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radioactive contamination | A Wisdom Archive on radioactive contamination | | radioactive contamination A selection of articles related to radioactive contamination | |
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radioactive contamination
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ARTICLES RELATED TO radioactive contamination | |
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| | |  radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia - Chernobyl accidentThe Chernobyl accident occurred on April 26, 1986, at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (originally named after Vladimir Lenin) in Ukraine (then part of the Soviet Union). It is regarded as the worst accident in the history of nuclear power, producing (due to a lack of a full containment building) a plume of radioactive debris that drifted over parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, UK, and eastern USA. Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated, resulting in the evacuation and resettlement of roughly 200,000 people ...
Including:
Read more here: » Chernobyl accident: Encyclopedia - Chernobyl accident |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - Technetium - Occurrence and production Since technetium is unstable, only minute traces occur naturally in the Earth's crust as a spontaneous fission product of uranium. In 1999 David Curtis (see above) estimated that a kilogram of uranium contains 1 nanogram (1×10−9 g) of technetium. Extraterrestrial technetium was found in some red giant stars (S-, M-, and N-types) that contain an absorption line in their spectrum indicating the presence of this element.
In contrast with the rare natural occurrence, bulk quantities of technetium-99 are produced each year fr ...
See also:Technetium, Technetium - Notable characteristics, Technetium - Applications, Technetium - Nuclear medicine, Technetium - Industrial, Technetium - History, Technetium - Pre-discovery search, Technetium - Disputed 1925 discovery, Technetium - Official discovery and later history, Technetium - Occurrence and production, Technetium - Part of radioactive waste, Technetium - Reductive immobilization, Technetium - Chemical means, Technetium - Biological means, Technetium - Isotopes, Technetium - Stability of technetium isotopes, Technetium - Precautions Read more here: » Technetium: Encyclopedia II - Technetium - Occurrence and production |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear weapon - Types of nuclear weapons The simplest nuclear weapons derive their energy from nuclear fission. A mass of fissile material is rapidly assembled into a critical mass, in which a chain reaction begins and grows exponentially, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. This is accomplished by rapidly creating supercriticality, either by shooting one piece of subcritical material into another, or compressing a subcritical mass. A major challenge in all nuclear weapon designs is ensuring that a significant fraction of the fuel is consumed before the weapon destroys itself. ...
See also:Nuclear weapon, Nuclear weapon - Types of nuclear weapons, Nuclear weapon - Effects of a nuclear explosion, Nuclear weapon - Nuclear strategy, Nuclear weapon - Weapons delivery, Nuclear weapon - History, Nuclear weapon - Media Read more here: » Nuclear weapon: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear weapon - Types of nuclear weapons |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear technology - History In 1896, Henri Becquerel was investigating phosphorescence in uranium salts when he discovered a new phenomenon which came to be called radioactivity. He, Pierre Curie and Marie Curie began investigating the phenomenon. In the process they isolated the element radium, which is highly radioactive. They discovered that radioactive materials produce intense, penetrating rays of several distinct sorts, which they called alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays. Some of these kinds of radiation could pass through ordinary matter, and all of them could cause damage in large amounts - all the early researchers received various radiation burns ...
See also:Nuclear technology, Nuclear technology - History, Nuclear technology - Types of nuclear reaction, Nuclear technology - Major current applications Read more here: » Nuclear technology: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear technology - History |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - Kazakhstan - History Main article: History of Kazakhstan
Humans have inhabited what is now known as Kazakhstan since the earliest Stone Age, generally pursuing the nomadic movement pastoralism for which the region's climate and terrain are best suited. From the 4th century through the beginning of the 13th century, the territory of Kazakhstan was ruled by a series of nomadic nations. Following the Mongolian invasion in the early 13th century, administrative districts were established under the Mongol Empire, which eventually became the territories ...
See also:Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan - History, Kazakhstan - Politics, Kazakhstan - Kazakh Intelligence Services, Kazakhstan - Provinces, Kazakhstan - Geography, Kazakhstan - Economy, Kazakhstan - Agriculture, Kazakhstan - Natural resources, Kazakhstan - Foreign relations, Kazakhstan - Demographics, Kazakhstan - Kazakhs and Kazakhstanis terminology, Kazakhstan - Education, Kazakhstan - Culture, Kazakhstan - Public holidays, Kazakhstan - Miscellaneous topics, Kazakhstan - Environmental issues, Kazakhstan - Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan - Sport, Kazakhstan - Trivia, Kazakhstan - The Borat Incident Read more here: » Kazakhstan: Encyclopedia II - Kazakhstan - History |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - John F. Kennedy - Presidency Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th President on January 20, 1961. In his inaugural address he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens. "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country", he said. He also asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the "common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself." [8]
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See also:John F. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy - Early life and education, John F. Kennedy - Military service, John F. Kennedy - Early political career, John F. Kennedy - McCarthy's support from the Kennedy family, John F. Kennedy - Senator 1953-60, John F. Kennedy - 1960 presidential election, John F. Kennedy - Presidency, John F. Kennedy - Foreign policies, John F. Kennedy - Domestic policies, John F. Kennedy - Support of space programs, John F. Kennedy - Cabinet, John F. Kennedy - Supreme Court appointments, John F. Kennedy - Image social life and family, John F. Kennedy - Assassination and aftermath, John F. Kennedy - Legacy and memorials, John F. Kennedy - Criticism, John F. Kennedy - Media Read more here: » John F. Kennedy: Encyclopedia II - John F. Kennedy - Presidency |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - Irish Sea - Oil and gas exploration East Irish Sea Basin
With 7.5 trillion cubic feet (210 km³) of gas and 176 million barrels (28,000,000 m³) of oil estimated by the field operators as initially recoverable reserves from eight producing fields (DTI, 2001), the East Irish Sea Basin is at a mature exploration phase. Early Namurian basinal mudstones are the source rocks for these hydrocarbons. Production from all fields is from fault-bounded traps of the Lower Triassic formation, principally aeolian Sherwood Sandstone reservoir, top-sealed by younger Triassic con ...
See also:Irish Sea, Irish Sea - Shipping, Irish Sea - Origin, Irish Sea - Environment, Irish Sea - U-boat Alley, Irish Sea - Oil and gas exploration, Irish Sea - Proposed tunnel projects, Irish Sea - Wind power, Irish Sea - Footnotes Read more here: » Irish Sea: Encyclopedia II - Irish Sea - Oil and gas exploration |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - Ionizing radiation - Sources of ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation - Natural background radiation.
Natural background radiation comes from four primary sources: cosmic radiation, solar radiation, external terrestrial sources, and radon.
The earth, and all living things on it, are constantly bombarded by radiation from outside our solar system of positively charged ions from protons to iron nuclei. This radiation interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation that rains down, including x-rays, muons, protons, alpha particles, pions, electrons, and neutrons. The dose f ...
See also:Ionizing radiation, Ionizing radiation - Types of radiation, Ionizing radiation - Example: Electromagnetic radiation, Ionizing radiation - Sources of ionizing radiation, Ionizing radiation - Natural background radiation, Ionizing radiation - Man-made radiation sources, Ionizing radiation - The effects of ionizing radiation on animals, Ionizing radiation - Chronic radiation exposure, Ionizing radiation - Acute radiation exposure, Ionizing radiation - Radiation levels, Ionizing radiation - Minimizing health effects of ionizing radiation Read more here: » Ionizing radiation: Encyclopedia II - Ionizing radiation - Sources of ionizing radiation |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Accident types
List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Criticality accidents.
Criticality accidents and power excursions in nuclear reactors, for example the Chernobyl accident was a power excursion. In a smaller scale accident at Sarov a man working with highly enriched uranium was irradiated while attempting a experiment involving a sphere of fissile material. The Sarov accident is interesting because the system remained critical for many days before it could be stopped. This is an example of a limited scope accident where ...
See also:List of nuclear and radiation accidents, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Accident types, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Criticality accidents, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Decay heat, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Transport, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Equipment failure, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Human error, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Lost source, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Others, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Civilian nuclear accidents, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Civilian radiation accidents, List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Military nuclear accidents Read more here: » List of nuclear and radiation accidents: Encyclopedia II - List of nuclear and radiation accidents - Accident types |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear explosion - Direct effects
Nuclear explosion - Blast damage.
The high temperatures and pressures cause gas to move outward radially in a thin, dense shell called "the hydrodynamic front." The front acts like a piston that pushes against and compresses the surrounding medium to make a spherically expanding shock wave. At first, this shock wave is inside the surface of the developing fireball, which is created in a volume of air by the X-rays. However, within a fraction of a second the dense shock front obscures the fireball, making the characteristic d ...
See also:Nuclear explosion, Nuclear explosion - History, Nuclear explosion - Milestone nuclear explosions, Nuclear explosion - Effects of a nuclear explosion, Nuclear explosion - Direct effects, Nuclear explosion - Blast damage, Nuclear explosion - Thermal radiation, Nuclear explosion - Indirect effects, Nuclear explosion - Electromagnetic pulse, Nuclear explosion - Ionizing radiation, Nuclear explosion - Summary of the effects, Nuclear explosion - Other phenomena Read more here: » Nuclear explosion: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear explosion - Direct effects |
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| | | | radioactive contamination: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear power - Reactor Types
Nuclear power - Current Technology.
There are two types of nuclear power sources in current use:
The nuclear fission reactor produces heat through a controlled nuclear chain reaction in a critical mass of fissile material.
All current nuclear power plants are critical fission reactors, which are the focus of this article. The output of fission reactors is controllable. There are several subtypes of critical fission reactors. All reactors will be compared to the Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR ...
See also:Nuclear power, Nuclear power - History, Nuclear power - Origins, Nuclear power - Early years, Nuclear power - Development, Nuclear power - Current and planned use, Nuclear power - Reactor Types, Nuclear power - Current Technology, Nuclear power - Experimental Technologies, Nuclear power - Life cycle, Nuclear power - Fuel resources, Nuclear power - Reprocessing, Nuclear power - Solid waste, Nuclear power - Economy, Nuclear power - Capital costs, Nuclear power - Operating costs, Nuclear power - Subsidies, Nuclear power - Other economic issues, Nuclear power - Risks, Nuclear power - Accident or attack, Nuclear power - Air pollution, Nuclear power - Waste heat in water systems, Nuclear power - Health effect on population near nuclear plants, Nuclear power - Nuclear proliferation, Nuclear power - List of atomic energy groups Read more here: » Nuclear power: Encyclopedia II - Nuclear power - Reactor Types |
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