Methamphetamine is structurally similar to methcathinone, amphetamine, and other stimulants, and it may be produced from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine by chemical reduction. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily available in household products or over-the counter medicines. This makes methamphetamine appear unusually easy to make, unlike cannabis and cocaine, which are both harvested directly from plants. Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and ephedrine hydrochloride are commonly available decongestant drugs without strong euphoric ef ...

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Methamphetamine, Methamphetamine - Production, Methamphetamine - History, Methamphetamine - Current controversy, Methamphetamine - Effects, Methamphetamine - Addiction, Methamphetamine - Effects, Methamphetamine - Physical and chemical properties of Methamphetamine, Methamphetamine - Methods of use, Methamphetamine - Legality, Methamphetamine - Books

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The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na+ and Cl− ions. The word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atom ...

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Chloride - Examples

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In chemistry and biology, catalysis is the acceleration of the reaction rate of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself not consumed by the overall reaction. The word is derived from the Greek noun κατάλυσις, related to the verb καταλύειν, meaning to annul or to untie or to pick up. The chinese symbol for catalyst is the same as the one for marriage broker. Catalysts accelerate the chemical reaction by providing a lower energy pathway between the reac ...

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Catalysis - Important catalytic processes

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In chemistry and biology, catalysis is the acceleration of the reaction rate of a chemical reaction by means of a substance, called a catalyst, that is itself not consumed by the overall reaction. The word is derived from the Greek noun κατάλυσις, related to the verb καταλύειν, meaning to annul or to untie or to pick up. The chinese symbol for catalyst is the same as the one for marriage broker. Catalysts accelerate the chemical reaction by providing a lower energy pathway between the reac ...

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Catalysis - Important catalytic processes

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Hess's Law is used to predict the enthalpy change for a chemical reaction (ΔH). The law states that because enthalpy is a state function, the enthalpy change of a reaction is the same regardless of what pathway is taken to achieve the products. In other words, only the start and end states matter to the reaction, not the individual steps between. This allows the change in enthalpy for a reaction to be calculated even when it cannot be measured directly. This is accomplished by performing arithmetic operations on chemica ...

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Hess's law, Hess's law - Definition and Uses, Hess's law - Example, Hess's law - Solution, Hess's law - Other Uses

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Luminol in an alkaline solution with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron or copper[1], or an auxiliary oxidant[2], produces chemoluminescence. The luminol reaction is luminol + H2O2 → 3-APA[◊] → 3-APA + light The quantum efficiency, QC is 1%. For the laboratory experiment see reference [1] or [2] Cyalume, as used in a lightstick, emits light by chemoluminescence of a fluorescent dye activated by cyalume reacting with hydrogen peroxide in the most efficient non-enzymatic reaction known.[4] cyalume + H2O2 + ...

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Chemoluminescence, Chemoluminescence - Liquid-phase reactions, Chemoluminescence - Gas-phase reactions, Chemoluminescence - Bioluminescence, Chemoluminescence - ECL, Chemoluminescence - Applications of chemoluminescence

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The comparison of energy output of the active components to the overall size of a cell and those components is known as energy density. Many of today’s secondary cells have high energy densities, with the exception of the lead cell battery. Small size and high energy output, make these batteries perfect for small portable objects. Graph of energy densities of several secondary cells ...

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Secondary cell, Secondary cell - Charging, Secondary cell - Active Components, Secondary cell - Energy Density, Secondary cell - Advantages/Disadvantages, Secondary cell - Secondary Cell Sites

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There are five major classifications of chemical reactions. Some common and widely used terms are: Isomerisation in which a chemical compound undergoes a structural rearrangement without any change in its net atomic composition; see stereoisomerism Direct combination or synthesis, in which two or more chemical elements or compounds unite to form a more complex product: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) Chemical decomposition or an ...

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Chemical reaction, Chemical reaction - Reaction types, Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry, Chemical reaction - Chemical equilibrium, Chemical reaction - Exothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Endothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Chemical kinetics

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There are five major classifications of chemical reactions. Some common and widely used terms are: Isomerization in which a chemical compound undergoes a structural rearrangement without any change in its net atomic composition; see stereoisomerism Direct combination or synthesis, in which two or more chemical elements or compounds unite to form a more complex product: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) Chemical decomposition or an ...

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Chemical reaction, Chemical reaction - Reaction types, Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry, Chemical reaction - Chemical equilibrium, Chemical reaction - Exothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Endothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Chemical kinetics

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In the archetypal example of a hydrogen/oxygen proton-exchange membrane (or "polymer electrolyte") fuel cell (PEMFC), a proton-conducting polymer membrane separates the anode and cathode sides. Each side has an electrode, typically carbon paper coated with platinum catalyst. On the anode side, hydrogen diffuses to the anode catalyst where it dissociates into protons and electrons. The protons are conducted through the membrane to the cathode, but the electrons are forced to travel in an external circuit (supplying power) because the ...

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Fuel cell, Fuel cell - Science, Fuel cell - Efficiency, Fuel cell - Economy, Fuel cell - History, Fuel cell - The fuel cell industry, Fuel cell - Advantages and disadvantages, Fuel cell - Environmental effects, Fuel cell - Fuel cell design issues, Fuel cell - Fuel cell applications, Fuel cell - Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling, Fuel cell - Suggested applications, Fuel cell - Types of fuel cells, Fuel cell - Related Technologies

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The principle of the fuel cell was discovered by Swiss scientist Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1838 and published in the January 1839 edition of the "Philosophical Magazine" [1]. Based on this work, the first fuel cell was developed by Welsh scientist Sir William Grove. A sketch was published in 1843, but it wasn't until 1959 that British engineer Francis Thomas Bacon successfully developed a 5 kW stationary fuel cell. In 1959, a team led by Harry Ihrig built a 15 kW fuel cell tractor for Allis-Chalmers that was demonstrated across the U ...

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Fuel cell, Fuel cell - Science, Fuel cell - Efficiency, Fuel cell - Economy, Fuel cell - History, Fuel cell - The fuel cell industry, Fuel cell - Advantages and disadvantages, Fuel cell - Environmental effects, Fuel cell - Fuel cell design issues, Fuel cell - Fuel cell applications, Fuel cell - Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling, Fuel cell - Suggested applications, Fuel cell - Types of fuel cells, Fuel cell - Related Technologies

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United Technologies (UTX) was the first company to manufacture fuel cells. In the 1960s the company provided NASA with fuel cells to generate electricity for the Apollo missions. UTX's UTC Power subsidiary [2] was the first company to manufacture and commercialize a large, stationary fuel cell system for use as a co-generation power plant in hospitals, universities, and large office buildings. UTC Power continues to market this fuel cell as the PureCell 200 [3], a 200 kW system. UTC Power continues to be the sole supplier of fuel cells to NA ...

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Fuel cell, Fuel cell - Science, Fuel cell - Efficiency, Fuel cell - Economy, Fuel cell - History, Fuel cell - The fuel cell industry, Fuel cell - Advantages and disadvantages, Fuel cell - Environmental effects, Fuel cell - Fuel cell design issues, Fuel cell - Fuel cell applications, Fuel cell - Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling, Fuel cell - Suggested applications, Fuel cell - Types of fuel cells, Fuel cell - Related Technologies

Read more here: » Fuel cell: Encyclopedia II - Fuel cell - The fuel cell industry

A fuel cell typically converts the chemical energy of its fuel into electricity with an efficiency of about 50%. (The rest of the energy is converted into heat.) If the fuel cell is used to power a vehicle, then it is also important to take losses due to production, transportation and storage into account. Fuel cell vehicles running on compressed hydrogen may have a power plant to wheel efficiency of 22% if the hydrogen is stored as high-pressure gas, and 17% if it is stored as a cryogenic liquid (efficiency of Hydrogen Fuel Cell, Diesel-SOFC-Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles ...

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Fuel cell, Fuel cell - Science, Fuel cell - Efficiency, Fuel cell - Economy, Fuel cell - History, Fuel cell - The fuel cell industry, Fuel cell - Advantages and disadvantages, Fuel cell - Environmental effects, Fuel cell - Fuel cell design issues, Fuel cell - Fuel cell applications, Fuel cell - Hydrogen vehicles and refuelling, Fuel cell - Suggested applications, Fuel cell - Types of fuel cells, Fuel cell - Related Technologies

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One of the oldest known chemoluminescent reactions is that of elemental white phosphorus oxidizing in moist air, producing a green glow. This is actually a gas-phase reaction of phosphorus vapor, above the solid, with oxygen producing excited states (PO)2 and HPO. [4] Another gas phase reaction is the basis of nitric oxide detection in commercial analytic instruments applied to environmental air quality testing. Ozone is combined with nitric oxide to form nitrogen dioxide in an activated state. NO+O< ...

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Chemoluminescence, Chemoluminescence - Liquid-phase reactions, Chemoluminescence - Gas-phase reactions, Chemoluminescence - Bioluminescence, Chemoluminescence - ECL, Chemoluminescence - Applications of chemoluminescence

Read more here: » Chemoluminescence: Encyclopedia II - Chemoluminescence - Gas-phase reactions