Chemoluminescence (sometimes "chemiluminescence") is the emission of light (luminescence) as the result of a chemical reaction. Most simply, given reactants A and B, with an excited intermediate ◊, we have, [A] + [B] → [◊] → [Products] + light The decay of the excited state[◊] to a lower energy level is responsible for the emission of light. In theory, one photon of light should be given off for each molecule of reactant, or Avogadro's number of photons per mole. In actual practice, non-enzymatic react ...

Including:

Chemoluminescence - Liquid-phase reactions Chemoluminescence - Gas-phase reactions Chemoluminescence - Bioluminescence Chemoluminescence - ECL Chemoluminescence - Applications of chemoluminescence

Read more here: » Chemoluminescence: Encyclopedia - Chemoluminescence

See also:

Organic reaction, Organic reaction - Reactions by reactants: aliphatic compounds, Organic reaction - Alkanes RH, Organic reaction - Alkenes R1R2C=CR3R4 and Alkynes R1C≡CR2, Organic reaction - Hydrocarbons plus Group 17 Halogen, Organic reaction - Alkyl halides RX, Organic reaction - Hydrocarbons plus Group 16 Chalcogen, Organic reaction - Oxygen containing compounds, Organic reaction - Sulfur containing compounds, Organic reaction - Hydrocarbons plus Group 15 Pnictogen, Organic reaction - Nitrogen containing compounds, Organic reaction - Phosphorus containing compounds, Organic reaction - Benzene and derivatives, Organic reaction - Other reactions unsorted

Read more here: » Organic reaction: Encyclopedia II - Organic reaction - Reactions by reactants: aliphatic compounds

Ethyl acetate is an ester that is synthesized from acetic acid and ethanol in the presence of strong acids like sulfuric acid in an esterification reaction. The two reactants and the H2SO4 catalyst are heated under reflux for approx. 40 min. CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH → CH3COOCH2CH3 + H2O Because the reaction is reversible and produces an equilibrium, yield is low unless driven to the right by removal of water. The yield can also be inc ...

See also:

Ethyl acetate, Ethyl acetate - Properties, Ethyl acetate - Other uses, Ethyl acetate - Chemistry

Read more here: » Ethyl acetate: Encyclopedia II - Ethyl acetate - Chemistry

Chemical equilibrium is the state in which a chemical reaction proceeds at the same rate as its reverse reaction; the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, and the concentration of the reactants and products stop changing. When this condition is met, there is no change in the proportions i.e. concentrations of the various compounds involved, and it appears that the reaction ceases to progress. However the forward and the reverse reactions continue to occur at the same rates. A common example given is the Haber-Bosch pr ...

Read more here: » Chemical equilibrium: Encyclopedia - Chemical equilibrium

Several factors can be controlled that have an effect on the rate of a certain reaction, these factors are the concentration of reactants, the physical state of reactants, the temperature, and the use of a catalyst. Concentration plays a very important role in reactions. This is due to the fact that molecules must collide in order to react together. for example, consider the reaction where hypothetical components "A" and "B" react together in order to give a certain product "C": A(g) + B(g) → C(g). N ...

See also:

Chemical kinetics, Chemical kinetics - Rate of reaction, Chemical kinetics - Factors that influence the rate of a reaction, Chemical kinetics - Equilibria, Chemical kinetics - Enthalpy

Read more here: » Chemical kinetics: Encyclopedia II - Chemical kinetics - Factors that influence the rate of a reaction

Definition and meaning of endergonic reaction:

endergonic reaction - a chemical reaction that requires energy in order to proceed, so that the products have a higher free energy than the reactants

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

Definition and meaning of chemical equilibrium:

chemical equilibrium - the state in which a chemical reaction proceeds at the same rate as its reverse reaction; the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, and the concentration of the reactants and products stop changing. When this condition is met, there is no change in the proportions of the various compounds involved, and the reaction ceases to progress

(Source: US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) )

Also see these pages: Oceanography, Oceanography Sitemap, Coral Reef, Environment, Sustainability, Climate Change,

Yield in chemistry, also known as chemical yield and reaction yield, is the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction. The absolute yield can be given as the weight in gram or in mol (molar yield). The yield is usually also given as a relative yield, which is the actual yield divided by the theoretical yield (the maximally reachable yield). The relative yield is usually given as a percenta ...

Including:

Yield chemistry - Example

Read more here: » Yield chemistry: Encyclopedia - Yield chemistry

We can control four factors that have an effect on the rate of a certain reaction, these factors are: the concentration of reactants, the physical state of reactants, the temperature, and the use of a catalyst. Chemical kinetics - Concentration. Concentration plays a very important role in reactions. This is due to the fact that molecules must collide in order to react together. for example, consider the reaction where hypothetical components "A" and "B" react together in order to give a certain product "C ...

See also:

Chemical kinetics, Chemical kinetics - Rate of reaction, Chemical kinetics - Factors that influence the rate of a reaction, Chemical kinetics - Concentration, Chemical kinetics - Physical state, Chemical kinetics - Temperature, Chemical kinetics - Catalysts, Chemical kinetics - Equilibria, Chemical kinetics - Enthalpy

Read more here: » Chemical kinetics: Encyclopedia II - Chemical kinetics - Factors that influence the rate of a reaction

See main article: Thermochemistry. Thermochemistry deciphers whether a specific chemical reaction can or cannot occur. Thermodynamics (or what is now known as equilibrium thermodynamics) understands the reaction in terms of the initial and final states of the reaction mixture. Reactions very seldom occur directly. Usually, reactants must collide to form an activated complex. This complex has a higher internal energy than the original reactants combined, having gained some from the kinetic energy of the reactant substance ...

See also:

Chemical reaction, Chemical reaction - Reaction types, Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry, Chemical reaction - Chemical equilibrium, Chemical reaction - Exothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Endothermic reactions, Chemical reaction - Chemical kinetics

Read more here: » Chemical reaction: Encyclopedia II - Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry

A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction. It is a formula used to display different stages for chemical reactions, where chemical substances are changed into other substances. The elements and/or compounds to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation represent the reactants, the arrow represents the transition stage, and the species to the right of the arrow represent the products. The four basic chemical equations are: A → B ...

Including:

Chemical equation - Reading chemical equations Chemical equation - Balancing chemical equations
Chemical equation - Linear system balancing

Read more here: » Chemical equation: Encyclopedia - Chemical equation

A chemical reaction is a process that results in the interconversion of chemical substances [1]. The substance(s) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. Chemical reactions are characterized by a chemical change and it yields one or more product(s) which are different from the reactants. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bond ...

Including:

Chemical reaction - Reaction types Chemical reaction - Thermochemistry
Chemical reaction - Chemical equilibrium Chemical reaction - Exothermic reactions Chemical reaction - Endothermic reactions
Chemical reaction - Chemical kinetics

Read more here: » Chemical reaction: Encyclopedia - Chemical reaction

Activation in science generally refers to the process whereby something is prepared or excited for a subsequent reaction. For example, in chemistry, activation of molecules is a required for a chemical reaction to occur. The phrase energy of activation [1], refers to the energy the molecules must acquire before they can successfully react with each other reactants to produce the products. The energy needed for activation can be quite small and the molecules may have enough energy just from thermal fluctuations the molecules naturally have (i.e. lots ...

Read more here: » Activation: Encyclopedia - Activation

In physical chemistry, chemical kinetics or reaction kinetics study reaction rates in a chemical reaction. Analysing the influence of different reaction conditions on the reaction rate gives information about the reaction mechanism and the transition state of a chemical reaction. Peter Waage developed the law of mass action in 1864 that stated for the first time that the speed of a chemical reaction is proportional to the quantity of the reacting substances. Chemical kinetics - Rate of reaction. Kine ...

Including:

Chemical kinetics - Rate of reaction Chemical kinetics - Factors that influence the rate of a reaction
Chemical kinetics - Concentration Chemical kinetics - Physical state Chemical kinetics - Temperature Chemical kinetics - Catalysts
Chemical kinetics - Equilibria Chemical kinetics - Enthalpy

Read more here: » Chemical kinetics: Encyclopedia - Chemical kinetics

In chemistry, chemical synthesis is purposeful execution of chemical reactions in order to get a product, or several products. This happens by physical and chemical manipulations usually involving one or more reactions. In modern laboratory usage, this tends to imply that the process is reproducible, reliable, and established to work in multiple laboratories. A chemical synthesis begins by selection of compounds that are known as reagents or reactants. Various reaction types can be applied to these to synthesize the product, or ...

Read more here: » Chemical synthesis: Encyclopedia - Chemical synthesis

The law of conservation of mass/matter ( The Lomonosov-Lavoisier law ) states that the mass of a system of substances is constant, regardless of the processes acting inside the system. An equivalent statement is that matter changes form, but cannot be created or destroyed. This implies that for any chemical process in a closed system, the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products. The law of conservation of mass fails for nuclear processes, where the equivalence of matter and energy, and hence conservation of en ...

Read more here: » Conservation of mass: Encyclopedia - Conservation of mass

Acid-base reaction theories pH Self-ionization of water Buffer solutions Systematic naming Redox reactions Electrochemistry Acids: Strong acids Weak acids Bases: Strong bases Weak bases A weak acid is an acid that does not fully ionize in solution; that is, if the acid was represented by the general formula HA, then in aqueous solution a significant amount of undissolved HA still remains. HA(aq) H+Including:

Weak acid - Examples

Read more here: » Weak acid: Encyclopedia - Weak acid

Acute phase proteins are a class of proteins that are synthetized in the liver in response to inflammation. This response is called the acute phase reaction. In response to injury, local inflammatory cells (neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages) secrete a number of cytokines into the bloodstream, most notably the interleukins IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 and TNF-alpha. The liver responds by producing a large number of acute phase reactants, most notably: C-reactive protein Alpha 1-antitrypsin ...

Read more here: » Acute phase protein: Encyclopedia - Acute phase protein

An accelerant is any substance or mixture that "accelerates" the development of fire. Accelerants are often used to commit arson, and some accelerants may cause an explosion. An accelerant (or accelerator) is any substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, such as oxidation or the curing of an adhesive. Conversely, a decelerant (or retarder) inhibits the rate of a chemical reaction. A fire is an exothermic oxidation reaction that when accelerated produces more heat, consumes the reactants more quickl ...

Read more here: » Accelerant: Encyclopedia - Accelerant

Chloramine (monochloramine) is a toxic substance (NH2Cl) created by the chemical reaction of ammonia and sodium hypochlorite (chlorine bleach) under alkaline conditions. It is a yellow liquid at room temperature. It is commonly used in low concentrations as a disinfectant in municipal water systems as an alternative to chlorination. Chloramine use by water purification plants is increasing. Chlorine (sometimes referred to as Free Chlorine) is being phased out in favor of chloramine because chloramine is much m ...

Read more here: » Chloramine: Encyclopedia - Chloramine