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Realisation | A Wisdom Archive on Realisation | | Realisation A selection of articles related to Realisation | |
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Realisation | | | |  Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in tradeSurplus-value is not a fixed category but a dialectical, developing one, because the forms in which new value is created and appropriated, and the way the burdens of productive work are shifted between strata of the population, change over time. There is obviously a big difference between simple commodity producers exchanging agricultural surpluses in a village market, and "fast money" in today's global money markets.
Historically, Marx argues, surplus-value originated outside production in the first commercial forms of exchang ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production Both in Das Kapital and in preparatory manuscripts such as the Grundrisse and Results of the immediate process of production, Marx shows how commerce by stages transforms a non-capitalist production process into a capitalist production process, integrating it fully into markets, so that all inputs and outputs become marketed goods or services. When that process is complete, the whole of production has become simultaneously a labor process creating use-values and a valorisation process creating new value, and more specific ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value According to Marx, absolute surplus value is obtained by increasing the amount of time worked per worker in an accounting period. Marx talks mainly about the length of the working day or week, but in modern times the concern is about the number of hours worked per year.
In many parts of the world, as productivity rose, the working classes forced a reduction in the workweek, from 60 hours to 50, 40 or 35 hours; but casualisation and flexibilisation of working hours also permits higher paid workers to work less (a fact of concern to statesmen who worry about international competiti ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value Most Marxist discussions focus on the rate of surplus value, but for businessmen, the growth of the mass of surplus-value, or the profit volume produced (denoted here as P) is just as important, or even more important. The growth of P depends on the growth of the volume of output in an accounting period, and the volume of sales turnover.
We can illustrate the point with a simplified example. If:
K = total capital invested
P = total net profit v ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation In general, business leaders and investors are hostile to any attempts to encroach on total profit volume, especially those of government taxation. The lower taxes are, other things being equal, the bigger the mass of profit that can be distributed as income to private investors. It was tax revolts that originally were a powerful stimulus motivating the bourgeoisie to wrest state power from th ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital Generally, Marx focused in Das Kapital on the new surplus-value generated by production, and the distribution of this surplus value. In this way, he aimed to reveal the "origin of the wealth of nations" given a capitalist mode of production. However, in any real economy, a distinction must be drawn between the primary circuit of capital, and the secondary circuits. To some extent, national accounts also do this.
The primary circuit refers to the incomes and products generated and distributed from productive activity (reflected by GDP) ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value The first attempt to measure the rate of surplus-value in money-units was by Marx himself in chapter 9 of Das Kapital, using factory data of a spinning mill supplied by Friedrich Engels (though Marx credits "a Manchester spinner"). Both in published and unpublished manuscripts, Marx examines variables affecting the rate and mass of surplus-value in detail.
Some otherwise intelligent Marxist thinkers like Geoffrey Pilling and Ira Gerstein have argued that surplus value "cannot be measured", but that was demonstrably not the view of Mar ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus In neo-Marxist thought, Paul A. Baran for example substitutes the concept of "economic surplus" for Marx's surplus value. In a joint work, Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy define the economic surplus as "the difference between what a society produces and the costs of producing it" (Monopoly Capitalism, New York 1966, p. 9). Piero Sraffa also refers to a "physical surplus" with a similar meaning, calculated according to ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept Some economic historians argue that Marx did not discover the concept of surplus-value, because other political economists (e.g. Karl Rodbertus-Jagetzow) had already discovered it first. There is some truth in this, but as against that, Marx only claimed that he had theoretically refined and systematised existing notions of added value, removing inconsistencies and apologistic theories (he himself claimed little originality, and normally carefully documented "who said it first"; he was among the first economic thinkers to use an extensive apparatus of footnotes). His theoretical presentation is far superior though to th ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value A typical textbook-type example of an alternative interpretation to Marx's is provided by Lester Thurow. "In a capitalistic society", he argues in an Concise Encyclopedia of Economics article, "profits - and losses - hold center stage." But what, he asks, explains profits?
There are five reasons for profit, according to Thurow:
capitalists are willing to delay their own personal gratification, and profit is their reward.
some profits are a return to those who take risks.
< ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Characteristics The euro is divided into 100 cents. In the English language, the form "cent " is officially required to be used in legislation in the singular and in the plural, though the natural plural cents is recommended for use in material aimed at the general public. (For more information on language and the euro, see the relevant section below.)
All euro coins have a common side showing the denomination (value) and a national side showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued it; the monarchies oft ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Characteristics |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Transition The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty on European Union that was used to establish an economic and monetary union. In order to participate in the new currency, member states had to meet strict criteria such as a budget deficit of less than three per cent of GDP, a debt ratio of less than sixty per cent of GDP, combined with low inflation and interest rates close to the EU average.
Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national curre ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Transition |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union
Euro - Countries using the euro.
At present the member states officially using the euro are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France (except Pacific territories using the CFP franc), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. Overseas territories of some Eurozone countries, such as French Guiana, Réunion, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, and Martinique, also use ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Effects of a single currency The introduction of a single currency for many separate countries presents a number of advantages and disadvantages for the participating nations. Opinions differ on the actual effects of the euro so far, as most of them will take years to understand. Theories and predictions abound.
Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk.
One of the most important benefits of the euro will be lowered exchange rate risks, which will make it easier to invest across borders. The risks of changes in the value of r ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Effects of a single currency |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Euro exchange rate
Euro - Against the U.S. dollar.
After the introduction of the euro, its exchange rate against other currencies, especially the US dollar, declined heavily. At its introduction in 1999, the euro was traded at USD1.18; on 26 October 2000, it fell to an all time low of $0.8228 per euro. It then began what at the time was thought to be a recovery; by the beginning of 2001 it had risen to nearly $0.96. It declined again, although less than previously, reaching a low of $0.8344 on 6 July 2001 before commencing a steady ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Euro exchange rate |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Plural formation and grammar Several linguistic issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar and the formation of plurals. Immutable word formations have been encouraged by the European Commission in usage with official EU legislation (originally in order to ensure uniform presentation ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Plural formation and grammar |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - The euro sign The international three-letter code (according to ISO standard ISO 4217) for the euro is EUR. A special euro currency sign (€) was also designed. After a public survey had narrowed the original ten proposals down to just two, it was then up to the European Commission to choose the final design. The eventual winner was a design allegedly created by a team of four experts who have not, however, been officially named. The symbol is (according to the European Commission) "a combination of the Greek epsilon, as a sign of the weight of Eu ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - The euro sign |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes Although the failure of the European Constitution to be ratified would have no direct impact on the status of the euro, some pessimism regarding the euro arose after the negative outcome of the French and Dutch referenda in mid 2005.
A poll by Stern magazine released 1 June 2005 found that 56% of Germans would favour a return to the Mark. [2]
Members of the Northern League Italian political party have discussed calling a referendum to return Italy to the Lira. [3]
Members of the Movement for France political pa ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Miscellanea
Euro - Slang words.
Some countries have given local slang words for the euro.
In Finland, one of the most common slang words for euro is ege. It depends greatly on region. This comes from huge, the slang word for the now defunct Finnish markka. The etymology and origin of huge are obscure, but it may be a derivation from the common slang word for the one hundred markka bill, huntti, which again is a slang loanword from the Finland-Swedish hundra (one hundred). Cents ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - Plural formation and grammar, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Miscellanea, Euro - Slang words, Euro - Trivia concerning the coins Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Miscellanea |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Characteristics The euro is divided into 100 cents. In the English language, the form "cent" is officially required to be used in legislation in the singular and in the plural, though the natural plural cents is recommended for use in material aimed at the general public. (For more information on language and the euro, see the relevant section below.)
All euro coins have a common side showing the denomination (value) and a national side showing an image specifically chosen by the country that issued it; the monarchies ofte ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Name and linguistic issues, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Trivia Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Characteristics |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Name and linguistic issues Several linguistic issues have arisen in relation to the spelling of the words euro and cent in the many languages of the member states of the European Union, as well as in relation to grammar and the formation of plurals. Immutable word formations have been encouraged by the European Commission in usage with official EU legislation (originally in order to ensure uniform presentation o ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Name and linguistic issues, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Trivia Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Name and linguistic issues |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Transition The euro was established by the provisions in the 1992 Maastricht Treaty on European Union that was used to establish an economic and monetary union. In order to participate in the new currency, member states had to meet strict criteria such as a budget deficit of less than three per cent of GDP, a debt ratio of less than sixty per cent of GDP, combined with low inflation and interest rates close to the EU average.
Due to differences in national conventions for rounding and significant digits, all conversion between the national curre ...
See also:Euro, Euro - Characteristics, Euro - Name and linguistic issues, Euro - Transition, Euro - Participation in the economic and monetary union, Euro - Countries using the euro, Euro - EU members outside the Eurozone, Euro - Bulgaria and Romania, Euro - Effects of a single currency, Euro - Removal of exchange rate risk, Euro - Removal of conversion fees, Euro - Deeper financial markets, Euro - Price parity, Euro - Competitive funding, Euro - Macroeconomic stability, Euro - Less-specific monetary policy, Euro - A new reserve currency?, Euro - The euro and oil, Euro - Euro exchange rate, Euro - Against the U.S. dollar, Euro - Currencies pegged to euro, Euro - Drivers, Euro - Consequences, Euro - The euro sign, Euro - Reactions following the European Constitution votes, Euro - Economists who helped realise the euro, Euro - Trivia Read more here: » Euro: Encyclopedia II - Euro - Transition |
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