Physiologically, certain neurons in the brain stem, known as REM sleep-on cells (located in the pontine tegmentum), are particularly active during REM sleep, and are probably responsible for its occurrence. The release of certain neurotransmitters, the monoamines (norepinephrine, serotonin and histamine), is completely shut down during REM. This causes REM atonia, a state in which the motor neurons are not stimulated and thus the body's muscles don't move. The lack of REM atonia causes REM Behavior Disord ...

See also:

Rapid eye movement, Rapid eye movement - Physiology of REM sleep, Rapid eye movement - Theories about the functions of REM sleep, Rapid eye movement - REM sleep in other animals, Rapid eye movement - History, Rapid eye movement - Sources

Read more here: » Rapid eye movement: Encyclopedia II - Rapid eye movement - Physiology of REM sleep

Read more here: » Meaning of dreams: REM sleep and remembering dreams

Rapid eye movement (REM) is the stage of sleep characterized by rapid saccadic movements of the eyes. During this stage, the activity of the brain's neurons is quite similar to that during waking hours. Most of the vividly recalled dreams occur during REM sleep. It is the lightest form of sleep, and people awakened during REM usually feel alert and refreshed. REM sleep is so physiologically different from the other phases of sleep that ...

Including:

• Rapid eye movement - Physiology of REM sleep
• Rapid eye movement - Theories about the functions of REM sleep
• Rapid eye movement - REM sleep in other animals
• Rapid eye movement - History
• Rapid eye movement - Sources

Read more here: » Rapid eye movement: Encyclopedia - Rapid eye movement

Sleep paralysis is a condition characterized by paralysis of the body shortly after waking up (known as hypnopompic paralysis) or, less often, shortly before falling asleep (known as hypnagogic paralysis). Physiologically, it is closely related to the normal paralysis that occurs during REM sleep, also known as REM atonia. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is awakened from a REM state into essentially a normal fully awake state, but the bodily paralysis is still occurring. This causes the person to be fully aware, but unabl ...

Including:

• Sleep paralysis - Accompanying hallucinations
• Sleep paralysis - Possible causes
• Sleep paralysis - Cultural references
• Sleep paralysis - Treatment in literature

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Cyclical Alternating Pattern occurs in sleep. Characterized as periodic episodes of aroused EEG activity (more Sleep spindles and K-complexes) followed by a period of more quiet sleep. Both these periodic activities, when combined, are considered the CAP period. CAP does not occur in REM. Other related archivesEEG, K-complexes, REM, Sleep spindles, sleep

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Active Sleep is a phase of sleep in neonates that appears similar to Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep in adults. While it depends on age, neonatal sleep is sometimes scored as Active Sleep, Quiet Sleep, and Wake. This is less specific than the classification of adult's sleep, and is often based on behavioral criteria due to the technical difficulties arising from recording EEG from the neonate. Scientists are divided on the precise relation between Active Sleep and REM sleep. Some suggest that they are similar, while others say i ...

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REM is an acronym for: Rapid eye movement - a sleep phase Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum rem is an acronym for: Röntgen equivalent man - a unit for measuring levels of exposure to radiation. REM may also refer to: R.E.M. - American rock music band formed in Athens, Georgia in 1980. REM island - home of 1964 pirate Radio and TV Noordzee off the Dutch coastline. REM programming language command< ...

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A delta wave is a large, slow brain wave associated with deep sleep. Delta waves are present only in stage-three sleep, stage-four sleep, cases of brain injury and coma. During sleep, delta waves are not present in the other stages (1, 2, and REM). See Slow Wave Sleep See also. Electroencephalography Theta wave Alpha wave SMR Beta wave Gamma wave ...

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Activation Synthesis Theory is a neurobiological theory of dreams, put forward by Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, which states that dreams are a random event caused by firing of neurons in the brain. This random firing sends signals to the body's motor systems, but because of a paralysis that occurs during REM sleep, the brain is faced with a paradox. It synthesizes a narrative by drawing on memo ...

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Sleep is the regular state of natural rest observed in all mammals, birds and fish. Sleep is not actually "unconsciousness," but rather, it is a natural state of rest characterized by a reduction in voluntary body movement and decreased awareness of the surroundings. Therefore, since consciousness is literally the awareness of the surroundings, being asleep is just an altered state of consciousness, as opposed to being unconscious. It is heavily influenced by circadian rhythms, and by hormonal and environmental factors as well. Sleep ...

Including:

• Sleep - Sleep physiology
• Sleep - Methodology
• Sleep - Sleep regulation
• Sleep - Stages of sleep
• Sleep - Theories regarding the function of sleep
• Sleep - Dreaming
• Sleep - Sleep deprivation
• Sleep - Sleep disorders
• Sleep - Animal sleep
• Sleep - Approaches to sleeping better
• Sleep - Drugs and sleep
• Sleep - Sleep aiding
• Sleep - Stimulant drugs

Read more here: » Sleep: Encyclopedia - Sleep

Oneirology is the scientific study of dreams, a relatively new field. The term comes from the Greek Oneiro which means dream. The discipline is generally agreed to have begun with the discovery by Nathaniel Kleitman and his student Eugene Aserinsky in 1955 of regular cycles in human sleep, in the sleep laboratory at the University of Chicago. A further experiment by Kleitman and William C. Dement, then another medical student, demonstrated the particular period of sleep in which electrical brain activity as ...

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Narcolepsy is a neurological condition characterized by severe fatigue, irresistible episodes of sleep and general sleep disorder. It is a kind of dyssomnia. Narcolepsy - Symptoms of narcolepsy. The main characteristic of narcolepsy is overwhelming excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), even after adequate nighttime sleep. A person with narcolepsy is likely to become drowsy or to fall asleep, often at inappropriate times and places. Daytime naps may occur with or without warning and may be irresistible. These ...

Including:

• Narcolepsy - Symptoms of narcolepsy
• Narcolepsy - What happens in narcolepsy
• Narcolepsy - Causes of narcolepsy
• Narcolepsy - Prevalence of narcolepsy
• Narcolepsy - Diagnosis
• Narcolepsy - Treatment
• Narcolepsy - Research
• Narcolepsy - Coping with narcolepsy

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Hypnagogia (also spelled hypnogogia) and hypnopompia are experiences a person can go through when falling asleep in the case of hypnagogia, or waking up, in the case of hypnopompia. When in a hypnagogic or hypnopompic state a person can have lifelike auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations (known as hypnagogic hallucinations), perhaps even accompanied by full body paralysis. The individual is aware that these are hallucinations; the frightening part, in many cases, is the inability to react to them, even being ...

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Insomnia is characterized by an inability to sleep and/or to remain asleep for a reasonable period. Most believe that insomnia is, itself, a sleep disorder, but it is not. It is a complaint, as insomniacs typically complain of being unable to close their eyes or 'rest their mind' for more than a few minutes at a time. As opposed to being a sleep disorder, insomnia is most often caused by sleep disorders, but they are not the only causes. Other causes include fear, stress, anxiety, medications, herbs and caffeine. An over ...

Including:

• Insomnia - Types of insomnia
• Insomnia - Common causes of insomnia
• Insomnia - Treatment for insomnia
• Insomnia - Removing probable causes of insomnia
• Insomnia - A multifaceted approach

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In common current usage, the term nightmare refers to dreams of particular intensity, with content that the sleeper finds disturbing, related either to physiological causes, such as a high fever, or to psychological ones, such as unusual trauma or stress in the sleeper's life. The occasional body movements seen in nightmares may have a use in awakening the sleeper, thus helping to avoid the frightening dream-situation. Occasional nightmares are commonplace, but recurrent nightmares can interfere with sleep and may cause people ...

Including:

• Nightmare - Historic use of term
• Nightmare - Notes

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Controlled Combustion Engine (CCE) is a type of internal combustion engine designed by Brad Howell-Smith in 1995. It uses two counter-rotating cams instead of a crankshaft driving two horizontally opposed pistons [1] while retaining an identical cylinder head assembly to conventional engines. It is around a quarter the size and weight of a conventional engine of similar output and uses fewer moving components. A four or two stroke cycle can be used a ...

Including:

• Controlled Combustion Engine - Background

Read more here: » Controlled Combustion Engine: Encyclopedia - Controlled Combustion Engine

Chronobiology is a field of science that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms. "Chrono" pertains to time and "biology" pertains to the study, or science, of life. Chronobiology - Description. The variations of the duration of biological activity in living organisms occur for many essential biological processes. These occur (a) in animals (eating, sleeping, mating, hibernating, migration, cellular regeneration, etc), and (b) in plants (leaf movements, photsynthetic reactions ...

Including:

• Chronobiology - Description
• Chronobiology - History
• Chronobiology - Other fields
• Chronobiology - Research publications
• Chronobiology - External articles

Read more here: » Chronobiology: Encyclopedia - Chronobiology

The function of REM sleep is not well understood; several theories have been advanced. According to one theory, certain memories are consolidated during REM sleep. Numerous studies have suggested that REM sleep is important for consolidation of procedural and spatial memories. (Slow Wave Sleep, part of non-REM sleep, appears to be important for declarative memories). However, in people that have no RE ...

See also:

Rapid eye movement, Rapid eye movement - Physiology of REM sleep, Rapid eye movement - Theories about the functions of REM sleep, Rapid eye movement - REM sleep in other animals, Rapid eye movement - History, Rapid eye movement - Sources

Read more here: » Rapid eye movement: Encyclopedia II - Rapid eye movement - Theories about the functions of REM sleep

Polyphasic sleep - Health risk. Critics believe polyphasic sleep quarrels with the natural sleep cycle and cannot be feasible in the long run. It is well known that sleep deprivation has detrimental effects on memory, problem solving, decision making, stress and anxiety levels, muscular strength and endurance. Lack of sufficient sleep also weakens the immune system, decreases the amount of growth hormone produced, and decreases the ability of the body to metabolize sugar. Critics have expressed concern about poss ...

See also:

Polyphasic sleep, Polyphasic sleep - Theory, Polyphasic sleep - Mechanism, Polyphasic sleep - Criticism, Polyphasic sleep - Health risk, Polyphasic sleep - Productivity, Polyphasic sleep - REM sleep claims, Polyphasic sleep - Alertness, Polyphasic sleep - Social effects, Polyphasic sleep - Attributed polyphasic sleepers

Read more here: » Polyphasic sleep: Encyclopedia II - Polyphasic sleep - Criticism

Boat racers use this technique to avoid dangers at sea. Astronauts use this technique during extended crises, and military personnel, especially Marines, use this technique in training. One of the leading advocates of polyphasic sleep research is Claudio Stampi. Self-testers often "crash" several times while testing and accidentally sleep through for several hours longer than intended. Current polyphasic users and scientific evidence (Claudio) both suggest that problems relating to tiredness dissipate around 10 days into the schedule, ...

See also:

Polyphasic sleep, Polyphasic sleep - Theory, Polyphasic sleep - Mechanism, Polyphasic sleep - Criticism, Polyphasic sleep - Health risk, Polyphasic sleep - Productivity, Polyphasic sleep - REM sleep claims, Polyphasic sleep - Alertness, Polyphasic sleep - Social effects, Polyphasic sleep - Attributed polyphasic sleepers

Read more here: » Polyphasic sleep: Encyclopedia II - Polyphasic sleep - Mechanism