Rump Parliament

When it became obvious to the Grandees in the Army and Parliament that they could not negotiate a settlement with King Charles I and they could not trust him to resist raising an army to attack them, they reluctantly came to the conclusion that they would have to kill him. The House of Commons on 13 December 1648 broke off negotiations with the King. Two days later, the Council of Officers of the New Model Army voted that the King be moved from the Isle of Wight, where he was prisoner, to Windsor "in order to the bringing of him speedily to justice". In the mid ...

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Rump Parliament, Rump Parliament - Execution of Charles I, Rump Parliament - 1649-1653, Rump Parliament - Oliver Cromwell, Rump Parliament - End of the Rump Parliament, Rump Parliament - Links and references

Read more here: » Rump Parliament: Encyclopedia II - Rump Parliament - Execution of Charles I

this is a political history, for a military history of this time, see Irish Confederate Wars The Catholic Confederation was formed in the aftermath of the 1641 rebellion, both to control the popular uprising and to organise an Irish Catholic war effort against the remaining British armies in Ireland. It was hoped that by doing this, the Irish Catholics could hold off an English or Scottish re-conquest of the country. The initiative for the Confederation came from a Catholic bishop, Nicholas French and a lawyer named Nich ...

See also:

Confederate Ireland, Confederate Ireland - Rebellion and the formation of the Confederation, Confederate Ireland - Cessation with the royalists the Nuncio's arrival and the first Ormonde peace, Confederate Ireland - Military defeat and a new Ormonde peace, Confederate Ireland - Civil War within the Confederation, Confederate Ireland - Cromwell’s invasion, Confederate Ireland - Significance, Confederate Ireland - Sources, Confederate Ireland - External link

Read more here: » Confederate Ireland: Encyclopedia II - Confederate Ireland - Rebellion and the formation of the Confederation

The ceremonial mace derives from the mace used as a weapon. The earliest ceremonial maces were practical weapons intended to protect the king's person, borne by the serjeants-at-arms, a royal bodyguard established in France by Philip II, and in England probably by Richard I. By the 14th century, these serjants' maces had started to become increasingly decorative, encased in precious metals. Ceremonial mace - History. The history of the civic mace (carried by the serjeants-at-arms) begins around the m ...

Including:

• Ceremonial mace - History
• Ceremonial mace - Britain
• Ceremonial mace - North America Ireland
• Ceremonial mace - Universities
• Ceremonial mace - Others

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Charles I (19 November 1600–30 January 1649) was King of Scotland, England and Ireland from 27 March 1625, until his execution. He famously engaged in a struggle for power with Parliament; he was an advocate of the divine right of kings. Many in England therefore feared that he was attempting to gain absolute power. There was widespread opposition to many of his actions, especially the levying of taxes without Parliament's consent. This is one of the many mani ...

Including:

• Charles I of England - Early life
• Charles I of England - Early reign
• Charles I of England - Buckingham's leadership
• Charles I of England - The Personal Rule
• Charles I of England - Short and Long Parliaments
• Charles I of England - Civil war
• Charles I of England - Trial and execution
• Charles I of England - Legacy
• Charles I of England - Style and arms
• Charles I of England - Issue
• Charles I of England - In modern culture

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1648 - Ongoing events. English Civil War (1642-1649) 1648 - Births. January 1 - Elkanah Settle, English writer (d. 1724) February 23 - Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England (d. 1730) April 4 - Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (d. 1721) April 7 - John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (d. 1721) April 9 - Henri de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, 1st Viscount Ga ...

Including:

• 1648 - Events
• 1648 - Ongoing events
• 1648 - Births
• 1648 - Deaths

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The Commonwealth was the republican government which ruled first England and then the whole of Ireland, the colonies and other Crown possessions during the periods from 1649 to 1653 and from 1659 to 1660. After the beheading of the monarch Charles I on January 30 1649, its existence was initially declared ("An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth") by the Rump Parliament on 19 May that year. The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver C ...

Including:

• Commonwealth of England - Radicals vs. Conservatives
• Commonwealth of England - Levellers
• Commonwealth of England - Diggers
• Commonwealth of England - Religious sects
• Commonwealth of England - Conservatives
• Commonwealth of England - Political experiments of the Commonwealth
• Commonwealth of England - The Rump Parliament 1649–53
• Commonwealth of England - The 'Barebones' Parliament July–December 1653

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April 20 is the 110th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (111th in leap years). There are 255 days remaining. April 20 - Events. 1653 - Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament. 1657 - Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York City) granted freedom of religion. 1689 - The former King James II of England, now deposed, lays siege to Derry. 1770 - Lieutenant James Cook's expedition (first voyage) makes first sighting of eastern Australian ...

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• April 20 - Events
• April 20 - Births
• April 20 - Deaths
• April 20 - Holidays and observances

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The Battle of Worcester was the final battle of the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell and the Parliamentarians defeated the Royalist, predominatly Scottish, forces of King Charles II on September 3, 1651 at Worcester, England. Battle of Worcester - Invasion of England. The king was aided by Scottish allies and was attempting to regain the throne that had been lost when his father Charles I was executed. The commander of the Scots, Sir David Leslie, supported the plan of fighting in Scotland, where royal su ...

Including:

• Battle of Worcester - Invasion of England
• Battle of Worcester - The Worcester campaign
• Battle of Worcester - The battle
• Battle of Worcester - Legacy

Read more here: » Battle of Worcester: Encyclopedia - Battle of Worcester

Confederate Ireland refers to a brief period of Irish self-government between the Rebellion of 1641 and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649. During this time, two-thirds of Ireland was governed by the Irish Catholic Confederation, also known as the 'Confederation of Kilkenny' (based in the city of Kilkenny). The remaining Protestant enclaves in Ulster, Munster and Leinster were held by armies loyal to the royalists, parliamentarians or Scottish Covenanters during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Confede ...

Including:

• Confederate Ireland - Rebellion and the formation of the Confederation
• Confederate Ireland - Cessation with the royalists the Nuncio's arrival and the first Ormonde peace
• Confederate Ireland - Military defeat and a new Ormonde peace
• Confederate Ireland - Civil War within the Confederation
• Confederate Ireland - Cromwell’s invasion
• Confederate Ireland - Significance
• Confederate Ireland - Sources
• Confederate Ireland - External link

Read more here: » Confederate Ireland: Encyclopedia - Confederate Ireland

1649 - Ongoing events. Fronde civil war in France (1648-1653) 1649 - Births. February 2 - Pope Benedict XIII (d. 1730) February 8 - Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian (d. 1728) February 11 - William Carstares, Scottish minister (d. 1715) April 5 - Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University (d. 1721) April 9 - James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland (d. 1685)< ...

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• 1649 - Events
• 1649 - Ongoing events
• 1649 - Births
• 1649 - Deaths

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1654 - Events. April 5 - Signing of the Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War. June 3 - Louis XIV of France crowned at Rheims June 6 - Charles X succedes his cousin Christina to the Swedish throne. After her abdication on June 5, Christina now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism. September 3 - In the Rump Parliament, the republican party questions Cromwell's pre-eminence September 12 - Oliver Cromwell orders ...

Including:

• 1654 - Events
• 1654 - Births
• 1654 - Deaths

Read more here: » 1654: Encyclopedia - 1654

The Parliament was initially influenced by John Pym and his supporters. In August 1641, it enacted legislation depriving Charles of the powers that he had assumed since his accession. The reforms were designed to negate the possibility of Charles ruling absolutely again. The parliament also freed those imprisoned by the Star Chamber. A Triennial Act was passed, requiring that no more than three years should elapse between sessions of Parliament and the Dissolution Act which required the Long Parliament's consent to its own dissolution. Parli ...

See also:

Long Parliament, Long Parliament - 1640–1648, Long Parliament - Time line, Long Parliament - 1649–1659 Rump Parliament, Long Parliament - 1660 Restoraton, Long Parliament - Succession, Long Parliament - Notes

Read more here: » Long Parliament: Encyclopedia II - Long Parliament - 1640–1648

The New Model Army won important victories at Naseby (14 June 1645, its baptism of fire) and Preston (August 1648). After the end of major civil war hostilities in England, they were in a position to dictate the future of England, which caused a great deal of tension between the political radicals in their ranks and their commanders such as Cromwell and Henry Ireton. New Model Army - Revoluti ...

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New Model Army, New Model Army - Foundation, New Model Army - Establishment and early Character, New Model Army - Battlefield tactics, New Model Army - Civil War Campaigns, New Model Army - Revolutionary Politics and the Agreement of the People, New Model Army - Second English Civil War, New Model Army - Ireland, New Model Army - Scotland, New Model Army - Interregnum, New Model Army - Sources, New Model Army - Notes

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King Charles, a member of the House of Stuart was King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 27 March 1625, until his death. Charles believed in a sacramental version of the Church of England, called High Anglicanism, with a theology based upon Arminianism, a belief shared by his main political advisor, Archbishop William Laud. Laud was appointed by Charles as the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633 and started a series of reforms in the Church to make it more ceremonial. This was actively hostile to the Reformist tendencies of many of his Engl ...

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Society of King Charles the Martyr, Society of King Charles the Martyr - Charles Stuart as an Anglican Martyr, Society of King Charles the Martyr - The Society, Society of King Charles the Martyr - Catholic Societies within Anglicanism

Read more here: » Society of King Charles the Martyr: Encyclopedia II - Society of King Charles the Martyr - Charles Stuart as an Anglican Martyr

King of Ireland - Kingdom of Ireland 1542-1801. The title "King of Ireland" was created by an act of the Irish Parliament in 1541, to replace the Lordship of Ireland which had existed since 1171 with the Kingdom of Ireland. The Crown of Ireland Act established a personal union between the English and Irish crowns, providing that whoever was king of England was to be king of Ireland as well, and so its f ...

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King of Ireland, King of Ireland - History, King of Ireland - Kingdom of Ireland 1542-1801, King of Ireland - Irish Free State 1927-1936, King of Ireland - 1936-1949, King of Ireland - List of Lords Kings and Queens of Ireland Non-Native, King of Ireland - 1171-1541, King of Ireland - 1541-1801, King of Ireland - 1801-1927, King of Ireland - 1927-1949

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1649 was a year of great social unrest in England. The Parliamentary victors of the First English Civil War failed to negotiate a constitutional settlement with the defeated King Charles I. Members of Parliament and the Grandees in the New Model Army, when faced with Charles's perceived duplicity, reluctantly tried and executed him. Government through the King's Privy Council was replaced with a new body called the Council of State. Due to fundamental disagreements within a weakened Parliament, this new body was dominated by the Army. ...

See also:

Fifth Monarchists, Fifth Monarchists - Overview, Fifth Monarchists - The English Commonwealth, Fifth Monarchists - Nominated Assembly and Protectorate, Fifth Monarchists - Restoration, Fifth Monarchists - Reference

Read more here: » Fifth Monarchists: Encyclopedia II - Fifth Monarchists - Overview

The Protectorate, which had preceded the Restoration and followed the Commonwealth, might have continued a little longer if Oliver Cromwell's son, Richard Cromwell, who was made Lord Protector on his father's death, had been capable of carrying on his father's policies. Richard Cromwell's main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army. After seven months the Army removed him and in May 6, 1659 it reinstalled the Rump Parliament. Charles Fleetwood was appointed a member of the Committee of Safety and of the Council of State ...

See also:

English Restoration, English Restoration - End of the Protectorate, English Restoration - Restoration of Charles II, English Restoration - Opposition to the Restoration, English Restoration - Restoration Britain, English Restoration - The republican new nobility, English Restoration - Notes

Read more here: » English Restoration: Encyclopedia II - English Restoration - End of the Protectorate

English Civil War - The King's aspirations. Contemporaries must have found it unthinkable that a civil war could result from the events taking place. War broke out less than forty years after the death of the popular Elizabeth I in 1603. At the accession of Charles I, England and Scotland had both experienced relative peace, both internally and in their relations with each other, for as long as anyone could remember. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, f ...

See also:

English Civil War, English Civil War - Introduction, English Civil War - Background, English Civil War - The King's aspirations, English Civil War - Parliament in the English constitutional framework, English Civil War - Mounting concerns, English Civil War - Petition of Right, English Civil War - The Eleven Years' Tyranny and a rebellion in Scotland, English Civil War - Local grievances, English Civil War - Recall of Parliament, English Civil War - The Long Parliament, English Civil War - The First English Civil War, English Civil War - Capture of Charles, English Civil War - The Second English Civil War, English Civil War - Trial of Charles I for treason, English Civil War - The Third English Civil War, English Civil War - Ireland, English Civil War - Scotland, English Civil War - England, English Civil War - Political control, English Civil War - Aftermath, English Civil War - Theories relating to the English Civil War, English Civil War - Re-enactments

Read more here: » English Civil War: Encyclopedia II - English Civil War - Background

Homo erectus and Neanderthals settled Europe long before the emergence of modern humans, Homo sapiens. The bones of first Europeans are found in Dmanisi, Georgia, dated 2,000,000 BC. The earliest appearance of anatomically modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 BC. Evidence of permanent settlement dates from the 7th millennium BC in Bulgaria, Romania and Greece. The Neolithic reached Central Europe in the 6th millennium BC and parts of Northern Europe in the 5th and 4th millennium BC. There is no prehistoric culture t ...

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History of Europe, History of Europe - The origins, History of Europe - The Greeks, History of Europe - Rome, History of Europe - Early Middle Ages, History of Europe - High Middle Ages, History of Europe - Later Middle Ages, History of Europe - Renaissance and Reformation, History of Europe - Colonial expansion, History of Europe - Early Modern period: 16th 17th and 18th century, History of Europe - The English Civil War and Unification with Scotland, History of Europe - English Commonwealth, History of Europe - Act of Union, History of Europe - The French Revolution, History of Europe - Napoleonic Wars, History of Europe - Congress of Vienna, History of Europe - The 19th century, History of Europe - Early 20th century: the World Wars, History of Europe - Late 20th century: the Cold War, History of Europe - Early 21st century: the European Union, History of Europe - Histories of present-day territories, History of Europe - Sources, History of Europe - Recommended reading

Read more here: » History of Europe: Encyclopedia II - History of Europe - The origins

English Civil War - Parliament in the English constitutional framework. Before the War, the Parliament of England was not a permanent feature of English government, instead functioning as a temporary advisory committee—summoned by the monarch whenever additional tax revenue was required, and subject to dissolution by the monarch at any time. Because responsibility for collecting taxes lay in the hands of the gentry, the English kings needed the help of that stratum of society in order to ensure that revenue was ...

See also:

English Civil War, English Civil War - Introduction, English Civil War - Background, English Civil War - The King's aspirations, English Civil War - Headline text, English Civil War - Parliament in the English constitutional framework, English Civil War - Mounting concerns, English Civil War - Petition of Right, English Civil War - The Eleven Years' Tyranny and a rebellion in Scotland, English Civil War - Local grievances, English Civil War - Recall of Parliament, English Civil War - The Long Parliament, English Civil War - The First English Civil War, English Civil War - Capture of Charles, English Civil War - The Second English Civil War, English Civil War - Trial of Charles I for treason, English Civil War - The Third English Civil War, English Civil War - Ireland, English Civil War - Scotland, English Civil War - England, English Civil War - Political control, English Civil War - Aftermath, English Civil War - Theories relating to the English Civil War, English Civil War - Re-enactments

Read more here: » English Civil War: Encyclopedia II - English Civil War - Headline text