Acme (Greek ακμή, the peak, zenith, prime) denotes the best of something. It is the name most frequently used in jurisprudence to indicate a fictional company or corporation (or generically a subject with juridical personality), in order to simulate a concrete case of application or interpretation of the law. Usually, in the USA the name John Doe/Jane Doe is similarly used for a fictional subject with physical personality (Romans used Aulus Agerius and Numerius Negidius, or the triad Titius, Gaius, S ...

Including:

• Acme - Uses include:
• Acme - Placenames
• Acme - Trademarks and trade names:

Read more here: » Acme: Encyclopedia - Acme

The Alef programming language was designed by Phil Winterbottom of Bell Labs as part of the Plan 9 operating system. In a February 2000 slideshow, Rob Pike noted: "…although Alef was a fruitful language, it proved too difficult to maintain a variant language across multiple architectures, so we took what we learned from it and built the thread library for C." ...

Read more here: » Alef programming language: Encyclopedia - Alef programming language

Hacker is a term used to describe people who create and modify computer software and computer hardware. Hacker has multiple meanings. In some programming communities, the term refers to people skilled in computer programming, administration and security with legitimate goals. The word is also used in a derogatory way in most communities to refer to someone who is relatively unskilled in programming. Most people in the popular media and some in the general population use the word hacker to mean what is called in most programming communities a cracker (from criminal hacker), that is, someone who par ...

Including:

• Hacker - Categories of hacker
• Hacker - Hacker: Computer and network security
• Hacker - Hacker: Highly skilled programmer
• Hacker - Hacker: Hardware modifier
• Hacker - Recognized hackers
• Hacker - Recognized programmers
• Hacker - Security Experts
• Hacker - Hardware modifiers
• Hacker - Hacker media personalities
• Hacker - Related books

Read more here: » Hacker: Encyclopedia - Hacker

CVS  () [+/-] In computing, the X Window System (commonly X11 or X) is a windowing system for bitmap displays. It provides the standard toolkit and protocol to build graphical user interfaces on Unix, Unix-like operating systems, and OpenVMS; and almost all modern operating systems support it. X provides the basic framework for a GUI environment: drawing and moving windows on the screen and interacting with a mouse and keyboard. X does not manda ...

Including:

• X Window System - The X client-server model and network transparency
• X Window System - Design principles of X
• X Window System - User interfaces
• X Window System - Implementations
• X Window System - X terminals
• X Window System - Limitations and criticisms of X
• X Window System - Video hardware
• X Window System - User interface features
• X Window System - Network
• X Window System - Competitors to X
• X Window System - History
• X Window System - Predecessors
• X Window System - Origin and early development
• X Window System - The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium Inc.
• X Window System - The Open Group
• X Window System - X.Org and XFree86
• X Window System - The X.Org Foundation
• X Window System - Future directions
• X Window System - Nomenclature
• X Window System - Release history

Read more here: » X Window System: Encyclopedia - X Window System

UTF-8 (8-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding for Unicode created by Ken Thompson and Rob Pike. It is able to represent any universal character in the Unicode standard, yet is backwards compatible with ASCII. For this reason, it is steadily becoming the preferred encoding for email, web pages, and other places characters are stored or streamed. UTF-8 uses one to four bytes (strictly, octets) per character, depending on the Unicode symbol. For example, only one byte is needed to encode the 1 ...

Including:

• UTF-8 - Description
• UTF-8 - Modified UTF-8
• UTF-8 - Rationale behind UTF-8's mechanics
• UTF-8 - Overlong forms invalid input and security considerations
• UTF-8 - Advantages and disadvantages
• UTF-8 - History

Read more here: » UTF-8: Encyclopedia - UTF-8

The hacker community (the set of people who would describe themselves as hackers, or who would be described by others as hackers) falls into at least four partially overlapping categories. Sometimes people in these categories are called a different name, such as "cracker" instead of hacker. Hacker - Hacker: Computer and network security. The negative usage of hacker is one who exploits systems or gains unauthorized access through clever tactics and detailed knowledge, that is, through the use of a h ...

See also:

Hacker, Hacker - Categories of hacker, Hacker - Hacker: Computer and network security, Hacker - Hacker: Highly skilled programmer, Hacker - Hacker: Hardware modifier, Hacker - Recognized hackers, Hacker - Recognized programmers, Hacker - Security Experts, Hacker - Hardware modifiers, Hacker - Hacker media personalities, Hacker - Related books

Read more here: » Hacker: Encyclopedia II - Hacker - Categories of hacker

Richard P. Gabriel suggests that a key advantage of Unix was that it embodied a design philosophy he termed "Worse is better". In the "Worse is better" design style, simplicity of both the interface and the implementation is more important than any other attribute of the system — including correctness, consistency and completeness. Gabriel argues that this design style has key evolutionary advantages, though he questions the quality of some results. For example, in the early days UNIX was a monolithic kernel (which means that ...

See also:

Unix philosophy, Unix philosophy - McIlroy: A Quarter Century of Unix, Unix philosophy - Pike: Notes on Programming in C, Unix philosophy - Mike Gancarz: The UNIX Philosophy, Unix philosophy - Worse is better, Unix philosophy - Raymond: The Art of Unix Programming, Unix philosophy - Quotes

Read more here: » Unix philosophy: Encyclopedia II - Unix philosophy - Worse is better

X Window System - Predecessors. Several bitmap display systems preceded X. From Xerox came the Alto (1973) and the Star (1981). From Apple came the Lisa (1983) and the Macintosh (1984). The Unix world had the Andrew Project (1982) and Rob Pike's Blit terminal (1984). X derives its name as a successor to a pre-1983 window system called W (the letter X directly following W in the Latin alphabet). W Window System ran under the V operating system. W used a network protocol supporting terminal and graphics windows, the server maintaining display lists. X Window Sy ...

See also:

X Window System, X Window System - The X client-server model and network transparency, X Window System - Design principles of X, X Window System - User interfaces, X Window System - Implementations, X Window System - X terminals, X Window System - Limitations and criticisms of X, X Window System - Video hardware, X Window System - User interface features, X Window System - Network, X Window System - Competitors to X, X Window System - History, X Window System - Predecessors, X Window System - Origin and early development, X Window System - The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium Inc., X Window System - The Open Group, X Window System - X.Org and XFree86, X Window System - The X.Org Foundation, X Window System - Future directions, X Window System - Nomenclature, X Window System - Release history

Read more here: » X Window System: Encyclopedia II - X Window System - History

Optimization can be automated by compilers or performed by programmers. Gains are usually limited for local optimization, and larger for global optimizations. Usually, the most powerful optimization is to find a superior algorithm. Optimizing a whole system is usually done by human beings because the system is too complex for automated optimizers. Grid computing or distributed computing aims to optimize the whole ...

See also:

Optimization computer science, Optimization computer science - Basis, Optimization computer science - Tradeoff, Optimization computer science - Different fields, Optimization computer science - Bottlenecks, Optimization computer science - When to optimize, Optimization computer science - Interpreted languages, Optimization computer science - Automated and manual optimization, Optimization computer science - Time taken for optimization, Optimization computer science - Techniques, Optimization computer science - Quotes, Optimization computer science - Subpages

Read more here: » Optimization computer science: Encyclopedia II - Optimization computer science - Automated and manual optimization

The Amiga computer was launched by Commodore in 1985 with a GUI called Workbench based on an internal engine which drives all the input events called Intuition, and developed almost entirely by RJ Mical. Users may remember the initial releases for their garish blue/orange/white/black palettes, selected for high contrast. The Amiga team chose it, basing their job on direct experiences made to obtain better contrast solution using even the worst televisions the team could find. Workbench presented directories as "drawers" because the idea was to pre ...

See also:

History of the graphical user interface, History of the graphical user interface - Initial Developments, History of the graphical user interface - Augmentation of Human Intellect NLS, History of the graphical user interface - Xerox PARC, History of the graphical user interface - Apple Lisa and Macintosh, History of the graphical user interface - DESQview, History of the graphical user interface - GEM, History of the graphical user interface - Amiga Intuition, History of the graphical user interface - Microsoft Windows, History of the graphical user interface - GEOS, History of the graphical user interface - RISC OS, History of the graphical user interface - NeXTSTEP, History of the graphical user interface - OS/2, History of the graphical user interface - BeOS, History of the graphical user interface - NeWS, History of the graphical user interface - The X Window System, History of the graphical user interface - Mac OS X, History of the graphical user interface - Windows Vista, History of the graphical user interface - Trivia

Read more here: » History of the graphical user interface: Encyclopedia II - History of the graphical user interface - Amiga Intuition

The hacker community (the set of people who would describe themselves as hackers, or who would be described by others as hackers) falls into at least four partially overlapping categories. Sometimes people in these categories are called a different name, such as "cracker" instead of hacker. Hacker - Hacker: Highly skilled programmer. The positive usage of hacker is one who knows a (sometimes specified) set of programming interfaces well enough to write software rapidly and expertly. This type of hac ...

See also:

Hacker, Hacker - Definitions of hack, Hacker - Categories of hacker, Hacker - Hacker: Highly skilled programmer, Hacker - Hacker: Computer and network security, Hacker - Hacker: Hardware modifier, Hacker - Hacker stereotypes, Hacker - Recognized hackers, Hacker - Recognized programmers, Hacker - Security Experts, Hacker - Hardware modifiers, Hacker - Hacker media personalities, Hacker - Related books

Read more here: » Hacker: Encyclopedia II - Hacker - Categories of hacker

X Window System - Predecessors. Several bitmap display systems preceded X. From Xerox came the Alto (1973) and the Star (1981). From Apple came the Lisa (1983) and the Macintosh (1984). In the Unix world there was the Andrew Project (1982) and Rob Pike's Blit terminal (1984). X derives its name as a successor to a pre-1983 window system called W (the letter X directly following W in the Latin alphabet). W ran under the V operating system. W used a network protocol supporting terminal and graphics windows, the server maintaining display lists. X Window Sy ...

See also:

X Window System, X Window System - The X client-server model and network transparency, X Window System - Design principles of X, X Window System - User interfaces, X Window System - Implementations, X Window System - X terminals, X Window System - Limitations and criticisms of X, X Window System - Video hardware, X Window System - User interface features, X Window System - Network, X Window System - Competitors to X, X Window System - History, X Window System - Predecessors, X Window System - Origin and early development, X Window System - The MIT X Consortium and the X Consortium Inc., X Window System - The Open Group, X Window System - X.Org and XFree86, X Window System - The X.Org Foundation, X Window System - Future directions, X Window System - Nomenclature, X Window System - Release history

Read more here: » X Window System: Encyclopedia II - X Window System - History

There are several current, slightly different definitions of UTF-8 in various standards documents: RFC 3629 / STD 63 (2003), which establishes UTF-8 as a standard Internet protocol element The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, §3.9–§3.10 (2003) ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 Annex D (2000) They supersede the definitions given in the following obsolete works: ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 Amendment 2 / Annex R (1996) The Unicode Standard, Version 2.0, Appendix A (1996) RF ...

See also:

UTF-8, UTF-8 - Description, UTF-8 - Modified UTF-8 in Java, UTF-8 - Rationale behind UTF-8's mechanics, UTF-8 - Overlong forms invalid input and security considerations, UTF-8 - Advantages and disadvantages, UTF-8 - History

Read more here: » UTF-8: Encyclopedia II - UTF-8 - Description

List of Unix programs - System Management. admin – Administer SCCS files rmdel – remove a delta from an SCCS file fuser – Identify processes by files or sockets newgrp (or sg) – Log in to a new group nohup – Run a command with immunity to hangups outputting to non–tty pathchk – Check the validity/portability of filenames logger – Make entries in the system log sh – The Bourne shell, the standard Unix shell dd – Conve ...

See also:

List of Unix programs, List of Unix programs - System software, List of Unix programs - System Management, List of Unix programs - Files and texts, List of Unix programs - Communication networking and remote access, List of Unix programs - Programming tools, List of Unix programs - User interfaces, List of Unix programs - Computer security, List of Unix programs - Linux specific programs, List of Unix programs - OS X/Darwin specific programs, List of Unix programs - Application software, List of Unix programs - Office, List of Unix programs - Multimedia, List of Unix programs - Web browsers, List of Unix programs - Desktop Publishing, List of Unix programs - Databases, List of Unix programs - Mathematical and scientific software, List of Unix programs - Desktop utilities, List of Unix programs - Radio Amateur utilities

Read more here: » List of Unix programs: Encyclopedia II - List of Unix programs - System software

Pike is a common family name, particularly among English-speaking populations. In the United States, Pike is the 1138th most common surname (based on the 1990 census). In England and Wales, it is the 513th most common surname (based on a Sept 2002 database of the Office of National Statistics). In Newfoundland, Pike is especially common, ranking 22nd among all surnames there (based on the 1955 voters list, as reported by E.R.Seary in ...

See also:

Pike, Pike - Pike as a Family Name, Pike - Persons named Pike, Pike - Places, Pike - Counties, Pike - British mountains, Pike - Fish, Pike - Other

Read more here: » Pike: Encyclopedia II - Pike - Pike as a Family Name

List of text editors - System default. Notepad (default under Microsoft Windows) SimpleText (default under Classic Mac OS) TextEdit (default under Mac OS X) xedit (default under VM/CMS) List of text editors - Free software. Acme - A User Interface for Programmers by Rob Pike BDV Notepad Free enhanced Notepad replacement Beaver Bluefish gedit GNU Emacs jEdit Kate

In operations research, optimization is the problem of determining the inputs of a function that minimize or maximize its value. Sometimes constraints are imposed on the values that the inputs can take; this problem is known as constrained optimization. In computer programming, optimization usually specifically means to modify code and its compilation settings on a given computer architecture to produce more efficient software. Typical problems have such a large number of possibilities that a ...

See also:

Optimization computer science, Optimization computer science - Basis, Optimization computer science - Tradeoff, Optimization computer science - Different fields, Optimization computer science - Bottlenecks, Optimization computer science - When to optimize, Optimization computer science - Interpreted languages, Optimization computer science - Automated and manual optimization, Optimization computer science - Time taken for optimization, Optimization computer science - Techniques, Optimization computer science - Quotes, Optimization computer science - Subpages

Read more here: » Optimization computer science: Encyclopedia II - Optimization computer science - Different fields

Optimization requires finding a bottleneck: the critical part of the code that is the primary consumer of the needed resource. Improving about 20% of code is often responsible for 80% of the results (see also Pareto principle). The architectural design of a system overwhelmingly affects its performance. The choice of algorithm affects efficiency more than any other item of the design. More complex algorithms and data structures perform well with many items, while simple algorithms are more suitable for small amounts of data — the setup and initialization ...

See also:

Optimization computer science, Optimization computer science - Basis, Optimization computer science - Tradeoff, Optimization computer science - Different fields, Optimization computer science - Bottlenecks, Optimization computer science - When to optimize, Optimization computer science - Interpreted languages, Optimization computer science - Automated and manual optimization, Optimization computer science - Time taken for optimization, Optimization computer science - Techniques, Optimization computer science - Quotes, Optimization computer science - Subpages

Read more here: » Optimization computer science: Encyclopedia II - Optimization computer science - Bottlenecks

Tasks can often be performed more efficiently. For example, consider the following C code snippet to sum all integers from 1 to N: int i, sum = 0; for (i = 1; i <= N; i++) sum += i; printf ("sum: %d\n", sum); This code can (assuming no overflow) be rewritten using a mathematical formula like: int sum = (N * (N+1)) / 2; printf ("sum: %d\n", sum); The term "optimization" usually presumes the system retains the same functionality. However, a significant improvement in performance can often be achieve ...

See also:

Optimization computer science, Optimization computer science - Basis, Optimization computer science - Tradeoff, Optimization computer science - Different fields, Optimization computer science - Bottlenecks, Optimization computer science - When to optimize, Optimization computer science - Interpreted languages, Optimization computer science - Automated and manual optimization, Optimization computer science - Time taken for optimization, Optimization computer science - Techniques, Optimization computer science - Quotes, Optimization computer science - Subpages

Read more here: » Optimization computer science: Encyclopedia II - Optimization computer science - Basis

Apple released Mac OS X in 2001 with the Aqua interface. It was a new operating system built primarily on technology from NeXTStep with UI elements of the original Mac OS grafted on. Mac OS X uses a technology called Quartz for graphics rendering and drawing on-screen. Some interface features of Mac OS X are inherited from NeXTStep (such as the Dock, the automatic wait cursor, or double-buffered windows giving a solid appearance and flicker-free window redraws), while others are inherited from the old Mac OS operating system (the single syst ...

See also:

History of the graphical user interface, History of the graphical user interface - Initial Developments, History of the graphical user interface - Augmentation of Human Intellect NLS, History of the graphical user interface - Xerox PARC, History of the graphical user interface - Apple Lisa and Macintosh, History of the graphical user interface - DESQview, History of the graphical user interface - GEM, History of the graphical user interface - Amiga Intuition, History of the graphical user interface - Microsoft Windows, History of the graphical user interface - GEOS, History of the graphical user interface - RISC OS, History of the graphical user interface - NeXTSTEP, History of the graphical user interface - OS/2, History of the graphical user interface - BeOS, History of the graphical user interface - NeWS, History of the graphical user interface - The X Window System, History of the graphical user interface - Mac OS X, History of the graphical user interface - Windows Vista, History of the graphical user interface - Trivia

Read more here: » History of the graphical user interface: Encyclopedia II - History of the graphical user interface - Mac OS X