Ravenna

The origins of Ravenna are uncertain. The first settlement is variously attributed to the Tyrrhenians, the Thessalians, or the Umbrians. Ravenna consisted of houses built on piles on a series of small islands in a marshy lagoon - a situation similar to Venice several centuries later. The Romans ignored it during their conquest of the Po River Delta, but later accepted it as a federated town into the Roman Empire in 89 BC. In 49 BC, it was the location where Julius Caesar gathered his forces before crossing the Rubicon. Later, after his battl ...

See also:

Ravenna, Ravenna - Early history, Ravenna - Exarchate of Ravenna, Ravenna - Medieval and Modern history, Ravenna - Sights

Read more here: » Ravenna: Encyclopedia II - Ravenna - Early history

St. Caesarius, sometimes called of Châlons (Cabillonensis seu Cabellinensis) from his birthplace Châlons-sur-Saône; but more usually known as Caesarius of Arles (Arelatensis) from his see, which he occupied for forty years. He was certainly the foremost ecclesiastic in the Gaul of his own age. The date of his birth lies between A.D. 468 and 470; the date of his death is Aug. 27, 542. Caesarius of Arles - Authorities. The biography, written by his admiring disciple, St. Cyprian, bp. of Toulo ...

Including:

• Caesarius of Arles - Authorities
• Caesarius of Arles - Life

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The name of Constantinople is an honorific eponym referencing its founder, the Roman emperor Constantine the Great. Constantine established the Greek city of Byzantium as the second capital of the Roman Empire on May 11, AD 330, naming the city Nova Roma (New Rome). That particular name, however, enjoyed little common use, and it was as the 'City of Constantine' (Constantinopolis) that it ...

See also:

Constantinople, Constantinople - Names, Constantinople - Byzantium, Constantinople - Constantine's Foundation, Constantinople - Public buildings, Constantinople - Constantinople in the Divided Empire, Constantinople - The City under Justinian, Constantinople - The City after Justinian, Constantinople - Importance of the City in its prime, Constantinople - The Isaurians, Constantinople - The Comneni and Palaeologi, Constantinople - The Ottomans, Constantinople - Constantinople in popular culture, Constantinople - Notes

Read more here: » Constantinople: Encyclopedia II - Constantinople - Names

Most of Porta's output is sacred music, especially motets. He published at least eight books of motets, one of which is lost, as well as books of masses, introits, and a huge cycle of hymns for Vespers. Porta's music is even more polyphonic than that of Gombert, and he showed a liking for academic, even severe contrapuntal devices, although they are used so skillfully that the text can always be clearly understood. Often his music uses strict canons; one motet from his book of 52 motets from 1580, in seven voices, has no less than fou ...

See also:

Costanzo Porta, Costanzo Porta - Biography, Costanzo Porta - Style, Costanzo Porta - Sources and Further Reading

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Chichester is a small city in the south of England, in the county of West Sussex, with a population of about 25,000. It is the administrative centre of the Chichester district, a largely rural area with a population of over 100,000. It has been argued that the area was a bridgehead for the Roman invasion of Britain. The city centre stands on the foundations of the Romano-British city of Noviomagus Reginorum, capital of the Civitas Reginorum, and near to the Roman Palace of Fishbourne. According to the Angl ...

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Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine empire. The empire emerged gradually after AD 330, when Constantine moved the capital of the Roman empire to Byzantium, which was later renamed Constantinople and is now Istanbul. Byzantine architecture - General considerations. Early Byzantine architecture is essentially a continuation of Roman architecture. Prime examples survive mostly in Ravenna and Constantinople and include the churches of St Irene, St Sophia, and Sts Sergius and Bakchus, the ...

Including:

• Byzantine architecture - General considerations
• Byzantine architecture - Detailed description
• Byzantine architecture - Byzantine influence
• Byzantine architecture - Essential monuments

Read more here: » Byzantine architecture: Encyclopedia - Byzantine architecture

Bologna (from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in the local dialect) is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy, between the Po River and the Apennines. Bologna - History. Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name Felsina (ca. 534 BC) in an area previously long inhabitated by the villanovians, a people of farmers and shepherds. The Etruscan city grew around a sanctuary built on a hill, and was surrounded by a necropolis. In the 4th century BC the city was conquered by the ...

Including:

• Bologna - History
• Bologna - Overview
• Bologna - Transport
• Bologna - Demographics
• Bologna - Cuisine
• Bologna - The University
• Bologna - Famous residents

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Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων Roman (Byzantine) Empire Motto: Βασιλεὺς Βασιλέων Βασιλεύων Βασιλευόντων (Greek: King of Kings Ruling Over Rulers) The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople. In certain s ...

Including:

• Byzantine Empire - The term Byzantine Empire
• Byzantine Empire - Identity continuity and consciousness
• Byzantine Empire - Origin
• Byzantine Empire - Early history
• Byzantine Empire - The age of Justinian I
• Byzantine Empire - The fight for survival
• Byzantine Empire - Golden era
• Byzantine Empire - The Comneni and the Crusaders
• Byzantine Empire - Underlying reasons for decline
• Byzantine Empire - The Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire
• Byzantine Empire - Legacy and importance
• Byzantine Empire - Bibliography

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Johannes Bessarion, or Basilius (c. 1395-1472), titular patriarch of Constantinople, and one of the illustrious Greek scholars who contributed to the great revival of letters in the 15th century, was born at Trebizond, the year of his birth being variously given as 1389, 1395 or 1403. He was educated at Constantinople, and in 1423 went to the Peloponnese to hear Gemistus Pletho expound the philosophy of Plato. On entering the order of St Basil, he adopted the name of an old Egyptian anchorite Bessarion, whose story he ha ...

Including:

• Johannes Bessarion - Literature

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Carthage (from the Phoenician Qart-Hadasht "New City" (written without vowels as QRT HDŠT قرت-حدش or קרת חדשת), was an ancient city in North Africa located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis, across from the center of modern Tunis in Tunisia. It remains a popular tourist attraction. Carthage - Founding of Carthage. In approximately 814 BC, Carthage was founded by Phoenician settlers from the city of Tyre, bringing with them the city-god Melqart. Traditionally, the city was founded ...

Including:

• Carthage - Founding of Carthage
• Carthage - Life in Carthage
• Carthage - Carthaginian Commerce
• Carthage - Carthaginian Government
• Carthage - Carthaginian Religious Practices
• Carthage - Conflict with the Greeks and Romans
• Carthage - First Sicilian War
• Carthage - Second Sicilian War
• Carthage - Third Sicilian War
• Carthage - Pyrrhus of Epirus
• Carthage - The Messanan Crisis
• Carthage - The Punic Wars
• Carthage - Roman Carthage
• Carthage - Carthage in fiction

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Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator (ca 484/490 - ca585), commonly known as Cassiodorus, was a Roman statesman and great writer, serving in the administration of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths. Senator was his surname, not his rank. Cassiodorus - Life. He was born at Scyllaceum (Squillace) in southern Italy, of a family that was apparently of Syrian origin. He began his career as councillor to his father, the governor of Sicily, and made a name for himself wh ...

Including:

• Cassiodorus - Life
• Cassiodorus - Works
• Cassiodorus - Reference

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Giovanni Boccaccio (June 16, 1313 – December 21, 1375) was an Italian author and poet, a friend and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist in his own right and author of a number of notable works including On Famous Women, the Decameron and his poems in the vernacular. Boccaccio's characters are notable for their era in that they are realistic, spirited and clever individuals who are grounded in reality (in contradiction to the characters of his contemporaries, who were more concerned with the Med ...

Including:

• Giovanni Boccaccio - Biography
• Giovanni Boccaccio - Bibliography

Read more here: » Giovanni Boccaccio: Encyclopedia - Giovanni Boccaccio

Cesena (ancient Caesena) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy, south of Ravenna and west of Rimini, on the Savio River, population (july 2004) 93,110, co-chief of the Province of Forli-Cesena. It is at the foot of the Apennines, and about 15 km (10 mi) from the Adriatic Sea. It is notable as the birthplace of Pope Pius VI and Pope Pius VII, and once had Pope Pius VIII as bishop, and it therefor ...

Including:

• Cesena - Bounding communes
• Cesena - Fractions or subdivisions

Read more here: » Cesena: Encyclopedia - Cesena

In Christian architecture the baptistery or baptistry (Latin baptisterium) is the separate centrally-planned structure surrounding the baptismal font. The baptistery may be incorporated within the body of a church or cathedral and be provided with an altar as a chapel. In the early Christian Church, the catechumens were instructed and the sacrament of baptism was administered in the baptistery. The sacramental importance and sometimes architectural splendor of the baptistry reflect the importance of baptism to Chr ...

Including:

• Baptistery - Famous Baptisteries

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Adria is a town in the province of Rovigo in the Veneto region of Northern Italy, situated between the mouths of the rivers Adige and Po. It is the seat of a diocese. The Etruscan city of Atria (or Adria) underlies the modern city, three to four meters below the current level. Atria (or "Hat") gave its name at any early period to the Adriatic Sea, to which it was connected through channels. Atria and Spina were the Etruscan ports and depots for Felsina (Bologna). The Etruscan-controlled area of the Po Valle ...

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The Adriatic Sea (Italian Mare Adriatico, German Adriatisches Meer or Adria, Croatian Jadransko more or Jadran) is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea separating the Apennine peninsula (Italy) from the Balkan peninsula, and the system of the Apennine Mountains from that of the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. The western coast is Italian, while the eastern coast runs along the countries of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, and Albania. Domenico and Blaz are the onl ...

Including:

• Adriatic Sea - Name and etymology
• Adriatic Sea - Extent
• Adriatic Sea - Coasts and islands
• Adriatic Sea - Miscellaneous

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Alaric I (Alaric or Alarich, in Latin Alaricus) was likely born about 370 on an island named Peuce (the Fir) at the mouth of the Danube, became king of the Visigoths from 395–410, and was the first Germanic leader to take the city of Rome. He was well born, his father kindred to the Balti, considered next in worth among Gothic fighters to the Amali. He was a Goth and belonged to the western branch, called the Visigoths, who at the time of his birth dwelt in what is today Bulgaria, having fled beyond the wide estuary ma ...

Including:

• Alaric I - In Roman service
• Alaric I - In Greece
• Alaric I - First invasion of Italy
• Alaric I - Second invasion of Italy

Read more here: » Alaric I: Encyclopedia - Alaric I

A papal election is the method by which the Roman Catholic Church fills the office of Bishop of Rome, whose incumbent is known as the Pope, the head of the Church. The electors form a conclave, from the Latin phrase cum clave ("with a key"), referring to the "locking away" of the electors during the process. Conclaves have been employed since the Second Council of Lyons decreed in 1274 that the electors should meet in seclusion. They are now hel ...

Including:

• Papal conclave - Historical development
• Papal conclave - Electorate
• Papal conclave - Choice of the electors
• Papal conclave - Secular influence
• Papal conclave - Conclaves
• Papal conclave - Modern practice
• Papal conclave - Death of the Pope
• Papal conclave - Beginning of the election
• Papal conclave - Voting
• Papal conclave - Acceptance and proclamation
• Papal conclave - Historical voting patterns
• Papal conclave - Notes

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The Sacred College of Cardinals is the body of all Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church. The body plays two roles for the church: participating in papal elections when the Holy See is vacant, and advising the Pope about Church matters when he summons them to a consistory. Historically, they were also the clergy of the city of Rome serving the Pope as the Bishop of Rome and were assigned duties in parishes of the city. The College has no ruling power except during the sede vacante period, where its powers are still extr ...

Including:

• College of Cardinals - Choosing the pope
• College of Cardinals - Members of the College of Cardinals
• College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Bishops
• College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Priests
• College of Cardinals - Cardinals of the Order of Deacons

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185 - Events. Pertinax quells the mutiny of the British Roman legions. Perennis, his family and many others are executed for conspiring against Commodus. Irenaeus writes that there are only four Gospels (approximate date). 185 - Births. Origen, Christian apologist (approximate date) 185 - Deaths. S. Datus, bishop of Ravenna (martyred) Category: 18 ...

Including:

• 185 - Events
• 185 - Births
• 185 - Deaths

Read more here: » 185: Encyclopedia - 185