Rhetoric (from Greek ρήτωρ, rhêtôr, "orator") is one of the three original liberal arts or trivium (the other members are dialectic and grammar) in Western culture. In ancient and medieval times, grammar concerned itself with correct language use through the study and criticism of literary models, dialectic concerned itself with the testing and invention of new knowledge through a process of question and answer, and rhetoric concerned itself with persuasion in public and political settings such as assemblies and c ...

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Rhetoric - History
Rhetoric - Introduction Rhetoric - Ancient Greece Rhetoric - Roman rhetoricians Rhetoric - Rhetoric from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment Rhetoric - Modern developments Rhetoric - Current state of rhetorical study Rhetoric - Rhetorical remedies

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Rhetoric, Rhetoric - History, Rhetoric - Introduction, Rhetoric - Ancient Greece, Rhetoric - Roman rhetoricians, Rhetoric - Rhetoric from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, Rhetoric - Modern developments, Rhetoric - Current state of rhetorical study, Rhetoric - Related theory, Rhetoric - Examples of Rhetoric, Rhetoric - Miscellaneous', Rhetoric - Rhetorical remedies

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Rhetoric - Introduction. The scholarly literature on the 2500-year history and theory of rhetoric in Western culture is far too voluminous to be listed at the end of this entry. Useful reference works include George Kennedy's Classical Rhetoric and its Christian and Secular Tradition from Ancient to Modern Times, Thomas O. Sloane, ed., Encyclopedia of Rhetoric (Oxford University Press, 2001); Heinrich Lausberg, Handbook of Literary Rhetoric: A Foundation for Literary Study (1960; 2nd ed. 1973; Engli ...

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Rhetoric, Rhetoric - History, Rhetoric - Introduction, Rhetoric - Ancient Greece, Rhetoric - Roman rhetoricians, Rhetoric - Rhetoric from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment, Rhetoric - Modern developments, Rhetoric - Current state of rhetorical study, Rhetoric - Rhetorical remedies

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Amplification refers to the act and the means of extending thoughts or statements to increase rhetorical effect, to add importance, or to make the most of a thought or circumstance (Oxford English Dictionary). While amplification can refer to exaggeration--or stylistic vices (figures of excess and superfluity such as hyperbole)--as a means for developing multiple forms of expression for a thought, amplification, “names an important point of intersection where figures of speech and figures of thought coalesce” (Silva Rhetoricae). < ...

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Amplification - Amplification in Rhetoric
Amplification - As Arrangement Amplification - As Scheme

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In rhetoric, antimetabole is the repetition of words in successive clauses, but in reverse grammatical order (ex: "I know what I like, and like what I know"). It is similar to chiasmus although chiasmus does not use repetition of the same words or phrases. Antimetabole - Examples. "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961. "Johnson having now explicitly avowe ...

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Antimetabole - Examples

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The Greek word λόγος or logos is a word with various meanings. It is often translated into English as "Word" but can also mean thought, speech, reason, principle, standard, or logic among other things. It has varied use in the fields of philosophy, analytical psychology, rhetoric and religion. Logos - Use in ancient philosophy. In ancient philosophy, Logos was used by Heraclitus, one of the more eminent Pre-Socratic Greek philosophers, to describe human knowledge and the inherent order in ...

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Logos - Use in ancient philosophy Logos - Use in rhetoric Logos - Use in Christianity Logos - Similar concepts

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Apophasis (Late Latin, from Greek apophanai, "to say no" [1]) refers, in general, to "mentioning by not mentioning". Apophasis has specific meanings when used a figure of speech or as a logical device. Apophasis - In Rhetoric. Apophasis is a rhetorical figure of speech wherein the speaker or writer invokes a subject by denying that it should be invoked. As such, it can be seen as a rhetorical relative of irony. The device is typically used to distance the speaker from unfair claims, whi ...

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Apophasis - In Rhetoric Apophasis - In Logic

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Poetry (ancient Greek: ποιεω (poieo) = I create) is traditionally a written art form (although there is also an ancient and modern poetry which relies mainly upon oral or pictorial representations) in which human language is used for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and semantic content. The increased emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the deliberate use of features such as repetition, meter and rhyme, are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry from prose, but debates over s ...

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Poetry - Nature of poetry Poetry - Tools
Poetry - Sound Poetry - Form Poetry - Rhetoric
Poetry - History Poetry - Terms

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Anthropomorphism, a form of personification (applying human or animal qualities to inanimate objects) and similar to prosopopoeia (adopting the persona of another person), is the attribution of human characteristics and qualities to non-human beings, objects, or natural phenomena. Animals, forces of nature, and unseen or unknown authors of chance are frequent subjects of anthropomorphosis. "Anthropomorphism" comes from two Greek words, ανθρωπος (anthrōpos), meaning "human", and μορφη (morphē), meaning "shape" or "form". The suffix '-ism' orig ...

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Anthropomorphism - In religions and mythologies Anthropomorphism - In rhetoric Anthropomorphism - In literature Anthropomorphism - Common usage
Anthropomorphism - Technical use Anthropomorphism - Modern occurrences
Anthropomorphism - In logical reasoning Anthropomorphism - Opposite view

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In Mormonism, blood atonement is a controversial doctrine taught by some early Latter-day Saint leaders, and expanded by Brigham Young, that within a theocracy, there are certain sins such as murder that requires that murderers "have their blood spilt upon the ground, that the smoke thereof might ascend to heaven as an offering for their sins" in order for the Atonement of Jesus fully operative in the repentance process. While criticized by many Mormons and eventually repudiated as official Church doctrine by The Church of Jesu ...

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Blood atonement - The Doctrine as Taught by Brigham Young Blood atonement - Controversy Blood atonement - Similar Non-Mormon rhetoric from the period Blood atonement - Modern Reactions to the Doctrine

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Catachresis is the (usually intentional) use of any figure of speech that flagrantly violates the norms of a language community. Compare malapropism. Common forms of catachresis are: Using a word to denote something radically different from its normal meaning. 'Tis deepest winter in Lord Timon's purse – Shakespeare, Timon of Athens Using a word out of context. 'Can't you hear that? Are you blind?' Using paradoxical or contradictory lo ...

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Northrop Frye's Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton University Press, 1957) attempts to formulate an overall view of the scope, theory, principles, and techniques of literary criticism derived exclusively from literature. Frye consciously omits all specific and practical criticism, instead offering classically-inspired theories of modes, symbols, myths and genres, in what he termed "an interconnected group of suggestions," which informed a work that was highly influential in the decades before deconst ...

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Anatomy of Criticism - Polemical Introduction Anatomy of Criticism - First essay - Historical Criticism: Theory of Modes Anatomy of Criticism - Second essay - Ethical Criticism: Theory of Symbols Anatomy of Criticism - Third essay - Archetypal Criticism: Theory of Myths Anatomy of Criticism - Fourth essay - Rhetorical Criticism: Theory of Genres Anatomy of Criticism - Miscellaneous

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Some rhetorical questions become idiomatic English expressions: "What's the matter with you?" "Don't you know any better?" "Have you no shame?" "Is the Pope Catholic?" "Do fish swim?" "Are you crazy?" "Who cares?" "How should I know?" "Are you kidding me?" Some TV shows have had rhetorical questions as titles, such as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and Whose Line Is It Anyway?. Bob Dylan's song "Blowin' in the Wind" is a se ...

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Rhetorical question, Rhetorical question - Examples

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Classical liberalism (also called classic liberalism or simply liberalism) is the original form of and nowadays a tendency within liberalism. It is a political school of thought that first emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries, upholding individualism and free market economics. Classical liberalism focuses on concepts of individual autonomy and private property, and argues that the sole legitimate function of government is to defend these. Classical liberals promote the use of precisely delineated constitutions that are difficult or impossible to modify, intended to ...

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Classical liberalism - Introduction Classical liberalism - Origins Classical liberalism - Classical liberal philosophy Classical liberalism - Classical liberalism during the Great Depression and the rise of dictatorships Classical liberalism - Classical liberalism economic freedom and their relationship with civil and political freedoms Classical liberalism - Classical liberalism and rhetorical liberalism as practiced in the United States Classical liberalism - External articles

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Apophasis is a rhetorical figure of speech wherein the speaker or writer invokes a subject by denying that it should be invoked. As such, it can be seen as a rhetorical relative of irony. The device is typically used to distance the speaker from unfair claims, while still bringing them up. For instance, a politician might say I don't even want to talk about the allegations that my opponent is a drunk. The most common English construction is the phrase "not to mention", as in She is talented, not to mention rich ...

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Apophasis, Apophasis - In Rhetoric, Apophasis - In Logic

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Kairos was cental to the Sophists, who stressed the rhetor's ability to adapt to and take advantage of changing, contingent circumstances. In Panathenaicus, Isocrates writes that educated people are those “who manage well the circumstances which they encounter day by day, and who possess a judgment which is accurate in meeting occasions as they arise and rarely misses the expedient course of action”. Kairos is also very important in Aristotle's scheme of rhetoric. Kairos is, for Aristotle, the time and space context in whic ...

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Kairos, Kairos - In theology, Kairos - In rhetoric

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Anthropomorphism in the form of personification consists of creating imaginary persons who are the embodiment of an abstraction such as Death, Lust or War. See the article on the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse for notable examples. In classical rhetoric, personification is a figure of speech (more specifically a trope) that employs the deliberate use of anthropomorphism, often to make an emotional appeal. In rhetorical theory, a distinction is often drawn between personification (anthropomorphism of inanimate, but real, objects) and figures such as apostrophe, in which an a ...

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Anthropomorphism, Anthropomorphism - In religions and mythologies, Anthropomorphism - In rhetoric, Anthropomorphism - In literature, Anthropomorphism - Common usage, Anthropomorphism - Technical use, Anthropomorphism - Modern occurrences, Anthropomorphism - In logical reasoning, Anthropomorphism - Opposite view

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Anthropomorphism in the form of personification consists of creating imaginary persons who are the embodiment of an abstraction such as Death, Lust or War. See the article on the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse for notable examples. In classical rhetoric, personification is a figure of speech (more specifically a trope) that employs the deliberate use of anthropomorphism, often to make an emotional appeal. In rhetorical theory, a distinction is often drawn between personification (anthropomorphism of inanimate, but real, objects) and figures such as apostrophe, in which an a ...

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Anthropomorphism, Anthropomorphism - In religions and mythologies, Anthropomorphism - Biblical literalism, Anthropomorphism - Hinduism, Anthropomorphism - Condemnation, Anthropomorphism - In rhetoric, Anthropomorphism - In literature, Anthropomorphism - Common usage, Anthropomorphism - Technical use, Anthropomorphism - Modern occurrences, Anthropomorphism - In logical reasoning, Anthropomorphism - Opposite view, Anthropomorphism - Slang use

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In rhetoric, logos is one of the three modes of persuasion (the other two are pathos, emotional appeal, and ethos, the qualification of the speaker). Logos refers to logical appeal, and in fact the term logic evolves from it. Logos normally implies numbers, polls, and other mathematical or scientific data. Logos has many advantages: Data is hard to manipulate, meaning that it is harder to argue against a logos argument. For the same reason, it may sway cynical listeners to the speaker's opinion. Logos enhances ethos by making the speaker look prepared ...

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Logos, Logos - Use in ancient philosophy, Logos - Use in rhetoric, Logos - Use in Christianity, Logos - Similar concepts

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Metonymy can also refer to the rhetorical strategy of describing something indirectly by referring to things around it. For example, in Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice, the main character Elizabeth's change of heart and love for her suitor, Mr. Darcy, is first revealed when she sees his house: They gradually ascended for half-a-mile, and then found themselves at the top of a considerable eminence, where the wood ceased, and the eye was instantly caught by Pemberley House, situated on the opposite side of a valley, into ...

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Metonymy, Metonymy - Metonymy vs. Metaphor, Metonymy - Metonymy as a rhetorical strategy, Metonymy - Synecdoche and Metonymy

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