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Realisation | A Wisdom Archive on Realisation | | Realisation A selection of articles related to Realisation | |
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Realisation, Law of Attraction, Practising Law of Attraction, Law of Attraction for Prosperity, Law of Attraction for Love, Law of Attraction - Obstacles
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Realisation | | | |  Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Phonetic realisationIn standard English, both in Britain and America, the phonetic realisation of these phonemes shows less variation than for many other English consonants. Both are pronounced either interdentally, with the blade of the tongue resting against the lower part of the back of the upper teeth and the tip protruding slightly (though less prominently than for the corresponding sound in Spanish) or alternatively with the tip of the tongue against the back of the upper teeth. These two positions may be free varients, but for some speakers they are comp ...
See also:Pronunciation of English th, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Old English, Pronunciation of English th - Development up to Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Regional differences in distribution, Pronunciation of English th - Phonetic realisation, Pronunciation of English th - Realisation in non-standard Englishes, Pronunciation of English th - Acquisition problems, Pronunciation of English th - A note on the spelling Read more here: » Pronunciation of English th: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Phonetic realisation |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value Marx distinguished sharply between value and price, in part because of the sharp distinction he draws between the production of surplus-value and the realisation of profit income. Output may be produced containing surplus-value (valorisation), but selling that output (realisation) is not at all an automatic process.
Until payment from sales is received, it is uncertain how much of the surplus-value produced will actually be realised as profit from sales. So, the magnitude of profit realised in the fo ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Realisation in non-standard Englishes In some areas such as London, many people realize the phonemes /θ/ and /ð/ as [f] and [v] respectively (th-fronting). Although stigmatized as typical of a Cockney accent, this pronunciation is fairly widespread, and in at least one case has been transferred into standard English as a neologism: a bovver boy is a thug, a "boy" who likes "bother" (aggro).
Many speakers of Hiberno-English use a voiceless dental plosive /t̪, d̪/ (still usually distinct from alveolar /t, d/) ...
See also:Pronunciation of English th, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Old English, Pronunciation of English th - Development up to Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Regional differences in distribution, Pronunciation of English th - Phonetic realisation, Pronunciation of English th - Realisation in non-standard Englishes, Pronunciation of English th - Acquisition problems, Pronunciation of English th - A note on the spelling Read more here: » Pronunciation of English th: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Realisation in non-standard Englishes |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Greater Hungary political concept - Near realisation of Greater Hungary Hungary's government allied itself with Nazi Germany during the Second World War in exchange for assurances that Greater Hungary's borders would be restored. This goal was partially achieved when Hungary expanded its borders into Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia at the outset of the war. These annexations were affirmed under the Munich Agreement (1938), two Vienna Awards (1938 and 1940), and aggression against Yugoslavia (1941).
Ethnic Hungarians inhabited parts of the occupied areas, but other areas were mainly inhabited by no ...
See also:Greater Hungary political concept, Greater Hungary political concept - Historical survey, Greater Hungary political concept - Treaty of Trianon, Greater Hungary political concept - After Trianon, Greater Hungary political concept - Near realisation of Greater Hungary, Greater Hungary political concept - Modern era Read more here: » Greater Hungary political concept: Encyclopedia II - Greater Hungary political concept - Near realisation of Greater Hungary |
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| | | | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - A note on the spelling Though English speakers take it for granted, the digraph <th> is in fact not an obvious combination for a dental fricative. The origins of this have to do with developments in Greek.
Proto-Indo-European had an aspirated /dʰ/ which came into Greek as /tʰ/, spelled with the letter theta. In the Greek of Homer and Plato this was still pronounced /tʰ/, and therefore when ...
See also:Pronunciation of English th, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Old English, Pronunciation of English th - Development up to Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Regional differences in distribution, Pronunciation of English th - Phonetic realisation, Pronunciation of English th - Realisation in non-standard Englishes, Pronunciation of English th - Acquisition problems, Pronunciation of English th - A note on the spelling Read more here: » Pronunciation of English th: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - A note on the spelling |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Modern English The vast majority of words in English with 'th' in them have the voiceless sound, and almost all newly created words follow this. Exceptions:
A small number of common function words beginning with 'th-' have /ð/ (all others beginning with 'th-' have /θ/). The words in this group are:
5 demonstratives: the, this, that, these, those
2 personal pronouns each with four forms: thou, thee, thy, thine; they, them, their, theirs
7 adverbs and conjunctions: there, ...
See also:Pronunciation of English th, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Old English, Pronunciation of English th - Development up to Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Regional differences in distribution, Pronunciation of English th - Phonetic realisation, Pronunciation of English th - Realisation in non-standard Englishes, Pronunciation of English th - Acquisition problems, Pronunciation of English th - A note on the spelling Read more here: » Pronunciation of English th: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Modern English |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Acquisition problems Children generally learn the less marked phonemes of their native language before the more marked ones. In the case of English-speaking children, /θ/ and /ð/ are often among the last phonemes to be learned, frequently not being mastered before the age of five. Prior to this age, many children substitute the sounds [f] and [v] respectively. As British and American children begin school at five, this means that many are learning to read and write before they have sorted out these sounds, and the infantile pronunciation is frequently reflected in their spelling errors: ve fing for the thing. For small ...
See also:Pronunciation of English th, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Old English, Pronunciation of English th - Development up to Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Regional differences in distribution, Pronunciation of English th - Phonetic realisation, Pronunciation of English th - Realisation in non-standard Englishes, Pronunciation of English th - Acquisition problems, Pronunciation of English th - A note on the spelling Read more here: » Pronunciation of English th: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Acquisition problems |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Old English In Germanic, /ð/ and /θ/ were separate phonemes; in Old English the original /ð/ became /d/, but a new [ð] appeared as an allophone of /θ/. In Old English, the phoneme /θ/, like all fricative phonemes in the language, had two allophones, one voiced and one voiceless, which were distributed regularly according to phonetic environment.
[ð] (like [v] and [z]) was used between two voiced sounds (either vowels or voiced consonants).
[θ] (like [f] and [s]) was spoken in initial and final po ...
See also:Pronunciation of English th, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Old English, Pronunciation of English th - Development up to Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Regional differences in distribution, Pronunciation of English th - Phonetic realisation, Pronunciation of English th - Realisation in non-standard Englishes, Pronunciation of English th - Acquisition problems, Pronunciation of English th - A note on the spelling Read more here: » Pronunciation of English th: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Old English |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Development up to Modern English A number of developments have occurred since Old English, with the result that the distinction has once again become phonemic:
In early Middle English times, a group of very common function words beginning with /θ/ (the, they, there, etc.) came to be pronounced with /ð/ instead. Possibly this was a sandhi development; as these words are frequently found in unstressed positions they can sometimes appear to run on from the preceding word, which may have resulted in the dental fricative being treated as though it were word-intern ...
See also:Pronunciation of English th, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Old English, Pronunciation of English th - Development up to Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Distribution in Modern English, Pronunciation of English th - Regional differences in distribution, Pronunciation of English th - Phonetic realisation, Pronunciation of English th - Realisation in non-standard Englishes, Pronunciation of English th - Acquisition problems, Pronunciation of English th - A note on the spelling Read more here: » Pronunciation of English th: Encyclopedia II - Pronunciation of English th - Development up to Modern English |
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| | | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Valorisation - The mysteries of capital's growth When a worker is put to work on a commercial basis, he initially produces a value equal to what it costs to hire him. But once this value has been created, and the work continues, he begins to valorise capital, i.e. increase its value.
Marx claims however that this process, whereby capital grows in value through human activity in production, becomes obscured and hidden in the theories of economics.
The "fetish" of capital reaches its culmination when it appears that capital grows of its own accord without anybody doing a ...
See also:Valorisation, Valorisation - Definition, Valorisation - The mysteries of capital's growth, Valorisation - Valorisation and management theory, Valorisation - Devalorisation, Valorisation - Valorisation and the realisation of capital Read more here: » Valorisation: Encyclopedia II - Valorisation - The mysteries of capital's growth |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Valorisation - Valorisation and management theory By contrast, in management theory, analysts are extremely aware of value adding activities occurring when factors of production are withdrawn from the market in order to produce new outputs with them.
Yet, because perceptions of value growth are based on the relationship between input costs and sales revenue, revealed by accounts, the central role of living labour in conserving, transferring and creating value is still obscured.
The official story is that the factors of production all add value to the new output. In a sense thi ...
See also:Valorisation, Valorisation - Definition, Valorisation - The mysteries of capital's growth, Valorisation - Valorisation and management theory, Valorisation - Devalorisation, Valorisation - Valorisation and the realisation of capital Read more here: » Valorisation: Encyclopedia II - Valorisation - Valorisation and management theory |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Valorisation - Devalorisation The opposite process is devalorisation ("Entwertung") which refers to the process whereby production capital invested loses part or all of its value, because labor is withdrawn, or because output cannot be sold, or sold at the intended price, or because more modern production techniques devalue older equipment.
Typically what happens in a severe economic crisis is that the real cost structure of production is realigned with market prices. In Marx's terms, productivity growth has changed product-values in different sectors, but ...
See also:Valorisation, Valorisation - Definition, Valorisation - The mysteries of capital's growth, Valorisation - Valorisation and management theory, Valorisation - Devalorisation, Valorisation - Valorisation and the realisation of capital Read more here: » Valorisation: Encyclopedia II - Valorisation - Devalorisation |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Greater Hungary political concept - Historical survey An independent Hungarian kingdom was established in approximately 1000 AD, and remained a power in central Europe until Ottoman Turks conquered it in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács. After the battle, territory of former Hungary was divided into three portions: in the West, Royal Hungary was included in Habsburg Empire of Austria and retained its existence as Habsburg province; the Ottomans controlled south-central parts of former Hungary (including Pécs and Buda); while, in the East, Transylvania remained an semi-independent principality, su ...
See also:Greater Hungary political concept, Greater Hungary political concept - Historical survey, Greater Hungary political concept - Treaty of Trianon, Greater Hungary political concept - After Trianon, Greater Hungary political concept - Near realisation of Greater Hungary, Greater Hungary political concept - Modern era Read more here: » Greater Hungary political concept: Encyclopedia II - Greater Hungary political concept - Historical survey |
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| | | | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Definition of surplus value Total surplus-value in an economy (Marx refers to the mass or volume of surplus-value) is basically equal to the sum of net distributed and undistributed profit, net interest, net rents, net tax and various net receipts associated with royalties, licensing, leasing, certain honorariums etc. (see also value product). However Marx's own discussion focuses mainly on profit, interest and rent, largely ignoring taxation and royalty-type fees which were proportionall ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Definition of surplus value |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value According to Marx's theory of exploitation, living labour at an adequate level of productivity is able to create and conserve more value than it costs the employer to buy; which is exactly the economic reason why the employer buys it, i.e. to preserve and augment the value of the capital at his command. Thus, the surplus-labour is unpaid labour appropriated by employers in the form of work-time and outputs, on the basis that employers own and supply the means of production worked with. The commercial function of la ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value |
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| | | | | Realisation: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value Complicating factors in assessing surplus-value are:
state intermediation, where profit and wage income is taxed on the one side, and supplemented on the other with subsidies and grants of various kinds;
employee and employer contributions to social security and health schemes (wage costs and total labour costs may not be equal);
price inflation applying to wage goods, profit and capital goods;
creative accounting and tax avoidance or evasion techniques which misreprese ...
See also:Surplus value, Surplus value - Definition of surplus value, Surplus value - Five interpretations of surplus value, Surplus value - Five measures of the rate of surplus value, Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value, Surplus value - Origin of the forms of surplus-value in trade, Surplus value - Appropriation of surplus-value from production, Surplus value - Absolute and relative surplus value, Surplus value - Production versus realisation of surplus-value, Surplus value - The significance of the mass of surplus value, Surplus value - Surplus value and taxation, Surplus value - Surplus value and the circuits of capital, Surplus value - Measurement of surplus value, Surplus value - Different concepts of surplus, Surplus value - Criticism of Marx's concept, Surplus value - The moral and power dimension of surplus value Read more here: » Surplus value: Encyclopedia II - Surplus value - Complicating factors in assessing surplus value |
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