Random

The word random is used to express apparent lack of purpose, cause, or order. The term randomness is often used synonymously with a number of measurable statistical properties, such as lack of bias or correlation. Randomness has an important place in science and philosophy. Randomness - History. Humankind has been concerned with randomness since prehistoric times, mostly through divination (reading messages in random patterns) and gambling. The opposition between free will ...

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Randomness - Study of randomness

Random: Encyclopedia II - Randomness - Generating randomness The many applications of randomness have led to many different methods for generating random data. These methods may vary as to how unpredictable or statistically random they are, and how quickly they can generate random numbers. Before the advent of computational random number generators, generating large amount of sufficiently random numbers (important in statistics) required a lot of work. Results wo ...

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Applications of randomness - Early uses

Applications of randomness - Science

Random: Encyclopedia - Algebra of random variables

In the algebraic axiomatization of probability theory, one of whose main proponents was Irving Segal, the primary concept is not that of probability of an event, but rather that of a random variable. Probability distributions are determined by assigning an expectation to each random variable. The measurable space and the probability measure arise from the random variables and expectations by means of well-known representation theorems of analysis. One of the important features of the algebraic approach is that apparently infinite-dimensional probability distr ...

Random: Encyclopedia - Random access memory

Random-access memory (commonly known by its acronym RAM) refers to data storage formats and equipment that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order -- that is, at random, not just in sequence. In contrast, other types of memory devices (such as magnetic tapes, disks, and drums) can access data on the storage medium only in a predetermined order due to constraints in their mechanical design. Generally, RAM in a computer is considered main memory (or primary storage): the working area used for displaying an ...

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Random: Encyclopedia - Random number generator

A random number generator is a computational or physical device designed to generate a sequence of numbers that does not have any easily discernable pattern, so that the sequence can be treated as being random. Random number generators have existed since ancient times, in the form of dice and coin flipping, the shuffling of playing cards, the use of yarrow stalks in the I Ching, and many other methods. Random number generator - True random numbers vs. pseudo-random numbers. Main article: pseudo-ran ...

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Random: Encyclopedia - Chaitin–Kolmogorov randomness

Chaitin-Kolmogorov randomness (also called algorithmic randomness) defines a string (usually of bits) as being random if and only if it is shorter than any computer program that can produce that string. It is fairly easy to see that most strings of a given length are close to random in this sense. Chaitin-Kolmogorov randomness distinguishes, at least in principle, between numbers that are generated by pseudo-random number generators and true random numbers. However pseudo-random number generators and true random numbers ...

Random: Encyclopedia - Alignments of random points

Statistics shows that if you put a large number of random points on a bounded flat surface you can find many alignments of random points. Some people think that this can be used to prove that ley lines exist due to chance alone (as opposed to supernatural or anthropological explanations). One precise definition which expresses the generally accepted meaning of "alignment" as: a set of points, chosen from a given set of landmark points, all of which l ...

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Random: Encyclopedia - Dynamic random access memory

DRAM is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor. The number of electrons stored in the capacitor determines whether the bit is considered 1 or 0. As the capacitor leaks electrons, the information gets lost eventually, unless the charge is refreshed periodically. Because it must be refreshed periodically, it is a dynamic memory as opposed to SRAM and other static memory. Also, since DRAM loses its data when the power supply is removed, it is in the class of volatile memor ...

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Dynamic random access memory - See Also

Random: Encyclopedia II - Randomness - Applications and use of randomness

"Unpredictable" random numbers were first investigated in the context of gambling, and many randomizing devices such as dice, shuffling playing cards, and roulette wheels, were first developed for use in gambling. Fairly produced random numbers are vital to electronic gambling and ways of creating them are sometimes regulated by governmental gaming commissions. "Random" numbers are also used for non-gambling purposes, both where their use is mathematically important, such as sampling for opinion polls, and in situations where "fairnes ...

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Random

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