The Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: הלוח העברי) or Jewish calendar is the annual calendar used in Judaism. It determines the dates of the Jewish holidays, the appropriate Torah portions for public reading, Yahrzeits (the date to commemorate the death of a relative), and the specific daily Psalms which some customarily read. Two major forms of the calendar have been used: an observational form used prior to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70, and based on witnesses observing ...

Including:

• Hebrew calendar - History
• Hebrew calendar - Biblical period
• Hebrew calendar - Babylonian exile
• Hebrew calendar - Second Temple era
• Hebrew calendar - Roman Era
• Hebrew calendar - Alexandrian Jewish calendar
• Hebrew calendar - Transition period
• Hebrew calendar - When does the year begin?
• Hebrew calendar - Modern calendar
• Hebrew calendar - Epoch
• Hebrew calendar - Measurement of the month
• Hebrew calendar - Pattern of calendar years
• Hebrew calendar - Measurement of hours
• Hebrew calendar - Measurement of lunar conjunctions/molads
• Hebrew calendar - Metonic cycle
• Hebrew calendar - Special holiday rules
• Hebrew calendar - Karaite interpretation
• Hebrew calendar - Accuracy

Read more here: » Hebrew calendar: Encyclopedia - Hebrew calendar

Uman (Ukrainian: Умань, Uman’; Polish: Humań ), is a town in central Ukraine, Cherkasy Oblast (province). It is located at 48°45′N 30°13′E, a minor industrial center and capital of the Uman raion (administrative district). Currently about 100,000 people live in Uman. Uman - History. Uman is known since 1616 as a defensive fort built against Tatar raids and a prominent Cossack regiment was stationed in the town. In 1670–1674, Uman was a resi ...

Including:

• Uman - History

Read more here: » Uman: Encyclopedia - Uman

Yom Kippur - Forgiveness and vidduy. According to the Talmud, God opens three books on the first day of the year; one for the thoroughly wicked, another for the thoroughly pious, and the third for the large intermediate class. The fate of the thoroughly wicked and the thoroughly pious is determined on the spot; the destiny of the intermediate class is suspended until Yom Kippur, when the fate of everyone is sealed. The liturgical piece Unetanneh Tokef (attributed to Rabbi Amnon of Mainz) states: ...

See also:

Yom Kippur, Yom Kippur - Date, Yom Kippur - Biblical origin, Yom Kippur - Observances, Yom Kippur - General observances, Yom Kippur - Observances among secular Jews, Yom Kippur - The eve of Yom Kippur, Yom Kippur - Prayer services, Yom Kippur - Atonement, Yom Kippur - Forgiveness and vidduy, Yom Kippur - Reconcilation with others, Yom Kippur - The Temple service

Read more here: » Yom Kippur: Encyclopedia II - Yom Kippur - Atonement

The sacrificial service of the Temple in Jerusalem features prominently in both the liturgy and the religious thought of the holiday. Specifically, the avodah ("service") in the mussaf prayer recounts the sacrificial ceremonies in great detail. The most distinctive ceremony was the offering of the "emissary goats", or "scapegoats" (Leviticus 16:8-10), one of which was offered on the altar and another was sent into the desert to "Azazel"; the goats were identical, and the fate of each goat was decided by lots. Comm ...

See also:

Yom Kippur, Yom Kippur - Date, Yom Kippur - Biblical origin, Yom Kippur - Observances, Yom Kippur - General observances, Yom Kippur - Observances among secular Jews, Yom Kippur - The eve of Yom Kippur, Yom Kippur - Prayer services, Yom Kippur - Atonement, Yom Kippur - Forgiveness and vidduy, Yom Kippur - Reconcilation with others, Yom Kippur - The Temple service

Read more here: » Yom Kippur: Encyclopedia II - Yom Kippur - The Temple service

The Feast of Trumpets is specifically and biblically the first day of the month of Tishri. Leviticus 23:24, states, "Speak to the children of Israel, saying: 'In the seventh month, on the first day of the month, you shall have a sabbath-rest, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, a holy convocation" (NKJV). The Jewish festival of Rosh Hashanah always occurs in the month of September or October in modern calendars. It extends over the first two days of the Hebrew month of Tishrei, even in Israel where most holidays last only one day. (Since days in the Hebrew calendar begin at sunset, the beginning of Rosh Hashanah is when suns ...

See also:

Feast of Trumpets, Feast of Trumpets - Date, Feast of Trumpets - In the New Testament

Read more here: » Feast of Trumpets: Encyclopedia II - Feast of Trumpets - Date

In modern times, the shofar is used only at Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. It is blown in synagogues to mark the end of the fast at Yom Kippur, and blown at four particular places at Rosh Hashanah. Because of its inherent ties to the Days of Repentance and the inspiration that comes along with hearing its piercing clasts, the shofar is also blown after morning services for the entire month of Elul (excluding Shabbos), which is the last month of the year. It is not blown on the last day of month, however, to mark the difference between the voluntary blasts of the month and the mandatory blasts of the holiday. The exact modes o ...

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Shofar, Shofar - In the Bible and rabbinic literature, Shofar - Post-Biblical times, Shofar - Construction, Shofar - Physical horns, Shofar - The sounds, Shofar - Unique sound waves, Shofar - The performer, Shofar - Use in modern times

Read more here: » Shofar: Encyclopedia II - Shofar - Use in modern times

The shofar may be the horn of any kosher animal, except that of a cow or calf, which would be a reminder of the golden calf incident. Shofar - Physical horns. Many large grazing animals, the ones that have cloven hoofs and chew their cud, are armed with either horns or antlers. These weapons are used for defense against predators or dominance duels between males for possession of a few favored females. Both horns and antlers are borne on the head and have similar uses. Ho ...

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Shofar, Shofar - In the Bible and rabbinic literature, Shofar - Post-Biblical times, Shofar - Construction, Shofar - Physical horns, Shofar - The sounds, Shofar - Unique sound waves, Shofar - The performer, Shofar - Use in modern times

Read more here: » Shofar: Encyclopedia II - Shofar - Construction

The tekiah and teruah sounds mentioned in the Bible were respectively bass and treble. The tekiah was a plain deep sound ending abruptly; the teruah, a trill between two tekiahs. These three sounds, constituting a bar of music, were rendered three times: first in honor of God's Kingship; next to recall the near sacrifice of Isaac, in order to cause the congregation to be remembered before God; and a third time to comply w ...

See also:

Shofar, Shofar - In the Bible and rabbinic literature, Shofar - Post-Biblical times, Shofar - Construction, Shofar - Physical horns, Shofar - The sounds, Shofar - Unique sound waves, Shofar - The performer, Shofar - Use in modern times

Read more here: » Shofar: Encyclopedia II - Shofar - The sounds

Ezra (עֶזְרָא, Standard Hebrew ʿEzra, Tiberian Hebrew ʿEzrâ: short for עַזְרִיאֵל "My help/court is God", Standard Hebrew ʿAzriʾel, Tiberian Hebrew ʿAzrîʾēl) was the "scribe" who led the second body of exiled Israelites that returned from Babylon to Jerusalem in 459 BCE, and is probably the author of the Book of Ezra and th ...

Including:

• Ezra - Relation to the Book of Ruth
• Ezra - Place in editing the Torah and Bible
• Ezra - Ezra in the Quran

Read more here: » Ezra: Encyclopedia - Ezra

In the Hebrew calendar Yom Kippur begins at nightfall starting the tenth day of the Hebrew month of Tishri (which falls in September/October), and continues until the next nightfall. It is always observed as a one day holiday, both inside and outside the boundaries of the land of Israel, in contrast with many other holidays, which are observed for two days in the Diaspora. Yom Kippur begins at sundown on the night before the following dates in the next few years: 2006: October 2 2007: September 22 2008: October 9 2009: September 28 ...

See also:

Yom Kippur, Yom Kippur - Date, Yom Kippur - Biblical origin, Yom Kippur - Observances, Yom Kippur - General observances, Yom Kippur - Observances among secular Jews, Yom Kippur - The eve of Yom Kippur, Yom Kippur - Prayer services, Yom Kippur - Atonement, Yom Kippur - Forgiveness and vidduy, Yom Kippur - Reconcilation with others, Yom Kippur - The Temple service

Read more here: » Yom Kippur: Encyclopedia II - Yom Kippur - Date

The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next. Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have New Year celebrations. New Year - Modern new year celebrations. Further information: New Year's Eve & New Year's Day The most common modern celebrations are: 1 January : The first day of the year in the Gregorian calendar used by most developed countries. Rosh Ha ...

Including:

• New Year - Modern new year celebrations
• New Year - Historical dates for the new year
• New Year - Trivia

Read more here: » New Year: Encyclopedia - New Year

Holiday - Buddhist holidays. Vesak Matsuri (in Japan, could also be considered a Shinto holiday) Blessed Rainy Day in Bhutan Holiday - Celtic Norse and Neopagan holidays. In the order of the Wheel of the Year: Samhain (Celtic): 31 October-1 November, Celtic New Year, first day of winter Winternights (Norse): 29 October-2 November, Norse New Year Yule (Norse): 21 December-22 December, winter solstice, Celtic mi ...

See also:

Holiday, Holiday - Public holidays, Holiday - Consecutive holidays, Holiday - Religious holidays, Holiday - Buddhist holidays, Holiday - Celtic Norse and Neopagan holidays, Holiday - Christian holidays, Holiday - Hindu holidays, Holiday - Islamic holidays, Holiday - Jewish holidays, Holiday - Bahá'í holidays, Holiday - The Northern Hemisphere winter holiday season, Holiday - Holidays traditionally in the winter holiday season, Holiday - Winter holiday greetings, Holiday - National holidays, Holiday - International holidays secular, Holiday - Other secular holidays, Holiday - Unofficial holidays, Holiday - No holidays?

Read more here: » Holiday: Encyclopedia II - Holiday - Religious holidays

Reb Noson was born in the town of Nemirov, Ukraine on January 22, 1780. His father, Rabbi Naphtali Hertz, was a Talmudic scholar of some distinction and a wealthy businessman. Reb Noson received a traditional Torah education and learned his father's business. At the age of thirteen (as was the custom), he married Esther Shaindel, daughter of Rabbi David Zvi Orbach, the leading rabbinical authority in Mohilov, Sharograd, and Kremenetz. Both his father and his fa ...

See also:

Nathan of Breslov, Nathan of Breslov - The dream, Nathan of Breslov - The scribe, Nathan of Breslov - Building a movement, Nathan of Breslov - Persecution, Nathan of Breslov - Publications: Rebbe Nachman's teachings, Nathan of Breslov - Publications: His own works

Read more here: » Nathan of Breslov: Encyclopedia II - Nathan of Breslov - The dream

Far more successful was the "Kitab al-Muḥaḍarah wal-Mudhakarah," a treatise on rhetoric and poetry, which was composed on the lines of the "Adab" writings of the Arabs, and is the only work of its kind in Hebrew literature. It was written at the request of a friend who had addressed to him eight questions on Hebrew poetry, and is divided into a corresponding number of chapters. In the first four the author treats generally of prose and prose-writers, of poetry and poets, and of the natural poetic gift of the Arabs, which he attrib ...

See also:

Moses ibn Ezra, Moses ibn Ezra - Family, Moses ibn Ezra - Writings, Moses ibn Ezra - His Rhetoric, Moses ibn Ezra - His Poetry, Moses ibn Ezra - Sacred Poems

Read more here: » Moses ibn Ezra: Encyclopedia II - Moses ibn Ezra - His Rhetoric

2006 - January. January 15: First round of the Finnish presidential election Second round of the Chile presidential elections NASA's Stardust spacecraft mission ends. January 16 - Mordechai Vanunu to appear in Israeli court, charged with meeting foreigners. January 17 - NASA will launch the New Horizons spacecraft on its first mission to Pluto. January 21 - baptism of Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark' ...

See also:

2006, 2006 - Events, 2006 - January, 2006 - Predicted and scheduled events, 2006 - January, 2006 - February, 2006 - March, 2006 - April, 2006 - May, 2006 - June, 2006 - July, 2006 - August, 2006 - September, 2006 - October, 2006 - November, 2006 - December, 2006 - Major Religious Holidays, 2006 - Unknown/undecided dates, 2006 - Deaths in 2006, 2006 - January, 2006 - 2006 in Fiction

Read more here: » 2006: Encyclopedia II - 2006 - Predicted and scheduled events

He was the author of the first Jewish system of ethics, written in Arabic in 1040 under the title Al Hidayah ila Faraid al-Qulub, Guide to the Duties of the Heart, and translated into Hebrew by Judah ibn Tibbon in the years 1161-80 under the title Hovot ha-Levavot, Instruction in the Duties of the Heart. Little is known of his life except that he bore the title of dayan, judge at the rabbinical court. Bahya was thoroughly familiar with the Jewish rabbinic literature, as well as the philosophical and scientific Arabic, Greek and Roman literature, quoting frequently from the ...

See also:

Bahya ibn Paquda, Bahya ibn Paquda - Life and works, Bahya ibn Paquda - Neoplatonism

Read more here: » Bahya ibn Paquda: Encyclopedia II - Bahya ibn Paquda - Life and works

Mishneh Torah - Critics and criticism. The Mishneh Torah was strongly opposed almost as soon as it appeared. Major sources of contention were the absence of sources and the fact that the work appeared to be intended to supersede study of the Talmud. Some criticisms appear to have been less rational in nature. The most sincere but influential opponent, whose comments are printed parallel to virtually all editions of the Mishneh Torah, was Rabbi Abraham ben David ...

See also:

Mishneh Torah, Mishneh Torah - Names of the work, Mishneh Torah - The books and sections, Mishneh Torah - Language and style, Mishneh Torah - Maimonides' sources, Mishneh Torah - Omissions, Mishneh Torah - Opposition, Mishneh Torah - Critics and criticism, Mishneh Torah - Maimonides' Reply, Mishneh Torah - Yonah of Gerona, Mishneh Torah - Influence, Mishneh Torah - Decisors, Mishneh Torah - Codes and commentators, Mishneh Torah - Present day, Mishneh Torah - English translations, Mishneh Torah - External link

Read more here: » Mishneh Torah: Encyclopedia II - Mishneh Torah - Opposition

Yom Kippur is considered by Jews to be the holiest and most solemn day of the year. Its central theme is atonement and reconciliation. Eating, drinking, bathing, and conjugal relations are prohibited. Fasting begins at sundown, and ends after nightfall the following day. Yom Kippur services begin with the prayer known as "Kol Nidrei", which must be recited before sunset. (Kol Nidrei, Aramaic for "all vows," is a public annullment of religious vows made by Jews during the preceding year. It only concerns unfilled vows made betwe ...

See also:

Jewish holiday, Jewish holiday - Rosh Hashanah - The Jewish New Year, Jewish holiday - Aseret Yemei Teshuva - Ten Days of Repentance, Jewish holiday - Yom Kippur - Day of Atonement, Jewish holiday - Sukkot - Festival of Booths, Jewish holiday - Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah - Rejoicing with the Law, Jewish holiday - Hanukkah - Festival of Lights, Jewish holiday - Tu Bishvat - New year of the trees, Jewish holiday - Purim - Festival of Lots, Jewish holiday - New Year for Kings, Jewish holiday - Pesach - Passover, Jewish holiday - Sefirah - Counting of the Omer, Jewish holiday - Lag Ba'omer, Jewish holiday - New Israeli/Jewish national holidays, Jewish holiday - Yom Ha'Shoah - Holocaust Remembrance day, Jewish holiday - Yom Hazikaron - Memorial Day, Jewish holiday - Yom Ha'atzma'ut - Israel Independence Day, Jewish holiday - Yom Yerushalayim - Jerusalem Day, Jewish holiday - Shavuot - Pentecost, Jewish holiday - The Three Weeks and the Nine Days, Jewish holiday - Tisha B'av - Ninth of Av, Jewish holiday - Tithe of animals, Jewish holiday - Rosh Chodesh - the New Month, Jewish holiday - Shabbat - The Sabbath יום השבת, Jewish holiday - Variances in observances

Read more here: » Jewish holiday: Encyclopedia II - Jewish holiday - Yom Kippur - Day of Atonement

There are an abundance of ethnic groups throughout Asia, with adaptations to the climate zones of Asia, which can be arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical or tropical. The ethnic groups have adapted to mountains, deserts, grasslands, and forests. On the coasts of Asia, the ethnic groups have adopted various methods of harvest and transport. Some groups are primarily hunter-gatherers, some practice transhumance (nomadic lifestyle), others have been agrarian/rural for millennia and others are becoming industrial/urban. Some group ...

See also:

Culture of Asia, Culture of Asia - Nationalities and ethnic groups, Culture of Asia - Architecture, Culture of Asia - Art, Culture of Asia - Visual arts, Culture of Asia - Performing arts, Culture of Asia - Mythology and folklore, Culture of Asia - Languages, Culture of Asia - Literature, Culture of Asia - Classical, Culture of Asia - Modern, Culture of Asia - Philosophy, Culture of Asia - Religions, Culture of Asia - Festivals & celebrations, Culture of Asia - Food & drink, Culture of Asia - Culture by people, Culture of Asia - Notes

Read more here: » Culture of Asia: Encyclopedia II - Culture of Asia - Nationalities and ethnic groups

The musical value of the cantillation notes serves the same function for Jews worldwide, but the specific tunes vary between different communities. The most common tunes today are: The Polish-Lithuanian melody, used by Ashkenazic descendants of eastern European Jews, is the most common tune in the world today, both in Israel and the diaspora. Related Ashkenazic melodies from central and western European Jewry are used far less today than before the Holocaust, but still survive in some communities. Among Sephard ...

See also:

Cantillation, Cantillation - Three functions, Cantillation - The musical function, Cantillation - Ashkenazic melodies, Cantillation - Eastern melodies, Cantillation - Syntax and phonetics, Cantillation - History

Read more here: » Cantillation: Encyclopedia II - Cantillation - The musical function

Studying is usually done together with a study-partner called a chavrusa (Aramaic: "friend"), or in a shiur ("lecture"). Yeshiva - Talmud study. Main articles: Talmud, and [[{{{2}}}]], and [[{{{3}}}]]See also:

Yeshiva, Yeshiva - History, Yeshiva - Pre-1800s, Yeshiva - Chaim Volozhin, Yeshiva - Types of yeshivot, Yeshiva - Prominent yeshivot, Yeshiva - In the United States, Yeshiva - In Israel, Yeshiva - Academic year, Yeshiva - Typical schedule, Yeshiva - Method of study, Yeshiva - Talmud study, Yeshiva - Jewish law, Yeshiva - Ethics, Yeshiva - Weekly Torah portion

Read more here: » Yeshiva: Encyclopedia II - Yeshiva - Method of study

According to Rabbinic Jewish tradition, Ezra collected and arranged the canon of the Hebrew Bible. Information on his activities in this regard are found in the Talmud and in the midrash literature. In the view of many modern scholars, these sources provide one set of evidence in favor of the documentary hypothesis. In this view, some midrash compilations retain evidence of the redactional period during which Ezra redacted and canonized the text of the Torah as we know it today. This idea is discussed by Rabbi David Weiss Halivni in h ...

See also:

Ezra, Ezra - Relation to the Book of Ruth, Ezra - Place in editing the Torah and Bible, Ezra - Ezra in the Quran

Read more here: » Ezra: Encyclopedia II - Ezra - Place in editing the Torah and Bible