky, Konstantin Batyushkov, Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Fyodor Tyutchev, ...

See also:

Russian literature, Russian literature - Early history, Russian literature - Petrine era, Russian literature - Golden Age, Russian literature - Silver Age, Russian literature - Soviet era, Russian literature - Post-Soviet era

Read more here: » Russian literature: Encyclopedia II - Russian literature - Golden Age

The story of the letter yat (ѣ) and its elimination from the Russian alphabet makes for an interesting footnote in Russian cultural history. That it was retained without discussion in the Petrine reform of the Russian alphabet of 1708 indicates that it then still marked a distinct sound in the Moscow koine of the time. By the second half of the eighteenth century, however, the polymath Lomonosov (c. 1765) noted that the sound of ѣ was scarcely distinguish ...

See also:

Reforms of Russian orthography, Reforms of Russian orthography - Yat-reform, Reforms of Russian orthography - Proposed but not implemented reforms

Read more here: » Reforms of Russian orthography: Encyclopedia II - Reforms of Russian orthography - Yat-reform

Commonwealth of Independent States - Foundation. Initiating the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the autumn of 1991, the leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine met on December 8 in the Belovezhskaya Pushcha Natural Reserve, about 50 km (30 mi) north of Brest in Belarus, and signed an agreement establishing the CIS. At the same time they announced that the new confederation would be open to all republics of the former ...

See also:

Commonwealth of Independent States, Commonwealth of Independent States - History, Commonwealth of Independent States - Foundation, Commonwealth of Independent States - CIS crisis, Commonwealth of Independent States - Role and organization, Commonwealth of Independent States - Institutions, Commonwealth of Independent States - Election Observation Missions, Commonwealth of Independent States - Moves for further integration, Commonwealth of Independent States - CIS Collective Security Treaty, Commonwealth of Independent States - Russian Language, Commonwealth of Independent States - Common Economic Space

Read more here: » Commonwealth of Independent States: Encyclopedia II - Commonwealth of Independent States - History

The founding of the yeshivot in Lithuania was due to the Lithuanian-Polish Jews who studied in the west, and to the German Jews who migrated about that time to Lithuania and Poland. Very little is known of these early yeshibot. No mention is made of them or of prominent Lithuanian rabbis in Jewish writings until the sixteenth century. The first known rabbinical authority and head of a yeshibah was Isaac Bezaleel of Vladimir, Volhynia, who was already an old man when Luria went to Ostrog in the fourth decade of the sixteenth century. Another ...

See also:

Lithuanian Jews, Lithuanian Jews - Etymology of term, Lithuanian Jews - Ethnicity religious customs and heritage, Lithuanian Jews - Early history, Lithuanian Jews - Increasing prosperity and the great charter 1320-1432, Lithuanian Jews - The Charter of 1388, Lithuanian Jews - The union with Poland, Lithuanian Jews - Expulsion of the Jews in 1495 and return in 1503, Lithuanian Jews - The Act of 1566, Lithuanian Jews - Effect of the Cossacks' Uprising in Lithuania, Lithuanian Jews - Jewish culture in Lithuania, Lithuanian Jews - Items from the Responsa, Lithuanian Jews - Identified with Vilna Gaon, Lithuanian Jews - Lithuanian Jews today, Lithuanian Jews - Famous Jews with Lithuanian parentage

Read more here: » Lithuanian Jews: Encyclopedia II - Lithuanian Jews - Jewish culture in Lithuania

This article covers the Chechen people as an ethnic group. For the region Chechnya, see the article Chechnya. Chechen people - Geography. The Chechen people are mainly inhabitants of Chechnya, which is internationally recognized as part of Russia. Two wars were fought between 1994-1996 and between 1999-2000 and are known as the First Chechen War and the Second Chechen War, respectively. There are also significant Chechen populations in other Russian regions (especially in Dagestan and Moscow city). O ...

Including:

• Chechen people - Geography
• Chechen people - Population
• Chechen people - Language
• Chechen people - Culture
• Chechen people - Religion

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Zionology (Russian language: сионология sionologiya) was a doctrine promulgated in the Soviet Union during the course of the Cold War, and intensified after 1967 Six Day War. It was officially sponsored by the Department of Propaganda of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and by the KGB. Zionology - Background. Zionology was presented as a socio-political science, but there is little if any evidence that the Zionologists ever complied with the scientific method. In line with the ...

Including:

• Zionology - Background
• Zionology - Zionology sources

Read more here: » Zionology: Encyclopedia - Zionology

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (also: Dahl, Владимир Иванович Даль) (November 10, 1801 – September 22, 1872) was the greatest Russian lexicographer. His father was a Danish physician named Johan Christian Dahl. The future lexicographer was born in Luhansk and served in the Russian Navy from 1814 to 1826. Dahl was interested in the language and folklore from early years. Having graduated from the medical department of the Dorpat University, he started travelling by foot through the Russian countryside and co ...

Including:

• Vladimir Dal - External link

Read more here: » Vladimir Dal: Encyclopedia - Vladimir Dal

The Church Slavonic language (Macedonian: црковнословенски јазик, tsrkovnoslovenski yazik; Bulgarian: църковнославянски език, tsarkovnoslavyanski ezik; Russian: церковнославя́нский язы́к, tserkovnoslavyánskiy yazík) is the liturgical language of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church, Serbian Orthodox Church and other Slavic Orthodox Churches. Historically, this language is derived from the Old Church Slavoni ...

Including:

• Church Slavonic language - Pronunciation
• Church Slavonic language - Grammar and style

Read more here: » Church Slavonic language: Encyclopedia - Church Slavonic language

The Russian alphabet is as follows: The consonant letters are given both their hard and soft (palatalised) enunciations; the iotated or softening vowel letters are given both enunciations, with the palatalisation symbol / ʲ/ applied to the previous consonant (if any), and always as though under stress. The transcriptions of the names of the letters attempt to reflect the reduction of non-st ...

See also:

Russian alphabet, Russian alphabet - The alphabet, Russian alphabet - The names of the letters, Russian alphabet - The non-vocalized letters, Russian alphabet - The vowels, Russian alphabet - Letters eliminated in 1918, Russian alphabet - Letters in disuse by 1750, Russian alphabet - Numeric values, Russian alphabet - References:, Russian alphabet - External link

Read more here: » Russian alphabet: Encyclopedia II - Russian alphabet - The alphabet

Yat or Jat (Ѣ, ѣ) is the thirty-second letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet and name of the sound represented by it. Its name in Old Church Slavonic is yět’ (ѣть) or yat’ (ıать), in Bulgarian yat (ят), in Russian and Ukrainian yat’ (ять), in Serbian yat (јат, Croatian spelling jat). In the common scientific Latin transliteration for old Slavic languages, the letter is represented by e with caron: ...

Including:

• Yat - Yat in Russia and Ukraine
• Yat - Yat in South Slavic languages
• Yat - Code positions

Read more here: » Yat: Encyclopedia - Yat

Yedioth Ahronoth (Hebrew: ידיעות אחרונות Yediot Akharonot, meaning "latest news") is a major Hebrew newspaper published in Israel. Since the 1970s it has been the most widely circulated paper in Israel. One of the first privately owned Israeli newspapers, it was founded in 1939 by Nachum Komarov and was shortly after bought by Yehuda Mozes. Its first Managing Editor was Noah Mozes, Yehuda Mozes' son. In 1948, a large group of journalists and staff members led by Azriel Carlebach, who was ...

Read more here: » Yedioth Ahronoth: Encyclopedia - Yedioth Ahronoth

Chukchi, or Chukchee (Russian: чукчи (plural), chukcha, чукча (singular)) are an indigenous people inhabiting the northeasternmost portion of the Russian Federation on the shores of the Arctic Ocean and Bering Sea. They speak the Chukchi language.The Chukchi originated from the people living around the Okhotsk Sea. In Chukchi religion, every object, wether animate or inanimate is assigned a spirit. This spirit can be either harmful or benifitial. Chukchi religious practic ...

Read more here: » Chukchi people: Encyclopedia - Chukchi people

In common usage in Europe, Asia and former USSR countries, "Caucasian" is a collective term which refers to anyone descended from native ethnicities of Caucasus. Confusingly, the Russian language stereotypes of Caucasian people are in the direct opposition to the common colloquial English language meaning of "Caucasian" as the "white race". Typically, Caucasian people are considered "dark" or "black", with negative connotations ...

Including:

• Racism in Russia - Racism towards peoples of the Caucasus
• Racism in Russia - Racism towards Central Asians
• Racism in Russia - External links
• Racism in Russia - Anti-semitism in Russia
• Racism in Russia - Racism towards Chinese and other East Asians
• Racism in Russia - Extrnal link
• Racism in Russia - Racism towards Africans
• Racism in Russia - Soviet roots
• Racism in Russia - External link

Read more here: » Racism in Russia: Encyclopedia - Racism in Russia

Aqua-lung was the original name for the first open-circuit SCUBA diving equipment, developed by Emile Gagnan and Jacques Cousteau in 1942. It consists of a high pressure diving cylinder and a diving regulator that supplies the diver with breathing gas at ambient pressure, via a demand valve. Before that, there were a few attempts at constant-flow compressed-air breathing sets. Aqualung and Aqua Lung are registered trademarks for diving equipment. In Britain, for very many years after public interest in scuba divin ...

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On March 29, 1983, the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union has approved the resolution 101/62ГС to "Support the proposition of the Department of Propaganda of the Central Committee and the KGB USSR about the creation of the Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public..." (AZCSP, Russian language: Антисионистский комитет советской общественности, АКСО). Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - From the ...

Including:

• Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - From the Soviet Leadership
• Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - Background and history
• Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - List of members
• Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public - Reference

Read more here: » Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public: Encyclopedia - Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public

A tumulus (plural tumuli or tumuluses) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans and can be found throughout much of the world. A tumulus composed largely or entirely of stones is usually referred to as a cairn. The method of inhumation may involve a cist, a mortuary enclosure, a mortuary house or a chamber tomb. Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe. Tumulus - Sites.

• Tumulus - Sites
• Tumulus - Scandinavia
• Tumulus - Ukraine Russia and Central Asia
• Tumulus - Britain
• Tumulus - Israel
• Tumulus - Japan
• Tumulus - U.S.A.
• Tumulus - The Czech Republic
• Tumulus - Types of barrows
• Tumulus - List of notable barrow diggers

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