Ruhollah Khomeini - Article Index

Encyclopedia - Ruhollah Khomeini: Encyclopedia - Ruhollah Khomeini
Ayatollah Seyyed Ruhollah Khomeini (آیت‌الله روح‌الله خمینی in Persian) (May 17, 1900 – June 3, 1989) was an Ira...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruhollah Khomeini: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruhollah Khomeini - Political Thought And Legacy
Throughout his many writings and speeches, Khomeini consistently promoted his vision of a theocratic Islamic society, guided by the moral...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Ruhollah Khomeini: Encyclopedia Ii - Ruhollah Khomeini - Political Thought And Legacy
Throughout his many writings and speeches, Khomeini consistently promoted his vision of a theocratic Islamic society, guided by the moral...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1979: Encyclopedia - 1979
This page refers to the year 1979. For the Smashing Pumpkins song, see 1979 (song). 1979 (MCMLXXIX) is a common year starting on Monday. ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1989: Encyclopedia - 1989
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) is a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The world population growth in absolute numbers is believ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1980: Encyclopedia - 1980
1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday. It is equivalent to 2733 a.U.c., and to 1359 AH. 1980 - Events. January 1–April ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1980s: Encyclopedia - 1980s
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 The 1980s decade refers to the years from 1980 to 1989, inclusive. Informally, it can a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1902: Encyclopedia - 1902
1902 (MCMII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (see link for calendar). 1902 - Events. 1902 - January-April. January 28 - The C...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apostasy: Encyclopedia - Apostasy
Apostasy (αποστασις, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander, from απο, apo, "away, apart", στα...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades: Encyclopedia - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (كتائب شهداء الأقصى) are a Palestinian militia closely linked to the Fatah party. They hav...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia - Big Boss
Big Boss is a fictional character in the Metal Gear video game series created by Hideo Kojima and published by Konami. Big Boss - Appeara...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1989 In Literature: Encyclopedia - 1989 In Literature
See also: 1988 in literature, other events of 1989, 1990 in literature, list of years in literature. 1989 in literature - Events. Febru...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iran-iraq War: Encyclopedia Ii - Iran-iraq War - Background
Although the Iran-Iraq war of 1980–1988 was a war over dominance of the Persian Gulf region, the roots of the war go back many centurie...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - History
Big Boss - Early Life. Big Boss' history prior to joining the armed forces and becoming a disciple of The Boss is a complete mystery. H...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islam And Veneration For Muhammad: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam And Veneration For Muhammad - In Speaking And Writing
When speaking or writing, the prophet's name is followed by the phrase "peace be upon him," in English often abreviated to PBUH. The Isla...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - President Of Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - President Of Iran - Role In The State
In contrast with most republics, the effective head of Iran's political establishment is not the president, but rather the Supreme Leader...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Presidential Election 2005: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Presidential Election 2005 - Candidates
The registration of the candidates finished on May 14, 2005 and 1014 candidates had registered to run, including many people who didn't h...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades: Encyclopedia Ii - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades - Activities
The al-Aqsa brigades are responsible for dozens of suicide bombings and many more shooting attacks against Israeli vehicles in the West B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apostasy: Encyclopedia Ii - Apostasy - In Purported Cults And New Religious Movements Nrms
Some scholars of new religious movements define as apostates specifically those individuals that leave new religious movements and become...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iran - Ancient History
The ancient nation of Iran was historically known to the West as Persia until March 21, 1935. The name was used in the West due to the an...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Scholars: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Scholars - List
Here follows two list of all Islamic scholars, one for Muslim and one for non-Muslim. For a list of scholars specialized in: Islamic his...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1989: Encyclopedia Ii - 1989 - Events
1989 - January. January 7 - Last day of the Showa period due to the death of Emperor Hirohito(aka Emperor Showa after his death) in Ja...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Salman Rushdie: Encyclopedia Ii - Salman Rushdie - The Satanic Verses Controversy
The publication of The Satanic Verses in September 1988 caused immediate controversy in the Islamic world due to its allegedly irreverent...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1989: Encyclopedia Ii - 1989 - Events
1989 - January. January 7 - Last day of the Showa period due to the death of Emperor Hirohito (aka Emperor Showa after his death) in J...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Revolution - Precursors To The Revolution
History of Iran Empires of Iran: Jiroft Kingdom Elamite Kingdom (2700 BC-539 BC) Mannaeans kingdom (10th-7th century BC) Median Empir...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pahlavi Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Pahlavi Dynasty - Reza Pahlavi And The Start Of The Dynasty
In 1921 Reza Khan (later Reza Shah Pahlavi), an officer in Iran's only military force (Cossack Brigade) used his troops to support a coup...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People Of The 20th Century: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Time Magazine's 100 Most Influential People Of The 20th Century - The List
List of TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century - Leaders and revolutionaries. David Ben-Gurion Ho Chi Minh Si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Places Named After People: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Places Named After People - Administrative Divisions
List of places named after people - Australia. Queensland - Queen Victoria Tasmania - Abel Tasman Victoria - Queen Victoria List of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Iranians - Artists
List of Iranians - Authors and poets. See main article: Persian literature See main list: List of Persian poets and authors List of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Scholars: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Scholars - Muslim Scholars
Muslim scholars are either born in a Muslim families, or converted to Islam. For a list of scholars specialized in: Islamic history, see...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Places Named After People: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Places Named After People - Administrative Divisions
List of places named after people - Australia. Queensland - Queen Victoria Tasmania - Abel Tasman Victoria - Queen Victoria List of ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Supreme Leader Of Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - Supreme Leader Of Iran - The Mandate
While the Supreme Leader is the ultimate head of the Iranian political establishment, the President of Iran, who is elected by the people...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - We Didn't Start The Fire: Encyclopedia Ii - We Didn't Start The Fire - Historical Items Referred To In The Song
The lyrics of "We Didn't Start the Fire" are essentially a chronological list of specific events, names, and places, beginning in Joel's ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1979: Encyclopedia Ii - 1979 - Events
1979 - January. January 1 - United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim heralds the start of the "International Year of the Child."...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1980: Encyclopedia Ii - 1980 - Events
1980 - January. January 1–April 1 - National steel strike in the United Kingdom. January 1 - Changes to the Swedish Act of Successio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Savak: Encyclopedia Ii - Savak - Operations
SAVAK had virtually unlimited powers of arrest and detention. It operated its own detention centres, like the notorious Evin Prison. It i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Shapour Bakhtiar: Encyclopedia Ii - Shapour Bakhtiar - Political Career In Iran
Shapur Bakhtiar returned to Iran in 1946. In 1951 he was appointed by the Ministry of Labor, first as director of the Labor Department in...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - History
Big Boss - Early Life. Big Boss' history prior to joining the armed forces and becoming a disciple of The Boss is a complete mystery. A...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades: Encyclopedia Ii - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades - Activities
The al-Aqsa brigades are responsible for dozens of suicide bombings and many more shooting attacks against Israeli vehicles in the West B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1902: Encyclopedia Ii - 1902 - Events
1902 - January-April. January 28 - The Carnegie Institution is founded in Washington, DC with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie....   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Well-known Fatwas: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Well-known Fatwas - Fatwas Promoting Violence Against A Particular Individual
Fatwas involving violence are more likely to be well-known than other fatwas, especially to non-Muslims. One possible reason is that non-...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1989: Encyclopedia Ii - 1989 - Events
1989 - January. January 8 - the Kegworth Air Disaster - A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport - 44...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1980s: Encyclopedia Ii - 1980s - People
1980s - World Leaders. Chancellor Bruno Kreisky (Austria) Chancellor Fred Sinowatz (Austria) Chancellor Franz Vranitzky (Austria) Prim...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Revolution - Overthrow Of The Shah
By September, the nation was rapidly destabilizing, with major protests becoming a regular occurrence. The Shah introduced martial law, a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Revolution - Pre-revolutionary Conditions Inside Iran
The poorest section of the Iranian population tended to be the most religious and the most opposed to perceived foreign imperialism. The ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Revolution - Khomeini Takes Power
There was great jubilation in Iran at the ousting of the Shah, but there was also much disagreement over Iran's future path. While Khomei...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Revolution - Escalating Protests
During the period up to 1978, the opposition to the Shah mostly came from the urban middle class, a section of the population that was fa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Revolution - Early Protests
In 1977, following human rights pressure from U.S. President Jimmy Carter (who threatened to cut arms shipments), more than 300 political...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - Motives
Big Boss was originally a loyal and faithful soldier, but after Operation: Snake Eater, in which he was ordered to kill his old mentor, T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Places Named After People: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Places Named After People - Towns And Cities
Many smaller European towns and cities are named after their founders, often dating back many hundred years. Often, there isn't much know...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Presidential Election 2005: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Presidential Election 2005 - Schedule
The schedule of the election had been decided between the Ministry of Interior and the Guardian Council for June 17, 2004. The election w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Presidential Election 2005: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Presidential Election 2005 - Turnout And Boycotts
The Islamic Republic government of Iran, specially the Supreme Leader and the higher offices, publicly considers the turnout of the voter...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iran-iraq War: Encyclopedia Ii - Iran-iraq War - Invasion And Repulse
The two nations severed diplomatic relations in June 1980, and sporadic border clashes increased. On September 17, Iraq declared the Shat...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iran-iraq War: Encyclopedia Ii - Iran-iraq War - War Of The Cities
Toward the end of the war, the land conflict regressed into stalemate largely because neither side had enough self-propelled artillery or...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Iranians - Scientists Scholars And Academics
See comprehensive List of Iranian scientists and engineers of the pre-modern age. See comprehensive List of Iranian scientists and engine...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Iranians - Leaders And Politicians
The list here excludes the royalty. An extensive list of Persian royalty appears further down in this page. See also List of Prime Minist...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iran-iraq War: Encyclopedia Ii - Iran-iraq War - Final Ruling
On 9 December 1991, the UN Secretary-General reported the following to the UN Security Council: That Iraq's explanations do not appear su...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Presidential Election 2005: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Presidential Election 2005 - Election Controversies
After the first round of the election, some people, including Mehdi Karroubi, the pragmatic reformist candidate who ranked third in the f...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Presidential Election 2005: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Presidential Election 2005 - Results
While pre-voting polls mostly favored a run-off between Rafsanjani and Mostafa Moeen, the actual vote counts from the Ministry of Interio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - Appearances
Big Boss first appeared in the original Metal Gear. While Big Boss initially serves as the player's (Solid Snake's) commanding officer (g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Revolution - Post-revolutionary Impact
In the long run, the revolution did result in a lessening of foreign influence, which had tended to be imperialistic. The distribution of...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iranian Revolution: Encyclopedia Ii - Iranian Revolution - Opposition To The Revolution
Iranian Revolution - Western/U.S.-Iranian relations. That same month saw anger at the United States, which continued to support the Sha...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Iranians: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Iranians - Other
List of Iranians - Famous Armenians of Iran. Klara Abkar, painter Armaees Aghamaliyan Anik Anoosh Arman Loris Tjeknavorian Vigen Derd...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - Name
Big Boss's true name is "Jack", though during certain scenes in Metal Gear Solid 3, he occasionally introduces himself as "John" (see Nam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - President Of Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - President Of Iran - Qualifications And Election
The President of Iran is elected in a national election by universal adult suffrage. The selection of candidates for the election is rest...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - Legacy
Big Boss's genes would be used in a pair of secret projects to make the ultimate super-soldiers, one based on genetic information taken w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Savak: Encyclopedia Ii - Savak - Post-revolution
Following the flight of the Shah in January 1979, SAVAK's 15,000 strong staff were targeted for reprisals, many of the senior officials w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islamic Scholars: Encyclopedia Ii - Islamic Scholars - Non-muslim Scholars
Many non-Muslims have been interested in Islam, the first real scholars begining in the 19th century. ... See also:Islamic scholars, I...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apostasy: Encyclopedia Ii - Apostasy - In Christianity
Christians often quote the prophecy in 2 Thessalonians about a coming apostasy: "Let no one in any way deceive you, for that day cannot ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apostasy: Encyclopedia Ii - Apostasy - In International Law
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights, considers the recanting of a person's religion a human right legally protected by the Inte...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1989: Encyclopedia Ii - 1989 - Deaths
1989 - January. January 3 - Robert Banks, American chemist (b. 1921) January 7 - Frank Adams, British mathematician (b. 1930) January ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apostasy: Encyclopedia Ii - Apostasy - In Islam
In Islam, apostasy is called "ridda" ("turning back") and it is considered by Muslims to be a profound insult. A person born of Muslim pa...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apostasy: Encyclopedia Ii - Apostasy - In Judaism
The term apostasy is also derived from Greek ἀποστάτης, meaning "political rebel," as applied to rebellion against God, its law...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades: Encyclopedia Ii - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades - Relationship With Arafat And Fatah
The group's relationship with Arafat was subject to conflicting information from leaders within the group. Maslama Thabet, one of the gro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apostasy: Encyclopedia Ii - Apostasy - Noted Apostates
This is a list of some notable persons that have been labelled an apostate by a notable source, regardless whether they fit any of the me...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1980: Encyclopedia Ii - 1980 - Deaths
1980 - January. January 3 - Joy Adamson, Austrian-born conservationist and author (murdered) (b. 1910) January 8 - John Mauchly, Ameri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1980: Encyclopedia Ii - 1980 - Births
1980 - January. January 1 - Elin Nordegren, Swedish model January 2 - Rebekah Teasdale, British model and journalist January 7 - Gabri...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades: Encyclopedia Ii - Al-aqsa Martyrs' Brigades - Relationship With Arafat And Fatah
The group's relationship with Arafat was subject to conflicting information from leaders within the group. Maslama Thabet, one of the gro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1902: Encyclopedia Ii - 1902 - Deaths
1902 - Date unknown. Frederick Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1821) Hale Johnson, American politician (b. 1847) ... See also:...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1902: Encyclopedia Ii - 1902 - Births
1902 - January-March. January 1 - Buster Nupen, South African cricketer (d. 1977) January 9 - Rudolph Bing, Austrian-born opera manage...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - Appearances
Big Boss first appeared in the original Metal Gear. While Big Boss initially serves as the player's (Solid Snake's) commanding officer (g...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - Motives
Big Boss was originally a loyal and faithful soldier, but after Operation: Snake Eater, in which he was ordered to kill his old mentor, T...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - 1979: Encyclopedia Ii - 1979 - Deaths
1979 - January-March. January 3 - Conrad Hilton, American hotelier (b. 1887) January 5 - Charles Mingus, American musician (b. 1922) J...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - Legacy
Big Boss's genes would be used in a pair of secret projects to make the ultimate super-soldiers, one based on genetic information taken w...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Big Boss: Encyclopedia Ii - Big Boss - Name
Big Boss's true name is "Jack", though during certain scenes in Metal Gear Solid 3, he occasionally introduces himself as "John" (see Nam...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iran - Islamic Conquest
Its consist of an intermediate era of nearly 150 years between the dissoloution of Sassanid dynasty of Persia and establishment of first ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Apostasy: Encyclopedia Ii - Apostasy - Sociological Definitions
The American sociologist David G. Bromley defined the apostate role as follows and distinguished it from the defector and whistleblower r...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islam And Veneration For Muhammad: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam And Veneration For Muhammad - Relics Of The Prophet
Relics of the prophet, such as his grave, his sword, his clothing, are revered. The largest collection of such relics is to be found in t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iran - The Middle Ages
Persia's next ruling dynasties descended from Central Asian Turkic-speaking warriors who had been moving out of Central Asia into Transox...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iran-iraq War: Encyclopedia Ii - Iran-iraq War - Aftermath
The war was disastrous for both countries, stalling economic development and disrupting oil exports. It cost Iran an estimated 1.5 millio...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iran-iraq War: Encyclopedia Ii - Iran-iraq War - Human Wave Attacks In The Iran-iraq War
Many people claim that the Iran-Iraq conflict spawned a particularly gruesome variant of the "human wave" attack. The Iranian clergy, wit...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Places Named After People: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Places Named After People - Towns And Cities
Many smaller European towns and cities are named after their founders, often dating back many hundred years. Often, there isn't much know...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pahlavi Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Pahlavi Dynasty - Second World War
Following Germany's invasion of the USSR in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Both turned their attention to Iran. B...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Salman Rushdie: Encyclopedia Ii - Salman Rushdie - Career
His writing career began with Grimus, a fantastic tale, part-science fiction, which was generally ignored by the book-buying public and l...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pahlavi Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Pahlavi Dynasty - Collapse Of The Dynasty
The Shah's government suppressed its opponents with the help of Iran's security and intelligence organization, SAVAK. He continually side...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pahlavi Dynasty: Encyclopedia Ii - Pahlavi Dynasty - The Cold War
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne on September 16, 1941. He wanted to continue the reform policies of his father, b...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iran-iraq War: Encyclopedia Ii - Iran-iraq War - Weapons Of Mass Destruction
With more than 100,000 Iranian victims[16] of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons during the eight-year war, Iran is, after Japan, one...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Islam And Veneration For Muhammad: Encyclopedia Ii - Islam And Veneration For Muhammad - Punishment Of Criticism
Criticism of Muhammad is often equated with blasphemy, which is punishable (by death) in some Muslim-majority or Islamic states. This is ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Iran-iraq War: Encyclopedia Ii - Iran-iraq War - Arming The Combatants
Iraq's army was primarily armed with weaponry it had purchased from the Soviet Union and its satellites in the preceding decade. During t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iran - World Wars
During World War I the country was occupied by British and Russian forces but was essentially neutral. In 1919, Britain attempted to esta...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of Iran: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of Iran - Before The First World War
Persia underwent a revival under the Safavid dynasty (1502-1736), the most prominent figure of which was Shah Abbas I. The conqueror Nadi...   » Read the article