Encyclopedia - Acme: Encyclopedia - Acme
Acme (Greek ακμή, the peak, zenith, prime) denotes the best of something. It is the name most frequently used in jurisprudence to ind...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Alef Programming Language: Encyclopedia - Alef Programming Language
The Alef programming language was designed by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs as part of the Plan 9 operating system. In a February 2000 s...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hacker: Encyclopedia - Hacker
Hacker is a term used to describe people who create and modify computer software and computer hardware. Hacker has multiple meanings. In ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia - X Window System
CVS  () [+/-] In computing, the X Window System (commonly X11 or X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays. It provides the stand...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Utf-8: Encyclopedia - Utf-8
UTF-8 (8-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode created by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike. It ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hacker: Encyclopedia Ii - Hacker - Categories Of Hacker
The hacker community (the set of people who would describe themselves as hackers, or who would be described by others as hackers) falls i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Unix Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Unix Philosophy - Worse Is Better
Richard P. Gabriel suggests that a key advantage of Unix was that it embodied a design philosophy he termed "Worse is better". In the "Wo...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - History
X Window System - Predecessors. Several bitmap display systems preceded X. From Xerox came the Alto (1973) and the Star (1981). From Ap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optimization Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Optimization Computer Science - Automated And Manual Optimization
Optimization can be automated by compilers or performed by programmers. Gains are usually limited for local optimization, and larger for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Graphical User Interface: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Graphical User Interface - Amiga Intuition
The Amiga computer was launched by Commodore in 1985 with a GUI called Workbench based on an internal engine which drives all the input e...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hacker: Encyclopedia Ii - Hacker - Categories Of Hacker
The hacker community (the set of people who would describe themselves as hackers, or who would be described by others as hackers) falls i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - History
X Window System - Predecessors. Several bitmap display systems preceded X. From Xerox came the Alto (1973) and the Star (1981). From Ap...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Utf-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Utf-8 - Description
There are several current, slightly different definitions of UTF-8 in various standards documents: RFC 3629 / STD 63 (2003), which estab...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Unix Programs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Unix Programs - System Software
List of Unix programs - System Management. admin – Administer SCCS files rmdel – remove a delta from an SCCS file fuser – Identi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pike: Encyclopedia Ii - Pike - Pike As A Family Name
Pike is a common family name, particularly among English-speaking populations. In the United States, Pike is the 1138th most common surna...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Text Editors: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Text Editors - Graphical
List of text editors - System default. Notepad (default under Microsoft Windows) SimpleText (default under Classic Mac OS) TextEdit (d...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optimization Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Optimization Computer Science - Different Fields
In operations research, optimization is the problem of determining the inputs of a function that minimize or maximize its value. Sometime...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optimization Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Optimization Computer Science - Bottlenecks
Optimization requires finding a bottleneck: the critical part of the code that is the primary consumer of the needed resource. Improving ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optimization Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Optimization Computer Science - Basis
Tasks can often be performed more efficiently. For example, consider the following C code snippet to sum all integers from 1 to N: int i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Graphical User Interface: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Graphical User Interface - Mac Os X
Apple released Mac OS X in 2001 with the Aqua interface. It was a new operating system built primarily on technology from NeXTStep with U...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Graphical User Interface: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Graphical User Interface - Geos
GEOS was another very early graphical desktop system. Originally written for the 8 bit home computer Commodore 64 it was later ported to ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Graphical User Interface: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Graphical User Interface - The X Window System
The standard windowing system in the Unix world, developed in the early 1980s, is the X Window System (commonly X11 or X). X was develope...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optimization Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Optimization Computer Science - When To Optimize
Optimization can reduce readability and add code that is used only to improve the performance. This may complicate programs or systems, m...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Graphical User Interface: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Graphical User Interface - Windows Vista
Windows Vista, Microsoft's next-generation operating system - planned for release in late 2006, and currently in beta - will feature a si...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Unix Programs: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Unix Programs - Application Software
List of Unix programs - Office. AbiWord Gnumeric OpenOffice.org KOffice List of Unix programs - Multimedia. amaroK – Audio jukeb...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Unix Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Unix Philosophy - Raymond: The Art Of Unix Programming
Eric S. Raymond, in his book The Art of Unix Programming, summarizes the Unix philosophy as the widely-used engineering philosophy, "Keep...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - Competitors To X
Unix-like systems use X almost universally for graphics. Nevertheless, some people have attempted writing alternatives to and replacement...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hacker: Encyclopedia Ii - Hacker - Recognized Hackers
Due to the overlapping nature of the hacker concept space, many of these individuals could be included in more than one category. See als...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Unix Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Unix Philosophy - Mike Gancarz: The Unix Philosophy
In 1994 Mike Gancarz combined his own experience with Unix (he is a member of the team that designed the X Window System) with the discus...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Unix Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Unix Philosophy - Pike: Notes On Programming In C
Rob Pike offers the following "rules" in Notes on Programming in C as programming maxims, though they can be easily viewed as points of a...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optimization Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Optimization Computer Science - Time Taken For Optimization
On some occasions, the time taken for optimization in itself may be an issue. In a software project, optimizing code usually does not add...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Optimization Computer Science: Encyclopedia Ii - Optimization Computer Science - Techniques
Load balancing spreads the load over a large number of servers. Often load balancing is done transparently (i.e., without users noticing ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Unix Philosophy: Encyclopedia Ii - Unix Philosophy - Mcilroy: A Quarter Century Of Unix
Doug McIlroy, the inventor of Unix pipes and one of the founders of the Unix tradition, summarized the philosophy as follows: "This is t...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Graphical User Interface: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Graphical User Interface - Microsoft Windows
Microsoft modeled the first version of Windows, released in 1985, on the GUI of the Mac OS. Windows 1.0 was a GUI (graphic user interface...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - History Of The Graphical User Interface: Encyclopedia Ii - History Of The Graphical User Interface - Apple Lisa And Macintosh
Beginning in 1979, led by Jef Raskin, the Lisa and Macintosh teams at Apple Computer (which included former members of the Xerox PARC gro...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - The X Client-server Model And Network Transparency
X uses a client-server model: an X server communicates with various client programs. The server accepts requests for graphical output (wi...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Utf-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Utf-8 - Modified Utf-8
The Java programming language, which uses UTF-16 for its internal text representation, supports a non-standard modification of UTF-8 for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Utf-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Utf-8 - Rationale Behind Utf-8's Mechanics
The encoding of UTF-8 is based loosely on Huffman coding, a way of representing frequency-sorted binary trees. As a consequence of the ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - Design Principles Of X
In 1984, Bob Scheifler and Jim Gettys set out the early principles of X: Do not add new functionality unless an implementor cannot compl...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - User Interfaces
X deliberately contains no specification as to application user interface, such as buttons, menus, window title bars and so on. Instead, ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - Competitors To X
Unix-like systems use X almost universally for graphics. Nevertheless, some people have attempted writing alternatives to and replacement...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - Implementations
The X.Org reference implementation serves as the canonical implementation of X. Due to the liberal licensing, a number of variations, bot...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - Future Directions
With the X.Org Foundation and freedesktop.org, the main line of X development has started to progress rapidly once more. The developers i...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Utf-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Utf-8 - History
UTF-8 was invented by Ken Thompson on September 2, 1992, on a placemat in a New Jersey diner with Rob Pike. The day after, Pike and Thomp...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - List Of Text Editors: Encyclopedia Ii - List Of Text Editors - Historical
List of text editors - Visual and full-screen editors. Edit application edit - A menu-based editor introduced to supersede edlin in MS...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Hacker: Encyclopedia Ii - Hacker - Recognized Hackers
Due to the overlapping nature of the hacker concept space, many of these individuals could be included in more than one category. See als...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Utf-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Utf-8 - Overlong Forms Invalid Input And Security Considerations
The exact response required of a UTF-8 decoder on invalid input is not uniformly defined by the standards. In general, there are several ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Utf-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Utf-8 - Rationale Behind Utf-8's Mechanics
The encoding of UTF-8 is based loosely on Huffman coding, a way of representing frequency-sorted binary trees. As a consequence of the ex...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Pike: Encyclopedia Ii - Pike - Places
Pike - Counties. Pike County, Alabama, USA Pike County, Arkansas, USA Pike County, Georgia, USA Pike County, Illinois, USA Pike County...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - Utf-8: Encyclopedia Ii - Utf-8 - Modified Utf-8 In Java
The Java programming language, which uses UTF-16 for its internal text representation, supports a non-standard modification of UTF-8 for ...   » Read the article

Encyclopedia - X Window System: Encyclopedia Ii - X Window System - Limitations And Criticisms Of X
The UNIX-HATERS Handbook devoted an entire chapter, "The X-Windows Disaster", to the problems of X in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Why...   » Read the article