Richard Cobden

At the beginning of 1857 tidings from China reached England of a rupture between the British plenipotentiary in that country and the governor of the Canton province in reference to a small vessel or lorcha called the Arrow, which had resulted in the English admiral destroying the river forts, burning 23 ships belonging to the Chinese navy and bombarding the city of Canton. After a careful investigation of the official documents, Cobden became convinced that those were utterly unrighteous proceedings. He brought forward a motion in par ...

See also:

Richard Cobden, Richard Cobden - Early years, Richard Cobden - First publications, Richard Cobden - First steps in politics, Richard Cobden - Corn laws, Richard Cobden - Tribute and sojourn, Richard Cobden - Peace campaigner, Richard Cobden - Second Opium War, Richard Cobden - American Civil War, Richard Cobden - Legacy, Richard Cobden - Bibliography

Read more here: » Richard Cobden: Encyclopedia II - Richard Cobden - Second Opium War

David Urquhart (1805 - May 16, 1877) was a Scottish diplomat and writer. Born Cromarty, Scotland, Urquhart was educated, under the supervision of his widowed mother, in France, Switzerland, and Spain. He returned to Britain in 1821 and spent a gap year learning farming and working at the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich before attending St John's College, Cambridge. He never completed his classics degree as his mother's finances failed. In 1827, Urquhart joined the nationalist cause in the Greek War of Independence. Seriously inj ...

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Cobdenism is economic theory, focusing on the free market and free trade named for the British statesman and economist Richard Cobden. Whilst the term Cobdenism is largely unused nowadays, and the term Laissez-faire substituted, Cobdenism traditionally has a stronger focus on international free trade and a belief that a result of free trade is world peace. Other related archivesLaissez-faire, Richard Cobden, free market, free trade, world peace

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The British Empire was the world's first global power and the largest empire in history. It was a product of the European Age of Discovery that began with the global maritime empires of Portugal and Spain in the late 15th century. By 1921 the British Empire held sway over a population of about 470–570 million people—roughly a quarter of the world's population—and covered about 14.3 million square miles (more than 37 million km²), almost a third of the world's total land area. Though it has since almost completely disappeared, t ...

Including:

• British Empire - Background: The English and Scottish Empires
• British Empire - The Anglo-Norman Kingdom
• British Empire - Growth of the overseas empire
• British Empire - Henry VIII and the rise of the Royal Navy
• British Empire - The Elizabethan era
• British Empire - The Stuart era
• British Empire - Scottish Empire
• British Empire - Colonization
• British Empire - Free trade and informal empire
• British Empire - British East India Company
• British Empire - Expansion
• British Empire - Collapse
• British Empire - Breakdown of Pax Britannica
• British Empire - Britain and the New Imperialism
• British Empire - British Colonial Policy
• British Empire - Britain and the Scramble for Africa
• British Empire - Home Rule in white-settler colonies
• British Empire - The impact of the First World War
• British Empire - The end of British rule in Ireland
• British Empire - Decolonisation and Decline
• British Empire - Extent
• British Empire - Africa
• British Empire - The Americas and Atlantic
• British Empire - Antarctica
• British Empire - Asia
• British Empire - Europe
• British Empire - Pacific
• British Empire - Extent after World War II
• British Empire - Africa
• British Empire - The Americas and Atlantic
• British Empire - Asia
• British Empire - Europe
• British Empire - Territories Lost by British Empire before 1921
• British Empire - Remaining Overseas Territories
• British Empire - Overseas Territories possessing substantial self-government
• British Empire - Other Overseas Territories
• British Empire - Crown Dependencies in British Isles Outside UK & EU
• British Empire - Personal Unions
• British Empire - Kingdom of England 927 - 1707
• British Empire - Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 - 1801
• British Empire - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 - 1927
• British Empire - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1927 - present

Read more here: » British Empire: Encyclopedia - British Empire

Bowring was born in Exeter of an old Puritan family. In early life he came under the influence of Jeremy Bentham. He did not, however, share his master's contempt for belles lettres. He was a diligent student of literature and foreign languages, especially those of Eastern Europe. Bowring ranked with Giuseppe Caspar Mezzofanti and Hans Conon von der Gabelentz among the world's greatest hyperpolyglots - his talent enabling him at last to say that he knew 200 languages, and could speak 100. The first fruits of his study of foreig ...

See also:

John Bowring, John Bowring - Early Life, John Bowring - Political Economist Career, John Bowring - British MP, John Bowring - Consul, John Bowring - Governor of Hong Kong, John Bowring - Post-Governorship, John Bowring - Personal Life, John Bowring - Honours, John Bowring - Literary Works Published, John Bowring - Places Named After Him

Read more here: » John Bowring: Encyclopedia II - John Bowring - Early Life

The word was first used in a political sense in 18th century Great Britain. Initially confined to upper and middle classes, in the early 19th century "popular radicals" brought artisans and the "labouring classes" into widespread agitation in the face of harsh government repression. More respectable "Philosphical radicals" followed the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham and strongly supported parliamentary reform, but were generally hostile to the arguments and tactics of the"popular radicals". By the middle of the century parliamentary Radicals joined with others in the United Kingdom parliament to form the Liberals, eventua ...

See also:

Radicalism, Radicalism - United Kingdom, Radicalism - Origins, Radicalism - Popular agitation, Radicalism - Political reform, Radicalism - Chartists, Radicalism - Liberal reforms, Radicalism - Continental Europe and Latin America

Read more here: » Radicalism: Encyclopedia II - Radicalism - United Kingdom

Bradshaw was born at Windsor Bridge, Pendleton, Lancashire. On leaving school he was apprenticed to an engraver at Manchester, eventually setting up on his own account in that city as an engraver and printer, principally of maps. Bradshaw himself was a religious man. Although far from wealthy, when he was young his parents enabled him to take lessons from a minister who was devoted to the teachings of Emanuel Swedenborg. Later in his life, he joined the Society of Friends (the Quakers) and gave a considerable part of his time to philanthropi ...

See also:

George Bradshaw, George Bradshaw - Biography, George Bradshaw - Bradshaw's railway timetables, George Bradshaw - References in literature, George Bradshaw - Bradshaws Continental Railway Guide

Read more here: » George Bradshaw: Encyclopedia II - George Bradshaw - Biography

The debate over the Corn Laws split Conservatives and Whigs. The Conservatives represented the landed class who greatly benefited from the agricultural protections. The Whigs, however, were business owners. Following David Ricardo's economic views they believed a decrease in the price of grain would allow them to lower wages and increase profits. The Manchester Anti-Corn Law League was formed by men such as Richard Cobden, John Bright, Sir David Roche and Charles Pelham Villiers and they b ...

See also:

Corn Laws, Corn Laws - Debate and repeal, Corn Laws - Other

Read more here: » Corn Laws: Encyclopedia II - Corn Laws - Debate and repeal

British Empire - The Anglo-Norman Kingdom. In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, (also known as William the Bastard because he was the product of an affair his father had with a tanner's daughter), conquered England and asserted his right to be king, giving England its first overseas territory (Normandy). The new rulers had dual roles. First, as kings of England they were sovereign lords. Second, as dukes of Normandy, they were vassals of the kings of France. This led to centuries of conflicts which ended with their loss of French holdings in 1558. In the mea ...

See also:

British Empire, British Empire - Background: The English and Scottish Empires, British Empire - The Anglo-Norman Kingdom, British Empire - Growth of the overseas empire, British Empire - Henry VIII and the rise of the Royal Navy, British Empire - The Elizabethan era, British Empire - The Stuart era, British Empire - Scottish Empire, British Empire - Colonization, British Empire - Free trade and informal empire, British Empire - British East India Company, British Empire - Expansion, British Empire - Collapse, British Empire - Breakdown of Pax Britannica, British Empire - Britain and the New Imperialism, British Empire - British Colonial Policy, British Empire - Britain and the Scramble for Africa, British Empire - Home Rule in white-settler colonies, British Empire - The impact of the First World War, British Empire - The end of British rule in Ireland, British Empire - Decolonisation and Decline, British Empire - Extent, British Empire - Africa, British Empire - The Americas and Atlantic, British Empire - Antarctica, British Empire - Asia, British Empire - Europe, British Empire - Pacific, British Empire - Extent after World War II, British Empire - Africa, British Empire - The Americas and Atlantic, British Empire - Asia, British Empire - Europe, British Empire - Territories Lost by British Empire before 1921, British Empire - Remaining Overseas Territories, British Empire - Overseas Territories possessing substantial self-government, British Empire - Other Overseas Territories, British Empire - Crown Dependencies in British Isles Outside UK & EU, British Empire - Personal Unions, British Empire - Kingdom of England 927 - 1707, British Empire - Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 - 1801, British Empire - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 - 1927, British Empire - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1927 - present

Read more here: » British Empire: Encyclopedia II - British Empire - Background: The English and Scottish Empires

There are at least four logically distinguishable classes of criticism of any theory of democratic peace. That the theorist has not applied his criteria, for democracy or war or both, accurately to the historical record. That the criteria are not reasonable. For example, critics may prefer that liberal democracy should exclude or include both of Germany and the United Kingdom at the time of WWI, rather than count one as democratic and the other non-democratic, when they were quite similar societies. That the th ...

See also:

Democratic peace theory, Democratic peace theory - History, Democratic peace theory - Types of Theories, Democratic peace theory - Claims, Democratic peace theory - Democracy, Democratic peace theory - War, Democratic peace theory - Kantian peace, Democratic peace theory - Statistical Studies, Democratic peace theory - Causes, Democratic peace theory - Criticisms, Democratic peace theory - Specific historical cases, Democratic peace theory - Limited claims, Democratic peace theory - Colonial wars and imperialism, Democratic peace theory - External causes, Democratic peace theory - Notes

Read more here: » Democratic peace theory: Encyclopedia II - Democratic peace theory - Criticisms

British Empire - The Anglo-Norman Kingdom. In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy,(also known as Bastard because he was the products of a affair his father had with a tanners daughter), conquered England and asserted his right to be king, giving England its first overseas territory (Normandy). The new rulers had dual roles. First, as kings of England they were sovereign lords. Second, as dukes of Normandy, they were vassals of the kings of France. This led to centuries of conflicts which ended with their loss of French holdings in 1558. In the mea ...

See also:

British Empire, British Empire - Background: The English and Scottish Empires, British Empire - The Anglo-Norman Kingdom, British Empire - Growth of the overseas empire, British Empire - Henry VIII and the rise of the Royal Navy, British Empire - The Elizabethan era, British Empire - The Stuart era, British Empire - Scottish Empire, British Empire - Colonization, British Empire - Free trade and informal empire, British Empire - British East India Company, British Empire - Expansion, British Empire - Collapse, British Empire - Breakdown of Pax Britannica, British Empire - Britain and the New Imperialism, British Empire - British Colonial Policy, British Empire - Britain and the Scramble for Africa, British Empire - Home Rule in white-settler colonies, British Empire - The impact of the First World War, British Empire - The end of British rule in Ireland, British Empire - Decolonisation and Decline, British Empire - Extent, British Empire - Africa, British Empire - The Americas and Atlantic, British Empire - Antarctica, British Empire - Asia, British Empire - Europe, British Empire - Pacific, British Empire - Extent after World War II, British Empire - Africa, British Empire - The Americas and Atlantic, British Empire - Asia, British Empire - Europe, British Empire - Territories Lost by British Empire before 1921, British Empire - Remaining Overseas Territories, British Empire - Overseas Territories possessing substantial self-government, British Empire - Other Overseas Territories, British Empire - Crown Dependencies in British Isles Outside UK & EU, British Empire - Personal Unions, British Empire - Kingdom of England 927 - 1707, British Empire - Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 - 1801, British Empire - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 - 1927, British Empire - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1927 - present

Read more here: » British Empire: Encyclopedia II - British Empire - Background: The English and Scottish Empires

In a scramble for overseas markets between the Franco-Prussian War and World War, Europe added almost 9 million square miles (23,000,000 km²) — one-fifth of the land area of the globe — to its overseas colonial possessions. Ushering out the cavalier colonialism of the mid-Victorian era, the age of Pax Britannica, the late nineteenth century Romantic Age was an era of "empire for empire's sake". But scholars debate the causes and ramifications of this period of colonialism, dubbed "The New Imperialism" to distinguish it from earlier ...

See also:

Economic history of Britain, Economic history of Britain - Early history, Economic history of Britain - Middle Ages, Economic history of Britain - Slavery and Overseas Expansion, Economic history of Britain - The Age of Mercantilism, Economic history of Britain - The Industrial Revolution, Economic history of Britain - The Second Industrial Revolution, Economic history of Britain - Foreign investment, Economic history of Britain - Breakdown of Pax Britannica and New Imperialism, Economic history of Britain - Britain and the Colonization of Africa Imperialism in Asia, Economic history of Britain - 20th Century, Economic history of Britain - Overview, Economic history of Britain - 1900–1928: The Early 20th Century, Economic history of Britain - 1929–1945: The Great Depression and Second World War, Economic history of Britain - 1945–1959: The Post-War Era, Economic history of Britain - 1960–1979: An Economic Malaise, Economic history of Britain - 1979–1990: The Thatcher Era, Economic history of Britain - 1990–1997: The Major Years, Economic history of Britain - 1997+: New Labour, Economic history of Britain - The 21st Century

Read more here: » Economic history of Britain: Encyclopedia II - Economic history of Britain - Breakdown of Pax Britannica and New Imperialism

In 1840, at the age of 30, Sumner returned to Boston, resolved to settle down to the practice of law. But gradually he devoted less of his time to practice and more to lecturing at Harvard Law School, to editing court reports, and to contributing to law journals, especially on historical and biographical lines. In his law practice he had disappointed himself and his friends, and he became despondent as to his future. It was at an Independence Day oration on "The True Grandeur of Nations," delivered in Boston on July 4, 1845, that wa ...

See also:

Charles Sumner, Charles Sumner - Early life education and law career, Charles Sumner - Travels in Europe, Charles Sumner - Beginning of political career, Charles Sumner - Service in the Senate, Charles Sumner - Antebellum career and attack by Preston Brooks, Charles Sumner - American Civil War, Charles Sumner - Reconstruction years and death

Read more here: » Charles Sumner: Encyclopedia II - Charles Sumner - Beginning of political career

In the history of free trade, two types of argument have been advanced in favour of allowing purchases from abroad, and free trade in the broader sense. The first set of arguments are essentially economic, that free trade will make society richer (more prosperous in money terms). These are mostly technical arguments from the discipline of economics, starting especially with Smith's The Wealth of Nations, which overthrew the mercantile orthodoxy. The other set of arguments for free trade could be classified as "moral" arguments, which are pitched at a more high-mind ...

See also:

Free trade controversy, Free trade controversy - Arguments for free trade, Free trade controversy - Economic arguments for free trade, Free trade controversy - Moral arguments in favor of free trade, Free trade controversy - Sociopolitical arguments in favor of free trade, Free trade controversy - When free-exchange is not free trade, Free trade controversy - Totally free trade, Free trade controversy - Criticisms of free trade, Free trade controversy - Economic arguments against free trade, Free trade controversy - Sociopolitical arguments against free trade

Read more here: » Free trade controversy: Encyclopedia II - Free trade controversy - Arguments for free trade

Although the machinery of government was almost the same under the Second Empire as it had been under the First, its founding principles were different. The function of the Empire, as he loved to repeat, was to guide the people internally towards justice and externally towards perpetual peace. Holding his power by universal suffrage, and having frequently, from his prison or in exile, reproached former oligarchical governments with neglecting social questions, he set out to solve them by organising a system of government based on the princip ...

See also:

Second French Empire, Second French Empire - Rule of Napoleon III, Second French Empire - History, Second French Empire - Origins, Second French Empire - Decline

Read more here: » Second French Empire: Encyclopedia II - Second French Empire - Rule of Napoleon III

In the 1918 general election Lloyd George, "the Man who Won the War", led his coalition into another khaki election, and won a sweeping victory over the Asquithian Liberals and the newly-emerging Labour Party. Lloyd George and the Conservative leader Andrew Bonar Law wrote a joint letter of support to candidates to indicate they were considered the official Coalition candidates - this "coupon" as it became known was issued against many sitting Liberal MPs, often to devastating effect, though not against Asquith himself. Asquith and mo ...

See also:

Liberal Party UK, Liberal Party UK - Origins, Liberal Party UK - The Gladstonian era, Liberal Party UK - The Liberal Zenith, Liberal Party UK - Liberal decline, Liberal Party UK - Liberal revival, Liberal Party UK - Merger with SDP, Liberal Party UK - The post 1988 Liberal Party, Liberal Party UK - Liberal leaders 1859-1988

Read more here: » Liberal Party UK: Encyclopedia II - Liberal Party UK - Liberal decline

Stockport was originally a Saxon village. Its name may be derived from two Saxon words: STOC - a stockaded place or castle, and PORT - a wood. Literally, a castle in a wood. There is sufficient evidence that a fortified stronghold existed in the vicinity in ancient British times, and that Agricola in AD79 recognised its strategical advantages and fortified Stockport to guard the passage of the Mersey. (Source: Local history page on Stockp ...

See also:

Stockport, Stockport - History, Stockport - Features, Stockport - Reputation, Stockport - Politics, Stockport - Notable People from Stockport

Read more here: » Stockport: Encyclopedia II - Stockport - History

The community is surrounded by Fallowfield, Moss Side, Levenshulme, and the University of Manchester. It is served in Westminster by the MP for Gorton (election results), currently the Rt Hon Sir Gerald Kaufman. Prime Minister Herbert Asquith was married in a Rusholme church, Richard Cobden, William Royle, and Thomas Lowe were long-time residents. Conservative Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw was for 26 years the town's representative on Manchester City Council before becoming Lord Mayor of Manchester from 1975-1976. The councillors elected for the ward in 2004 were Abu Chowdh ...

See also:

Rusholme, Rusholme - Cultural diversity, Rusholme - Social geography, Rusholme - Politics, Rusholme - Culture

Read more here: » Rusholme: Encyclopedia II - Rusholme - Politics

For details, see the main article British Empire. The United Kingdom in the 1870s remained the world's foremost industrial power, but her share of world manufacturing output was already falling before the impact of international recession. Like the Dutch a century and a half earlier, the British coped with relative commercial and industrial decline in the latter half of the 19th century by becoming the world's preeminent bankers, and invisible exports of financial and shipping services alone kept the United Kingdom "out of the red. ...

See also:

Rise of the New Imperialism, Rise of the New Imperialism - Background: Before New Imperialism, Rise of the New Imperialism - The breakdown of Pax Britannica and the rise of New Imperialism, Rise of the New Imperialism - The breakdown of the Concert of Europe, Rise of the New Imperialism - Loss of British comparative advantage in manufacturing, Rise of the New Imperialism - The Long Depression, Rise of the New Imperialism - United Kingdom and the New Imperialism, Rise of the New Imperialism - Amalgamation of Industry, Rise of the New Imperialism - The UK's increased competition, Rise of the New Imperialism - Russian expansionism, Rise of the New Imperialism - Securing foreign trade, Rise of the New Imperialism - France and the New Imperialism, Rise of the New Imperialism - New Imperialism and the emerging empires, Rise of the New Imperialism - Social implications of New Imperialism

Read more here: » Rise of the New Imperialism: Encyclopedia II - Rise of the New Imperialism - United Kingdom and the New Imperialism

The Whig Reform Act 1832 enfranchised the middle classes, but failed to meet radical demands, particularly for universal male suffrage. The mainly aristocratic Whigs in the House of Commons were then joined by a small number of parliamentary Radicals who continued to demand the vote for working class males, as well as an increased number of middle class Whigs. The popular demand for wider suffrage was then taken up by the working class Chartists. By 1839 the Whigs and Radicals in parliament ...

See also:

Radicals UK, Radicals UK - Background, Radicals UK - Parliamentary radicals, Radicals UK - Formation of the Liberal Party, Radicals UK - Parliamentary reform

Read more here: » Radicals UK: Encyclopedia II - Radicals UK - Parliamentary radicals