relations of production

Ernest Mandel offers a Marxian theory which differs from orthodox Marxist stage theory. In his theory, primitive accumulation is part of the uneven and combined development of capitalism on a world scale. Because business start-ups, forcible expansion of capitalist markets, and expropriation of peasants are going on all the time, primitive accumulation is also a process which happens all the time. The orthodox Marxists overlooked this social trend, possibly because they were fixated on Marx's st ...

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Primitive accumulation of capital, Primitive accumulation of capital - Reason for the concept, Primitive accumulation of capital - The myths of Political Economy, Primitive accumulation of capital - The basic meaning of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Marx's case history, Primitive accumulation of capital - The link between primitive accumulation and colonialism, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and privatisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - The essence of capitalist production relations revealed, Primitive accumulation of capital - The past and the future, Primitive accumulation of capital - Ernest Mandel's theory of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern primitive accumulation and the Washington Consensus, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern criticism of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and the spreading of civilisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Where to now with development studies?

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The economist Joseph Schumpeter believed that the truth was that Karl Marx could not explain the origin of capital at all. He wrote: "[The problem of Original Accumulation] presented itself first to those authors, chiefly to Marx and the Marxists, who held an exploitation theory of interest and had, therefore, to face the question of how exploiters secured control of an initial stock of 'capital' (however defined) with which to exploit - a question which that theory per se is incapable of answering, and which may obviously be a ...

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Primitive accumulation of capital, Primitive accumulation of capital - Reason for the concept, Primitive accumulation of capital - The myths of Political Economy, Primitive accumulation of capital - The basic meaning of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Marx's case history, Primitive accumulation of capital - The link between primitive accumulation and colonialism, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and privatisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - The essence of capitalist production relations revealed, Primitive accumulation of capital - The past and the future, Primitive accumulation of capital - Ernest Mandel's theory of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern primitive accumulation and the Washington Consensus, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern criticism of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and the spreading of civilisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Where to now with development studies?

Read more here: » Primitive accumulation of capital: Encyclopedia II - Primitive accumulation of capital - Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory

It would probably take a modern Hegel or a new Marx to re-evaluate history in the light of such critiques, distinguishing between fact and apologism. But some are perfectly satisfied with the historical Marx we still have, while others, perhaps in a postmodern spirit, regard grand narratives about historical progress as suspect and useless for the purpose of what life is really about. The question that remains, concerns the criteria used to assess human progress. Countries such as the USSR and China could industrialise only by breakin ...

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Primitive accumulation of capital, Primitive accumulation of capital - Reason for the concept, Primitive accumulation of capital - The myths of Political Economy, Primitive accumulation of capital - The basic meaning of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Marx's case history, Primitive accumulation of capital - The link between primitive accumulation and colonialism, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and privatisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - The essence of capitalist production relations revealed, Primitive accumulation of capital - The past and the future, Primitive accumulation of capital - Ernest Mandel's theory of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern primitive accumulation and the Washington Consensus, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern criticism of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and the spreading of civilisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Where to now with development studies?

Read more here: » Primitive accumulation of capital: Encyclopedia II - Primitive accumulation of capital - Where to now with development studies?

The word commodity is a term with distinct meanings in business and in Marxian political economy. For the former, it is a largely homogenous product, whereas for the latter, it refers generically to wares offered for exchange. Linguistically, the word commodity came into use in English in the 15th century, being derived from the French word "commodité" meaning "benefit, profit", similar in meaning to biens (goods). The Latin root meaning is commoditas, referring variously to the appropriate measure of some ...

Including:

• Commodity - Business usage
• Commodity - Definition
• Commodity - Examples
• Commodity - Branding
• Commodity - Marxian usage
• Commodity - General
• Commodity - Characteristics of commodity
• Commodity - Illustration
• Commodity - Historical origins of commodity trade
• Commodity - Forms of commodity trade
• Commodity - Cost structure of commodities
• Commodity - References

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Marx believed that getting to this point was partly just a gradual process of market formation and the growth of trade over the centuries. "Although we come across the first beginnings of capitalist production as early as the 14th or 15th century, sporadically, in certain towns of the Mediterranean, the capitalistic era dates from the 16th century" (ibid.) But market expansion is not simply a process of the peaceful, gradual increase of commercial trade. It is also a story ...

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Primitive accumulation of capital, Primitive accumulation of capital - Reason for the concept, Primitive accumulation of capital - The myths of Political Economy, Primitive accumulation of capital - The basic meaning of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Marx's case history, Primitive accumulation of capital - The link between primitive accumulation and colonialism, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and privatisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - The essence of capitalist production relations revealed, Primitive accumulation of capital - The past and the future, Primitive accumulation of capital - Ernest Mandel's theory of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern primitive accumulation and the Washington Consensus, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern criticism of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and the spreading of civilisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Where to now with development studies?

Read more here: » Primitive accumulation of capital: Encyclopedia II - Primitive accumulation of capital - The basic meaning of primitive accumulation

In a case history of England, Marx looks at how the serfs became free peasant proprietors and small farmers, who were, over time, forcibly expropriated and driven off the land, forming a propertyless proletariat. He also shows how more and more legislation is enacted by the state to control and regiment this new class of wage workers. Meantime, the remaining farmers became capitalist farmers operating more and more on a commercial basis; and gradually, legal m ...

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Primitive accumulation of capital, Primitive accumulation of capital - Reason for the concept, Primitive accumulation of capital - The myths of Political Economy, Primitive accumulation of capital - The basic meaning of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Marx's case history, Primitive accumulation of capital - The link between primitive accumulation and colonialism, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and privatisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - The essence of capitalist production relations revealed, Primitive accumulation of capital - The past and the future, Primitive accumulation of capital - Ernest Mandel's theory of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern primitive accumulation and the Washington Consensus, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern criticism of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and the spreading of civilisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Where to now with development studies?

Read more here: » Primitive accumulation of capital: Encyclopedia II - Primitive accumulation of capital - Marx's case history

At the same time as local obstacles to investment in manufactories are being overcome, and a unified national market is developing with a nationalist ideology, Marx sees a strong impulse to business development coming from world trade: "The discovery of gold and silver in America, the extirpation, enslavement and entombment in mines of the aboriginal population, the beginning of the conquest and looting of the East Indies, the turning of Africa into a warren for the commercial hunting of black-skins, signalled the rosy dawn of the era ...

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Primitive accumulation of capital, Primitive accumulation of capital - Reason for the concept, Primitive accumulation of capital - The myths of Political Economy, Primitive accumulation of capital - The basic meaning of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Marx's case history, Primitive accumulation of capital - The link between primitive accumulation and colonialism, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and privatisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - The essence of capitalist production relations revealed, Primitive accumulation of capital - The past and the future, Primitive accumulation of capital - Ernest Mandel's theory of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern primitive accumulation and the Washington Consensus, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern criticism of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and the spreading of civilisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Where to now with development studies?

Read more here: » Primitive accumulation of capital: Encyclopedia II - Primitive accumulation of capital - The link between primitive accumulation and colonialism

There exists also a conservative style of argument of the "barbarians at the gates" variety to justify primitive accumulation. This argument revolves around the theme of "the defence of civilisation" and "keeping the troublemakers in their place". In this case, maintaining and spreading civilised values and lifestyles in the world simply requires tough action by the imperial homeland. Lack of resolute military action would lead to cultural and economic degeneration; no progress was ever made wi ...

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Primitive accumulation of capital, Primitive accumulation of capital - Reason for the concept, Primitive accumulation of capital - The myths of Political Economy, Primitive accumulation of capital - The basic meaning of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Marx's case history, Primitive accumulation of capital - The link between primitive accumulation and colonialism, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and privatisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - The essence of capitalist production relations revealed, Primitive accumulation of capital - The past and the future, Primitive accumulation of capital - Ernest Mandel's theory of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern primitive accumulation and the Washington Consensus, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern criticism of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and the spreading of civilisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Where to now with development studies?

Read more here: » Primitive accumulation of capital: Encyclopedia II - Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and the spreading of civilisation

In the last chapter of Das Kapital, Vol. 1, Marx illustrates the social conditions necessary for capitalism with a comment about Edward Gibbon Wakefield's theory of colonisation: "...Wakefield discovered that in the Colonies, property in money, means of subsistence, machines, and other means of production, does not as yet stamp a man as a capitalist if there be wanting the correlative — the wage-worker, the other man who is compelled to sell himself of his own free-will. He discovered that capital is not a thing, but a social relati ...

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Primitive accumulation of capital, Primitive accumulation of capital - Reason for the concept, Primitive accumulation of capital - The myths of Political Economy, Primitive accumulation of capital - The basic meaning of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Marx's case history, Primitive accumulation of capital - The link between primitive accumulation and colonialism, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and privatisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - The essence of capitalist production relations revealed, Primitive accumulation of capital - The past and the future, Primitive accumulation of capital - Ernest Mandel's theory of primitive accumulation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Schumpeter's critique of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern primitive accumulation and the Washington Consensus, Primitive accumulation of capital - Modern criticism of Marx's theory, Primitive accumulation of capital - Primitive accumulation and the spreading of civilisation, Primitive accumulation of capital - Where to now with development studies?

Read more here: » Primitive accumulation of capital: Encyclopedia II - Primitive accumulation of capital - The essence of capitalist production relations revealed

In Marxian economics, the rate of accumulation is defined as (1) the value of the real net increase in the stock of capital in an accounting period, (2) the proportion of realised surplus-value or profit-income which is reinvested, rather than consumed. This rate can be expressed by means of various ratios between the original capital outlay, the realised turnover, surplus-value or profit and reinvestments (see e.g. the writings of the economist Michal Kalecki). Other things being equal, the greater the amount of profit-income ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation

In the simplest circuit of commercial trade, a sum of money M is loaned and returned with interest as the larger sum M'. Or, as a variation, M is traded for another currency, which rises in value. In counter-trade (a form of barter in which money may be used only to value goods and services), a commodity C exchanges for another commodity C', which may ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade

There have been numerous psychological and sociological studies of the motivations of investment behaviour by individuals. Most of these suggest that the propensity to accumulate capital is associated with qualities such as an intelligent understanding of property ownership, a positive attitude towards money, the ability to seize a money-making opportunity, and a desire to acquire more wealth. These are not innate or genetic qualities, but learnt through social experience. However, even if a strong motivation for enrichment exists, th ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation

In macroeconomics, following the Harrod-Domar model, the savings ratio (s) and the capital coefficient (k) are regarded as critical factors for accumulation and growth, assuming that all saving is used to finance fixed investment. The rate of growth of the real stock of fixed capital (K) is: where Y is the real national income. If the capital-output ratio or capital coeffi ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model

Capitalist competition for profits, markets and spheres of influence, pushed to an extreme, culminates in military wars. In that sense, the theatre of war expresses the frontline of the accumulation process. Military wars typically cause the destruction of capital assets. But at the same time wars have been a powerful stimulus for the accumulation of capital and market expansion outside the theatre of war. Often this has induced laws against war profiteering. War destruction can be illustrated by looking at World War 2. Industrial war ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars

Strictly speaking, capital has accumulated only when realised profit income has been reinvested in capital assets. But the process of capital accumulation in production has, as suggested in the first volume of Marx's Das Kapital, at least 7 distinct but linked moments: The initial investment of capital (which could be borrowed capital) in means of production and labor-power. The command over surplus-labour and its appropriation. The valorisation of capital through production. The appropriation o ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production

In Karl Marx's critique of political economy, capital accumulation refers to the chrematistic operation whereby a sum of money is transformed into a larger sum of money (capitalism is this money-making activity, although Marx often equates capitalism with the capitalist mode of production). Here, capital is defined essentially as economic or commercial asset value in search of additional value or surplus-value. This require ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation

In volume 2 of Das Kapital, Marx continues the story and shows that, with the aid of bank credit, capital in search of growth can more or less smoothly mutate from one form to another, alternately taking the form of money capital (liquid deposits, securities, etc.), commodity capital (tradeable products, real estate etc.), or production capital (means of production and labor-power). His discussion of the simple and expanded reproduction of the conditions of production offers a more sophisticated model of the parameters of the accumula ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction

Most capital accumulation involves risk, because capital is committed to an investment without perfect certainty about future earnings. A capital asset could gain value, but it could also lose value in the future. Owners of capital (investors) therefore typically diversify their investment portfolio, and try to minimise the risks involved in investments by every possible means. In the course of two centuries of capital accumulation based on industrialisation the intensive economising and exploitation of human labour, and technological ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk

The environmental criticism of capital accumulation focuses on four main ideas. Firstly, there is the problem of externalities. This means that privately owned industry incurs costs, including environmental and health costs, which are not charged or priced. This happens for example when effluents are discharged on land, water or in the air, which can cause pollution or despoilation of terrains. In recognition of this, environmental taxes are sometimes imposed. Secondly, commercial activities which may be rational from the point ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation

Both the Regulation School of French Marxist economists, inspired by the original writings of Michel Aglietta and developed by Robert Boyer, as well as the American social structure of accumulation school founded by the economists Samuel Bowles and David Gordon have emphasized that the processes of capital accumulation occur within a social regime of accumulation. In other words, a specific political and socio-economic environment is required that enables sustained investment and economic growth. This environment is created partly by ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation

Essentially, in capitalism the production of output depends on the accumulation of capital. The propensity to invest in production therefore depends a lot on expectations of profitability and sales volume, and on perceptions of market risk. If production stops being profitable, or if sales drop sharply, or if there is social instability, capital will exit more and more from the sphere of production. Or if it cannot or does not, rationalisation investments w ...

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Capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Harrod-Domar model, Capital accumulation - Psychology sociology and ethics of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Marxian concept of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - The rate and measurement of accumulation, Capital accumulation - The origin of capital accumulation in trade, Capital accumulation - The circuit of capital accumulation from production, Capital accumulation - Simple and expanded reproduction, Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation as social relation, Capital accumulation - Regime of accumulation, Capital accumulation - Environmental criticism of capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and risk, Capital accumulation - Capital accumulation and military wars, Capital accumulation - New developments in capital accumulation, Capital accumulation - A few references to works of theory

Read more here: » Capital accumulation: Encyclopedia II - Capital accumulation - Different forms of capital accumulation