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Retreats | A Wisdom Archive on Retreats | | Retreats A selection of articles related to Retreats | |
| We recommend this article: Retreats - 1, and also this: Retreats - 2. |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Retreats | | | |  Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Turkey - Secularist PoliciesIn 1922 the new nationalist regime abolished the Ottoman sultanate, and in 1924 it abolished the caliphate, the religious office that Ottoman sultans had held for four centuries. Thus, for the first time in Islamic history, no ruler claimed spiritual leadership of Islam. The withdrawal of Turkey, heir to the Ottoman Empire, as the presumptive leader of the world Muslim community was symbolic of the change in the government's relationship to Islam. Indeed, secularism or laicism (laiklik ) became one of the "Six Arrows" of Atatürk's program f ...
See also:Islam in Turkey, Islam in Turkey - Islam's history in Turkey, Islam in Turkey - Sufism and Folk Islam, Islam in Turkey - The Alevi, Islam in Turkey - Secularist Policies, Islam in Turkey - Retreat from Secularism, Islam in Turkey - Status of Religious Freedom Read more here: » Islam in Turkey: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Turkey - Secularist Policies |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Turkey - Status of Religious Freedom The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice; however, the Government imposes some restrictions on Muslim and other religious groups and on Muslim religious expression in government offices and state-run institutions, including universities, usually for the stated reason of preserving the "secular state." The Constitution establishes the country as a "secular state" and provides for freedom of belief, freedom of worship, and the private dissemination of religious ideas. Howev ...
See also:Islam in Turkey, Islam in Turkey - Islam's history in Turkey, Islam in Turkey - Sufism and Folk Islam, Islam in Turkey - The Alevi, Islam in Turkey - Secularist Policies, Islam in Turkey - Retreat from Secularism, Islam in Turkey - Status of Religious Freedom Read more here: » Islam in Turkey: Encyclopedia II - Islam in Turkey - Status of Religious Freedom |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Nomenclature Until 1941 it was known in Russia as the Patriotic War (Russian Отечественная война, Otechestvennaya Voyna); the Russian term Patriotic War of 1812 distinguishes it from the Great Patriotic War, the term the Soviets applied to their front in World War II.
Also in Russian, it is occasionally referred to as the "War of 1812", offering some opportunity for confusion since in English that generally refers to the con ...
See also:Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Nomenclature, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Invasion, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Opposing Armies, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The March on Moscow, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Capture of Moscow, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Retreat, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Historical Assessment, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - List of Russian commanders, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - External link Read more here: » Napoleon's Invasion of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Nomenclature |
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| | | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - Situation in early 1944 The battle was fought as a result of the Japanese plan, codenamed U-GO, to invade India. Originally, this operation was intended as a spoiling attack against the Indian IV Corps at Imphal, to disrupt the Allied offensive plans for that year. The commander of the Japanese Fifteenth Army, Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi, enlarged the plan to invade India itself and perhaps even overthrow the British Raj. The objections of various superi ...
See also:Battle of Kohima, Battle of Kohima - Situation in early 1944, Battle of Kohima - Preliminary moves, Battle of Kohima - The siege, Battle of Kohima - The relief, Battle of Kohima - The counter-offensive, Battle of Kohima - The Japanese retreat, Battle of Kohima - Aftermath, Battle of Kohima - RAF supply, Battle of Kohima - Victoria Cross, Battle of Kohima - War memorial, Battle of Kohima - Sources Read more here: » Battle of Kohima: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - Situation in early 1944 |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Malaya - Background Between the wars, Britain's military strategy in the Far East were undermined by a lack of attention and funding. Her plans relied primarily on the stationing of a strong fleet at the Singapore Naval Base in the event of any enemy hostility, both to defend Britain's Far Eastern possessions and the route to Australia. However, the expected arrival time of the Royal Navy, should Malaya or Singapore be threatened, was extended from weeks to months, until finally, by the time war broke out in Europe in 1939, it was evid ...
See also:Battle of Malaya, Battle of Malaya - Background, Battle of Malaya - The Japanese Invasion, Battle of Malaya - The Advance down the Peninsula, Battle of Malaya - Defence of Johore, Battle of Malaya - The Retreat to Singapore Read more here: » Battle of Malaya: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Malaya - Background |
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| | | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Malaya - The Advance down the Peninsula The defeat of British and Indian troops at Jitra by Japanese forces, supported by tanks moving south from Siam on December 11, 1941 and the rapid advance of the Japanese inland from their Kota Bharu beachhead on the north-west coast of Malaya overwhelmed the northern defenses. Without any real naval presence, the British were unable to challenge Japanese naval operations of the Malayan coast - operations which proved invaluable to the invading army. With virtually no remaining British airplanes, the Japanese also had mastery of the skies, leaving the Common ...
See also:Battle of Malaya, Battle of Malaya - Background, Battle of Malaya - The Japanese Invasion, Battle of Malaya - The Advance down the Peninsula, Battle of Malaya - Defence of Johore, Battle of Malaya - The Retreat to Singapore Read more here: » Battle of Malaya: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Malaya - The Advance down the Peninsula |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - American Federation of Labor - Political activities While the organization was founded by socialists such as Gompers and Peter J. McGuire, it quickly became more conservative. The AFL adopted a philosophy of "business unionism" that sought to establish stable labor organizations, based on enduring craft distinctions, that would avoid the volatility of groups such as the Knights of Labor, whose membership and power rose and fell mightily with business downturns and political victories and defeats. This business unionist approach focused on skilled workers' imm ...
See also:American Federation of Labor, American Federation of Labor - Early years, American Federation of Labor - Expansion and retreat, American Federation of Labor - Conflicts between affiliated unions, American Federation of Labor - Political activities, American Federation of Labor - Presidents of the American Federation of Labor 1886-1955, American Federation of Labor - External link Read more here: » American Federation of Labor: Encyclopedia II - American Federation of Labor - Political activities |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Nomenclature Until 1941 it was known in Russia as the Patriotic War (Russian Отечественная война, Otechestvennaya Voyna); the Russian term Patriotic War of 1812 distinguishes it from the Great Patriotic War, the term the Soviets applied to their front in World War II.
Also in Russian, it is occasionally referred to as the "War of 1812," offering some opportunity for confusion since in English that usually refers to the 1 ...
See also:Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Nomenclature, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Invasion, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Opposing Armies, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The March on Moscow, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Capture of Moscow, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Retreat, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Historical Assessment, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - List of Russian commanders, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - External link Read more here: » Napoleon's Invasion of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Nomenclature |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Hutt Valley Campaign - Valley floor Tension had been high around Wellington since 1842, particularly concerning the fertile bottom land of the Hutt Valley. The occupants, Nga Rangatahi, were determined to retain possession. They assembled a force of about 200 warriors led by Te Rangihaeata, one of the participants in the Wairau Massacre. The British began moving men into the area and by February had assembled nearly a thousand men tog ...
See also:Hutt Valley Campaign, Hutt Valley Campaign - Land ownership, Hutt Valley Campaign - Valley floor, Hutt Valley Campaign - Porirua area, Hutt Valley Campaign - End of resistance, Hutt Valley Campaign - Maori leaders retreat northwards, Hutt Valley Campaign - Why withdraw?, Hutt Valley Campaign - Arrest of Te Rauparaha Read more here: » Hutt Valley Campaign: Encyclopedia II - Hutt Valley Campaign - Valley floor |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Patti Smith - Early career By 1974, however, Patti Smith was performing rock music herself, initially with guitarist and rock archivist Lenny Kaye, and later with a full band comprising Kaye, Ivan Kral (guitar), Jay Dee Daugherty (drums) and Richard Sohl (piano). Financed by Robert Mapplethorpe, the band recorded a first single, "Piss Factory/Hey Joe," in 1974. The A-side describes the helpless anger Smith had felt while working on a factory assembly line and the salvation she discovered in the form of a shoplifted book, the 19th-century French poet Arthur Rimbaud's < ...
See also:Patti Smith, Patti Smith - Beginnings, Patti Smith - Early career, Patti Smith - Retreat, Patti Smith - Re-emergence, Patti Smith - Political engagement, Patti Smith - Discography, Patti Smith - Studio albums, Patti Smith - Compilations, Patti Smith - Singles, Patti Smith - Bibliography Read more here: » Patti Smith: Encyclopedia II - Patti Smith - Early career |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Patti Smith - Re-emergence After Fred's death in 1994 and the subsequent, unexpected death of her beloved brother Todd later that year, Patti was urged by Michael Stipe and Allen Ginsberg (whom she had known since her early years in New York) to go back out on the road. She toured briefly with Bob Dylan in December 1995 (chronicled in a book of photographs by Stipe). The next year, she worked with her long-time colleagues to record the haunting Gone Again, featuring tributes to her late husband and Kurt Cobain (and almost certainly reflecting, as well, the deat ...
See also:Patti Smith, Patti Smith - Beginnings, Patti Smith - Early career, Patti Smith - Retreat, Patti Smith - Re-emergence, Patti Smith - Political engagement, Patti Smith - Discography, Patti Smith - Studio albums, Patti Smith - Compilations, Patti Smith - Singles, Patti Smith - Bibliography Read more here: » Patti Smith: Encyclopedia II - Patti Smith - Re-emergence |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Hard rock mining - Extraction Ore must be freed from the solid rock by blasting. This requires drilling shot holes into the ore face.
Coarse ore is mucked out using boggers, which are similar to skid loaders. Gravity is used to help move it down ore raises or shafts to the lower drives.
Conveyor belts, trucks and rarely trains are used to haul ore to the surface along a drive or decline. Where possible, ore is hauled by buckets in shafts. Ore is also moved in skip buckets hauled up shafts and emptied into bins beneath surface headframe towers for transport to the mill.
Open pit mining is used in shallow orebodies ...
See also:Hard rock mining, Hard rock mining - Access, Hard rock mining - Ore extraction, Hard rock mining - Stope and retreat, Hard rock mining - Stope and fill, Hard rock mining - Extraction, Hard rock mining - Trivia, Hard rock mining - Hardrock mining terms Read more here: » Hard rock mining: Encyclopedia II - Hard rock mining - Extraction |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Invasion
Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Opposing Armies.
In June 1812, Napoleon's Grande Armée of 691,500 men, the largest army assembled up to that point in European history, crossed the river Neman and headed towards Moscow.
The Grande Armée was divided as follows:
A central strike force of 250,000 under the emperor's personal command.
Two other frontline armies under Eugène de Beauharnais (80,000 men) and Jérôme Bonaparte (70,000 men).
Two detached corps under Jacques MacDonald (32,500 men) and Karl Schwarzenberg (34,000 Austr ...
See also:Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Nomenclature, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Invasion, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Opposing Armies, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The March on Moscow, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Capture of Moscow, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Retreat, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Historical Assessment, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - List of Russian commanders, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - External link Read more here: » Napoleon's Invasion of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Invasion |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Historical Assessment The Russian victory over the French army in 1812 marked a major blow to Napoleon's ambitions of European dominance. Like the comprehensive defeat of French naval power at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, the Russian campaign was a decisive turning-point of the Napoleonic Wars that ultimately led to Napoleon's defeat and exile on the island of Elba. For Russia the term Patriotic War (an English rendition of the Russian "Отечественная война") formed a symbol for a strengthened national identity that would have a great ...
See also:Napoleon's Invasion of Russia, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Nomenclature, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Invasion, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Opposing Armies, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The March on Moscow, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - The Capture of Moscow, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Retreat, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Historical Assessment, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - List of Russian commanders, Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - External link Read more here: » Napoleon's Invasion of Russia: Encyclopedia II - Napoleon's Invasion of Russia - Historical Assessment |
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| | | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - Preliminary moves Starting on March 15, 1944, the Japanese 31st Division crossed the Chindwin River near Homalin and moved northwest along jungle trails on a front almost 60 miles (100 km) wide. Although the march was arduous, good progress was made. The left wing of the division, 58 Regiment, commanded by the division's Infantry Group commander, Major General Shigesaburo Miyazaki was ahead of the neighbouring formation (Japanese 15th Division) when they clashed with Indian troops c ...
See also:Battle of Kohima, Battle of Kohima - Situation in early 1944, Battle of Kohima - Preliminary moves, Battle of Kohima - The siege, Battle of Kohima - The relief, Battle of Kohima - The counter-offensive, Battle of Kohima - The Japanese retreat, Battle of Kohima - Aftermath, Battle of Kohima - RAF supply, Battle of Kohima - Victoria Cross, Battle of Kohima - War memorial, Battle of Kohima - Sources Read more here: » Battle of Kohima: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - Preliminary moves |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - The siege Kohima ridge runs roughly north and south, and dominates the road from Dimapur to Imphal. North of the road lay Naga Village, crowned by Church Knoll. South and west of it were GPT Ridge and the jungle-covered Aradura Spur.
In 1944, Kohima was the administrative centre of Nagaland. The District Commissioner was Charles Pawsey. His bungalow and its gardens and tennis court stood on the hillside at a bend in the road.
The various service troops in the area gave their names to the features which were to be important in the battle e.g. "Field Supply Depot ...
See also:Battle of Kohima, Battle of Kohima - Situation in early 1944, Battle of Kohima - Preliminary moves, Battle of Kohima - The siege, Battle of Kohima - The relief, Battle of Kohima - The counter-offensive, Battle of Kohima - The Japanese retreat, Battle of Kohima - Aftermath, Battle of Kohima - RAF supply, Battle of Kohima - Victoria Cross, Battle of Kohima - War memorial, Battle of Kohima - Sources Read more here: » Battle of Kohima: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - The siege |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - The relief The British 2nd Division had begun to arrive at Dimapur in early April, having moved from Southern India, where they had been training for amphibious landings. Their leading troops relieved 161 Brigade at Jotsoma on April 15, and 161 Brigade in turn broke through to Kohima on April 18. By now, Kohima resembled a battlefield from the first World War, with trees smashed and the ground covered in craters.
300 wounded were evacuated, followed by the various service corps personnel and the West Kents. The British 6 Brigade took over their ...
See also:Battle of Kohima, Battle of Kohima - Situation in early 1944, Battle of Kohima - Preliminary moves, Battle of Kohima - The siege, Battle of Kohima - The relief, Battle of Kohima - The counter-offensive, Battle of Kohima - The Japanese retreat, Battle of Kohima - Aftermath, Battle of Kohima - RAF supply, Battle of Kohima - Victoria Cross, Battle of Kohima - War memorial, Battle of Kohima - Sources Read more here: » Battle of Kohima: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - The relief |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - The counter-offensive Meanwhile, the other two brigades of 2nd Division tried to outflank both ends of the Japanese position in Naga Village and on GPT Ridge. The monsoon had by now broken, and the steep slopes were covered in mud, making movement and supply very difficult. Both moves failed due to the terrain and weather, and from May 4, the Division concentrated on the Japanese centre along Kohima Ridge. The British had now amassed 38 3.7 inch mountain howitzers, 48 25-pounder field guns and 2 5.5 inch medium guns. The RAF also bombed and strafed the Japanese positions. The Japanese could oppose them with ...
See also:Battle of Kohima, Battle of Kohima - Situation in early 1944, Battle of Kohima - Preliminary moves, Battle of Kohima - The siege, Battle of Kohima - The relief, Battle of Kohima - The counter-offensive, Battle of Kohima - The Japanese retreat, Battle of Kohima - Aftermath, Battle of Kohima - RAF supply, Battle of Kohima - Victoria Cross, Battle of Kohima - War memorial, Battle of Kohima - Sources Read more here: » Battle of Kohima: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - The counter-offensive |
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| | | | | Retreats: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - Aftermath The British and Indian forces had lost around 4,000 men, dead, missing and wounded. The Japanese had lost more than 7,000 men in the Kohima area fighting.
This battle was ultimately to prove to be the turning point of the Burma Campaign. Earl Louis Mountbatten described it as "probably one of the greatest battles in history... in effect the Battle of Burma... naked unparalleled heroism... the British/Indian Thermopylae".
After ignoring army orders for several weeks, Sato was removed from command of Japanese 31st Division early ...
See also:Battle of Kohima, Battle of Kohima - Situation in early 1944, Battle of Kohima - Preliminary moves, Battle of Kohima - The siege, Battle of Kohima - The relief, Battle of Kohima - The counter-offensive, Battle of Kohima - The Japanese retreat, Battle of Kohima - Aftermath, Battle of Kohima - RAF supply, Battle of Kohima - Victoria Cross, Battle of Kohima - War memorial, Battle of Kohima - Sources Read more here: » Battle of Kohima: Encyclopedia II - Battle of Kohima - Aftermath |
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