Two assistant referees (previously known as linesmen) assist the referee in controlling an association football (soccer) match. Law 6 of the Laws of the Game outlines their general duties, which are subject to the decision of the referee. These duties typically include indicating: when the whole ball has passed outside the field of play; which side is entitled to return to the ball into the field of play; when a player may be penalised for an offside offence; when offences have been committed which the referee does not h ...

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See also:

Referee boxing, Referee boxing - The role of the referee, Referee boxing - Attire, Referee boxing - Criticisms, Referee boxing - Famous referees, Referee boxing - External link

Read more here: » Referee boxing: Encyclopedia II - Referee boxing - The role of the referee

Referee - American football. Main article: Official (American football) An American football referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game and has the final authority on all rulings. He is assisted by six other officials on the field. Referee - Association football. Main article: Referee (football) An association football (soccer) match is presided over by a referee, whom the Laws of the Game give "full authority to enforce the Laws ...

See also:

Referee, Referee - Origin, Referee - Examples, Referee - American football, Referee - Association football, Referee - Basketball, Referee - Boxing, Referee - Cricket, Referee - Ice hockey, Referee - Rugby union and Rugby league, Referee - Tennis, Referee - Wrestling Amateur, Referee - Attire, Referee - Other uses

Read more here: » Referee: Encyclopedia II - Referee - Examples

Ultimate (commonly called Ultimate Frisbee) is a competitive non-contact team sport played with a disc that has a mass of 175 g. The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc into the opposing endzone, similar to American football. Players may not run while holding the disc. The game was invented in 1968 as an evening pastime. Ultimate is distinguished by its Spirit of the Game - the princ ...

Including:

Ultimate sport - History
Ultimate sport - The Early Days late 1960's Ultimate sport - Ultimate Goes to College - 1972 Ultimate sport - Ultimate Spreads to Clubs - 1976 Ultimate sport - Ultimate gets Organized - the UPA - 1979-80
Ultimate sport - Rules of play
Ultimate sport - Object Ultimate sport - Teams Ultimate sport - Field Ultimate sport - Indoor Ultimate sport - Beach Ultimate Ultimate sport - Gameplay Ultimate sport - Change of possession Ultimate sport - Stoppages of play Ultimate sport - Substitutions Ultimate sport - Refereeing Ultimate sport - Observers Ultimate sport - Strategy
Ultimate sport - Spirit of the Game
Ultimate sport - Cheers
Ultimate sport - Pick-up games Ultimate sport - Hat tournaments Ultimate sport - Current leagues Ultimate sport - Terms Ultimate sport - Major Tournaments

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In sports, an umpire is an official appointed to rule on plays and procedure. Several sports use umpires: Baseball Cricket Field hockey American football Tennis Sailing (America's Cup) Australian rules football In some sports, the lead official is called the referee. Other related archivesAmerica's Cup, American football, Baseball, Cricket, Field hockey, referee, sports

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A yellow card is used in many sports as a means of cautioning a player regarding their conduct, or indicating that a player is to receive a certain level of punishment. Yellow card - Association football. In association football (soccer), a yellow card is shown by the referee to indicate that a player has been officially cautioned. The player's details are then (traditionally) recorded by the referee in a small notebook; hence a caution is also known as a booking. A player who has been ...

Including:

Yellow card - Association football Yellow card - Other sports Yellow card - Other usage

Read more here: » Yellow card: Encyclopedia - Yellow card

The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame honors players who have shown exceptional skill at basketball, all-time great coaches and referees, and other major contributors to the game. A few entire teams have been inducted as well, including the Buffalo Germans, the New York Renaissance and the Harlem Globetrotters. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame's mission preserves and promotes the game at all ...

Read more here: » Basketball Hall of Fame: Encyclopedia - Basketball Hall of Fame

Just like with officials in any form of sport, there are criticisms of boxing referees. The main critique involves the subjective nature of boxing refereeing: there are general guidelines for referees, but enforcement of other rules (such as determining when a foul has been committed or when a boxer has made it to the neutral corner after a knockdown) can seem arbitrary or unfair. Plus, there are always rumors that some referees, such as Richard Steele, have been paid by organized crime or others t ...

See also:

Referee boxing, Referee boxing - The role of the referee, Referee boxing - Attire, Referee boxing - Criticisms, Referee boxing - Famous referees, Referee boxing - External link

Read more here: » Referee boxing: Encyclopedia II - Referee boxing - Criticisms

The Annals of Mathematics (ISSN 0003-486X), often just called Annals, is a bimonthly mathematics research journal published by Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study. It ranks amongst the most prestigious mathematics journals in the world by criteria such as refereeing intensity. It started out as The Analyst in 1874, but was discontinued in 1883 and renamed in 1884 under the new direction of Ormond Stone of the University of Virginia. It moved to Harvard in ...

Including:

Annals of Mathematics - External link

Read more here: » Annals of Mathematics: Encyclopedia - Annals of Mathematics

A Buried Alive Match is a type of professional wrestling match occasionally seen in World Wrestling Entertainment. The objective is for one wrestler to completely cover his his incapacitated opponent in a designated area of the arena, set up as a "grave." A winner is declared when, in the judgement of the referee, the opponent has been "buried alive." Generally, these matches are no-disqualification affairs; outside interference, illegal manueuvers and u ...

Including:

Buried Alive match - History
Buried Alive match - Escaping the grave
Buried Alive match - Buried Alive Match history

Read more here: » Buried Alive match: Encyclopedia - Buried Alive match

The term referee originated in association football. Originally the team captains would consult with each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. Eventually this role was delegated to an umpire. Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added. The referee would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891. Then, umpires became linesmen (no ...

See also:

Referee football, Referee football - History

Read more here: » Referee football: Encyclopedia II - Referee football - History

Jim Burns (Head referee) Declan Galvin Greg James Chris Pierce Jim Hazelton (Note: Pierce subbed for Burns in some of the Season Three matches.) ...

See also:

Extreme Dodgeball, Extreme Dodgeball - Rules, Extreme Dodgeball - Elimination, Extreme Dodgeball - Rule Changes and Amendments, Extreme Dodgeball - Hosts, Extreme Dodgeball - Sideline Reporters, Extreme Dodgeball - Commissioner, Extreme Dodgeball - Referees, Extreme Dodgeball - Teams, Extreme Dodgeball - Season 1, Extreme Dodgeball - Season 2, Extreme Dodgeball - Season 3

Read more here: » Extreme Dodgeball: Encyclopedia II - Extreme Dodgeball - Referees

Recruiting referees is a political art, because referees are not paid, and reviewing takes time away from the referee's main activities, such as his or her own research. To the would-be recruiter's advantage, most potential referees are authors themselves, or at least readers, who know that the publication system requires that experts donate their time. Editors are at a special advantage in recruiting a scholar when they have overseen the publication of his or her work, or if the scholar is one who hopes to submit manuscripts to that editor' ...

See also:

Peer review, Peer review - Reasons for peer review, Peer review - How it works, Peer review - Recruiting referees, Peer review - Different styles of review, Peer review - Structure of a peer reviewed paper, Peer review - Criticisms of peer review, Peer review - History of peer review, Peer review - Famous papers which were not peer-reviewed, Peer review - Peer review and fraud, Peer review - Peer review and software development

Read more here: » Peer review: Encyclopedia II - Peer review - Recruiting referees

Peer review subjects an author's work or ideas to the scrutiny of one or more others who are experts in the field. These referees each return an evaluation of the work, including suggestions for improvement, to an editor or other intermediary (typically, most of the referees' comments are eventually seen by the author as well). Evaluations usually include an explicit recommendation of what to do with the manuscript or proposal, often chosen from a menu provided by the journal or funding agency. Most recommendations are along the lines of the ...

See also:

Peer review, Peer review - Reasons for peer review, Peer review - How it works, Peer review - Recruiting referees, Peer review - Different styles of review, Peer review - Structure of a peer reviewed paper, Peer review - Criticisms of peer review, Peer review - History of peer review, Peer review - Famous papers which were not peer-reviewed, Peer review - Peer review and fraud, Peer review - Peer review and software development

Read more here: » Peer review: Encyclopedia II - Peer review - How it works

The NFL and College Football primary use a seven-official system. Official American football - Referee. A referee (R) is responsible for the general supervision of the game and has the final authority on all rulings. He can be identified by his white cap, while the other officials wear black ones. During each play from scrimmage, he positions himself behind the offensive ...

See also:

Official American football, Official American football - Equipment, Official American football - Positions and responsibilities, Official American football - Referee, Official American football - Umpire, Official American football - Head Linesman, Official American football - Line Judge, Official American football - Field Judge, Official American football - Side Judge, Official American football - Back Judge, Official American football - Other officiating systems, Official American football - Trivia

Read more here: » Official American football: Encyclopedia II - Official American football - Positions and responsibilities

As the name implies, on-ice officials do their job on the hockey rink. They are traditionally clad in a black hockey helmet, black trousers, and a black-and-white striped shirt. Thus, on-ice officials are often called zebras. They wear standard hockey skates and carry a fingerwhistle, which they use to stop play. They communicate with players, coaches, off-ice officials, and spectators both verbally and via hand signals. ...

See also:

Official ice hockey, Official ice hockey - On-ice officials, Official ice hockey - Referee, Official ice hockey - Linesman, Official ice hockey - On-ice officiating systems, Official ice hockey - Off-ice officials, Official ice hockey - Goal judge, Official ice hockey - Video goal judge, Official ice hockey - Official scorer, Official ice hockey - Penalty timekeeper, Official ice hockey - Game timekeeper, Official ice hockey - Statistician, Official ice hockey - List of current NHL on-ice officials, Official ice hockey - Referees, Official ice hockey - Linesmen, Official ice hockey - Recently deceased NHL officials, Official ice hockey - Recently retired NHL officials

Read more here: » Official ice hockey: Encyclopedia II - Official ice hockey - On-ice officials

The blue lines divide the rink into three zones. The central zone is called the neutral zone or simply center ice. The generic term for the outer zones is end zones, but they are more commonly referred to by terms relative to each team. The end zone in which a team is trying to score is called the attacking zone or offensive zone; the end zone in which the team's own goal net is located is called the defendi ...

See also:

Hockey rink, Hockey rink - Benches, Hockey rink - Markings, Hockey rink - Lines, Hockey rink - Faceoff spots and circles, Hockey rink - Goal posts and nets, Hockey rink - Goal crease, Hockey rink - Referee crease, Hockey rink - Zones, Hockey rink - Dimensions, Hockey rink - North America, Hockey rink - International

Read more here: » Hockey rink: Encyclopedia II - Hockey rink - Zones

Off-ice officials, with the exception of the video goal judge in professional leagues, do not have any direct impact on the outcome of the game. They serve primarily administrative and advisory roles. Official ice hockey - Goal judge. The goal judge determines whether a player has scored a goal by watching to see if the puck has crossed the goal line completely. One goal judge is positioned outside the rink directly behind each goal net. For arenas so equipped, the goal judge turns on a red l ...

See also:

Official ice hockey, Official ice hockey - On-ice officials, Official ice hockey - Referee, Official ice hockey - Linesman, Official ice hockey - On-ice officiating systems, Official ice hockey - Off-ice officials, Official ice hockey - Goal judge, Official ice hockey - Video goal judge, Official ice hockey - Official scorer, Official ice hockey - Penalty timekeeper, Official ice hockey - Game timekeeper, Official ice hockey - Statistician, Official ice hockey - List of current NHL on-ice officials, Official ice hockey - Referees, Official ice hockey - Linesmen, Official ice hockey - Recently deceased NHL officials, Official ice hockey - Recently retired NHL officials

Read more here: » Official ice hockey: Encyclopedia II - Official ice hockey - Off-ice officials

Two teams of five compete in a match of three rounds in a best-of-three format. A round would be over when one of the two teams had lost all five of their members. The first round is standard and is played with two dodgeballs. In the second round, often called the "Big Ball Round," a third ball which is twice the diameter of the other two is added into play. This ball is often used to deflect attacks. In the third round, "Dead Man Walking," the Big Ball is removed and in its place is a headband that is placed on one member of each team who i ...

See also:

Extreme Dodgeball, Extreme Dodgeball - Rules, Extreme Dodgeball - Elimination, Extreme Dodgeball - Rule Changes and Amendments, Extreme Dodgeball - Hosts, Extreme Dodgeball - Sideline Reporters, Extreme Dodgeball - Commissioner, Extreme Dodgeball - Referees, Extreme Dodgeball - Teams, Extreme Dodgeball - Season 1, Extreme Dodgeball - Season 2, Extreme Dodgeball - Season 3

Read more here: » Extreme Dodgeball: Encyclopedia II - Extreme Dodgeball - Rules

There are two widths of lines painted on a hockey rink: thick lines – 12 in (30 cm) wide – and thin lines – 2 in (5 cm) wide. Hockey rink - Lines. The red line divides the ice in half lengthwise. It is used to judge icing meaning that if it it passed from the blue line accross the red line (center line) then crosses the blue line and then across the goal line it is said to be icing. It is a thick line. When discussing differences in the rules of the game, it ...

See also:

Hockey rink, Hockey rink - Benches, Hockey rink - Markings, Hockey rink - Lines, Hockey rink - Faceoff spots and circles, Hockey rink - Goal posts and nets, Hockey rink - Goal crease, Hockey rink - Referee crease, Hockey rink - Zones, Hockey rink - Dimensions, Hockey rink - North America, Hockey rink - International

Read more here: » Hockey rink: Encyclopedia II - Hockey rink - Markings