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relations of production | A Wisdom Archive on relations of production | | relations of production A selection of articles related to relations of production | |
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relations of production
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO relations of production | | | |  relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation"Accumulation of capital" sometimes also refers in Marxist writings to the reproduction of capitalist social relations (institutions) on a larger scale over time, i.e., the expansion of the size of the proletariat and of the wealth owned by the bourgeoisie.
This interpretation emphasizes that capital ownership, predicated on command over labor, is a social relation: the growth of capital implies the growth of the working class (a "law of accumulation"). In the first volume of Das Kapital Marx had illustrat ...
See also:Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation |
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| | | | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Karl Marx - Biography
Karl Marx - Early life.
Karl Marx was born into a progressive and wealthy Jewish family in Trier, Prussia. His father Herschel, descending from a long line of rabbis, although harboring many deistic tendencies, converted to the Christian religion, joining the relatively liberal Lutheran denomination, in order to become a lawyer. The Marx household hosted many visiting intellectuals and artists during Karl's early life.
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See also:Karl Marx, Karl Marx - Biography, Karl Marx - Early life, Karl Marx - Education, Karl Marx - Career, Karl Marx - Family life, Karl Marx - Later life, Karl Marx - Influences on Marx's thought, Karl Marx - Marx's philosophy, Karl Marx - Critique of capitalism, Karl Marx - Critique of bourgeois democracy and of anti-Semitism, Karl Marx - Marx's influence, Karl Marx - Criticisms Read more here: » Karl Marx: Encyclopedia II - Karl Marx - Biography |
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| | | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Social - Some different definitions In the absence of agreement about its meaning, the term "social" is used in many different senses, referring among other things to:
attitudes, orientations or behaviours which take the interests, intentions or needs of other people into account (in contrast to anti-social behaviour);
common characteristics of people or descriptions of collectivities (social facts);
relations between people (social relations) generally, or particular associations among people;
interactions between people (social action) ...
See also:Social, Social - Latin root meaning, Social - The Unobservable, Social - Some different definitions, Social - Social theorists, Social - Socialism and social democracy, Social - Modern uses Read more here: » Social: Encyclopedia II - Social - Some different definitions |
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| | | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Disclaimers Marx himself took care to indicate that he was only proposing a guideline to historical research (Leitfaden or Auffassung), and was not providing any substantive "theory of history" or "grand philosophy of history", let alone a "master-key to history". Numerous times, he and Engels expressed irritation with dilletante academics who sought to knock up their skimpy historical knowledge as quickly as possible into some grand theoretical system that would explain "everything" about history. To their great annoyance, the materialist outlook ...
See also:Historical materialism, Historical materialism - Development of the materialist outlook, Historical materialism - Disclaimers, Historical materialism - Historical materialism as doctrine, Historical materialism - Criticisms, Historical materialism - Marxist beliefs about history, Historical materialism - Alienation and freedom, Historical materialism - Marx and Wakefield, Historical materialism - A revision of historical materialism?, Historical materialism - Commentaries on different aspects of historical and dialectical materialism, Historical materialism - Note Read more here: » Historical materialism: Encyclopedia II - Historical materialism - Disclaimers |
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| | | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique Karl Marx regarded land and labour as the source of all wealth, and distinguished between material wealth and human wealth. Human wealth was a wealth in social relations, and the expansion of market trade created ever more of those. However, wealth and economic value were not the same thing in his view; value was a purely social category, a social attribution.
Both in Das Kapital and in Theories of Surplus-Value, Marx devoted a considerable amount of attention to the concept of "productive and unprod ...
See also:Productive and unproductive labour, Productive and unproductive labour - Classical political economy, Productive and unproductive labour - A quote from Adam Smith, Productive and unproductive labour - Neoclassical economics, Productive and unproductive labour - National accounts, Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Productive labour as misfortune?, Productive and unproductive labour - Ecological critique, Productive and unproductive labour - Material product accounts in Soviet-type societies, Productive and unproductive labour - New mysteries of wealth creation and the modern mercantilism Read more here: » Productive and unproductive labour: Encyclopedia II - Productive and unproductive labour - Marx's critique |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Surplus product - Surplus product in capitalist society The category of surplus product is a transhistorical economic category, meaning it applies to any society with a stable division of labour, and a significant labour productivity, regardless of how exactly that surplus product is produced, what it consists of, and how it is distributed. That depends on the social relations and relations of production specific to a society, within the framework of which surplus labour is performed. Thus, the exact forms taken by ...
See also:Surplus product, Surplus product - Marxian interpretation of the historical origin of the surplus product, Surplus product - Surplus product and socio-economic inequality between people, Surplus product - Surplus product in capitalist society, Surplus product - Measurement of the surplus product, Surplus product - Surplus product and the social valuation of labor, Surplus product - Surplus product and decadence, Surplus product - Criticism Read more here: » Surplus product: Encyclopedia II - Surplus product - Surplus product in capitalist society |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value According to Marx's theory of exploitation, living labour at an adequate level of productivity is able to create and conserve more value than it costs the employer to buy; which is exactly the economic reason why the employer buys it, i.e. to preserve and augment the value of the capital at his command. Thus, the surplus-labour is unpaid labour appropriated by employers in the form of work-time and outputs, on the basis that employers own and supply the means of production worked with. The commercial function of la ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Prices of production - Facts and logic The concept of "average profit" suggested that a process of competition and market-balancing had already established a uniform (or ruling average, or normal) profit rate previously; yet, paradoxically, what profit volumes would be (and consequently profit rates) could be established only after sales, by deducting costs from gross revenues. An output was produced before it was definitively valued in markets, yet the quantity of value produced affected the total price for which it was sold. This was a dynami ...
See also:Prices of production, Prices of production - Basic definition, Prices of production - Two interpretations of production prices, Prices of production - Three types of production prices, Prices of production - Production prices and the transformation problem, Prices of production - Value and price, Prices of production - Facts and logic Read more here: » Prices of production: Encyclopedia II - Prices of production - Facts and logic |
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| | | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Productive forces - Productive force determinism According to some Marxist and liberal interpretations, influenced by modernism, social engineering and technocracy, a productive force determinism operates in human history (for examples see e.g. Joseph V. Stalin's and Gerald A. Cohen's work). According to this view, the fundamental cause of social change is technical change, and changes in the means of production linearly cause changes in relations of production.
It is doubtful however whether this view was held by Marx himself, who saw social change in history as emerging essentiall ...
See also:Productive forces, Productive forces - Productive forces and labor, Productive forces - A quote from Marx on the productive forces, Productive forces - Productive force determinism, Productive forces - Productive forces and techno-fetishism, Productive forces - Productive forces and productivity, Productive forces - Critique of technology, Productive forces - References: Read more here: » Productive forces: Encyclopedia II - Productive forces - Productive force determinism |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Exchange value - Exchange value and the transformation of values into prices In volumes I and II of Capital, Marx usually assumed that exchange values were equal to values, and that prices were proportional to values. He was talking about overall movements and broad averages, and his interest was in the social relations of production existing behind economic exchange. However, he was quite conscious of the distinction between the empirical and microeconomic concept of prices (or exchange values) and the social concept of v ...
See also:Exchange value, Exchange value - Exchange value and price according to Marx, Exchange value - Exchange value and commodification, Exchange value - Marx's quote on commodities and their exchange, Exchange value - Exchange value and the transformation of values into prices, Exchange value - Criticism of Marx's interpretation of commodity exchange, Exchange value - Other theories of exchange value Read more here: » Exchange value: Encyclopedia II - Exchange value - Exchange value and the transformation of values into prices |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Mode of production - The modes of production in history In a broad outline, Marx recognized seven distinct epochs of human history, each corresponding to a particular mode of production:
Primitive communism. Human society organised in traditional tribe structures, typified by shared production and consumption of the entire social product. As no permanent surplus product is produced, there is also no possibility of a ruling class coming into existence. As this mode of production lacks differentiation into classes, it is said to be classless. Paleolithic and neolithic tools, pre- and e ...
See also:Mode of production, Mode of production - Significance of concept, Mode of production - The modes of production in history, Mode of production - Articulation of modes of production, Mode of production - External link Read more here: » Mode of production: Encyclopedia II - Mode of production - The modes of production in history |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Antonio Gramsci - Thought Gramsci wrote more than 30 notebooks of history and analysis during his imprisonment. These writings, known as the Prison Notebooks, contain Gramsci's tracing of Italian history and nationalism, as well as some ideas in Marxist theory, critical theory and educational theory associated with his name, such as:
Cultural hegemony as a means of maintaining the capitalist state
The need for popular workers' education to encourage development of intellectuals from the working class.
The distinction between poli ...
See also:Antonio Gramsci, Antonio Gramsci - Life, Antonio Gramsci - Thought, Antonio Gramsci - Hegemony, Antonio Gramsci - Intellectuals and Education, Antonio Gramsci - State and Civil Society, Antonio Gramsci - Historicism, Antonio Gramsci - Critique of 'Economism', Antonio Gramsci - Critique of Materialism, Antonio Gramsci - Influence, Antonio Gramsci - Sources Read more here: » Antonio Gramsci: Encyclopedia II - Antonio Gramsci - Thought |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Marxism - The Hegelian roots of Marxism Marx's immensely rich and varied politico-theoretical preoccupations were initially influenced by his contact with Hegelian philosophy. Hegel proposed a form of idealism in which the progress of freedom is the guiding theme of human history. Freedom progresses by the development of ideas into their contraries. This process, dialectic, sometimes involves gradual accretion but at other times requires discontinuous leaps -- violent upheavals of previously existing status quo. World-historical figures such as Napoleon Bonaparte are, on the Hegel ...
See also:Marxism, Marxism - The Hegelian roots of Marxism, Marxism - The political-economy roots of Marxism, Marxism - The liberal challenge, Marxism - Class analysis, Marxism - Marxist revolutions and governments, Marxism - Marx's views on the structure of communist society, Marxism - The October Revolution, Marxism - Criticisms, Marxism - Other articles about Marxism Read more here: » Marxism: Encyclopedia II - Marxism - The Hegelian roots of Marxism |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Analytical Marxism - Criticisms Analytical Marxism came under fire from a number of different quarters, both Marxist and non-Marxist.
Analytical Marxism - Method.
A number of critics argued that analytical Marxism proceeded from the wrong methodological and epistemological premises. While the analytical Marxists dismissed dialectically oriented Marxism as "bullshit", many Marxists would maintain that the distinctive character of Marxist philosophy is lost if it is understood non-dialectically. The crucial feature of Marxist philosophy is ...
See also:Analytical Marxism, Analytical Marxism - Beginnings, Analytical Marxism - Exploitation, Analytical Marxism - Rational Choice Marxism, Analytical Marxism - Justice, Analytical Marxism - Criticisms, Analytical Marxism - Method, Analytical Marxism - History, Analytical Marxism - Justice and Power, Analytical Marxism - Denouement, Analytical Marxism - Notes, Analytical Marxism - Bibliography Read more here: » Analytical Marxism: Encyclopedia II - Analytical Marxism - Criticisms |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Law of value - Criticism Traditionally, criticism of Marx's law of value has been of three kinds:
conceptual
logical
empirical
The conceptual criticism concerns the concept of value itself. For Marx, value was an objective social characteristic of labour-products, exchanged in an economic community, given the physical reality that products took a definite amount of society's labour-time to produce. Critics however argue that economic value is something purely subjective, determined by personal preferences and ma ...
See also:Law of value, Law of value - Economic value as such, Law of value - Is it an equilibrium theory?, Law of value - Factors counteracting the law of value, Law of value - Law of value in capitalism, Law of value - Smith's hidden hand, Law of value - Modification of the law of value in the world market, Law of value - A comment by Marx on the law of value, Law of value - A comment by Frederick Engels on the law of value, Law of value - The law of value in non-capitalist societies, Law of value - Post-modern thinking about the topic, Law of value - Criticism, Law of value - A Californian perspective: Jim Devine on the LoV, Law of value - Steve Keen and the machine Read more here: » Law of value: Encyclopedia II - Law of value - Criticism |
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| | | | | relations of production: Encyclopedia II - Constant capital - Measurement Constant capital can be measured as a stock magnitude, i.e., the total value of means of production in use at a specific point in time. It can also be measured as a flow magnitude, i.e., the total value of raw materials and fixed means of production used up in an accounting period. Which measure is used depends on the purposes and assumptions of one's analysis, for example whether one is interested in the unit-costs of outp ...
See also:Constant capital, Constant capital - Measurement, Constant capital - Why constant?, Constant capital - Variable capital, Constant capital - Criticism, Constant capital - Marxist response, Constant capital - Value and price, Constant capital - The fetish of capital, Constant capital - Different capital compositions Read more here: » Constant capital: Encyclopedia II - Constant capital - Measurement |
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