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Radiation | A Wisdom Archive on Radiation | | Radiation A selection of articles related to Radiation | |
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radiation, Radiation, Radioactive decay, Radioactive contamination
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| ARTICLES RELATED TO Radiation | | | |  Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Gravitational radiation - The Nature of Gravitational WavesGravitational waves represent fluctatations in the metric of space-time. That is, they alter the relative distance between test particles. It follows that to directly detect a gravitational wave, you should in essence look for tiny relative motions between two objects. In the case of the LIGO detectors, this is essentially relative motion between two suspended mirrors, and as we saw above the motion to be detected is far smaller than the size of an atom, in fact smaller than the "size" of an atomic nucleus. Since thermal motion in each mirror is far larger than this, understa ...
See also:Gravitational radiation, Gravitational radiation - Overview, Gravitational radiation - The Nature of Gravitational Waves, Gravitational radiation - Sources of Gravitational Waves, Gravitational radiation - Detection, Gravitational radiation - Einstein@Home, Gravitational radiation - Prospects, Gravitational radiation - Derivation, Gravitational radiation - Perturbation of Flat Space-time, Gravitational radiation - Perturbation with Sources, Gravitational radiation - Far from Source Approximation, Gravitational radiation - Perturbative versus Exact, Gravitational radiation - Gravitational waves transmit energy Read more here: » Gravitational radiation: Encyclopedia II - Gravitational radiation - The Nature of Gravitational Waves |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Acoustic Hawking radiation - Gravitational analogues Since "non-gravitational" Hawking radiation effects are usually considered to be analogous to the behaviour around black holes, they are sometimes referred to as analog(ue) Hawking radiation or analogous Hawking radiation.
When using these effects to create toy models for exploring "black hole" problems, authors sometimes refer to acoustic black holes, sonic black holes, analogue black holes and (less popularly) dumb holes.
As of 2005, the largest and most up-to-date review of ...
See also:Acoustic Hawking radiation, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Gravitational analogues, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Analogy vs identity, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Types of non-gravitational Hawking radiation, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Overlap of quantum and classical behaviour, Acoustic Hawking radiation - The membrane paradigm, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Controversy: Identity of radiated information, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Some recent mainstream views paraphrased, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Historical dates Read more here: » Acoustic Hawking radiation: Encyclopedia II - Acoustic Hawking radiation - Gravitational analogues |
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| | | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Acoustic Hawking radiation - Historical dates 1784: John Michell publishes a research paper outlining the light-trapping properties of the Newtonian predecessor of the black hole, (now known as a "dark star"). Dark stars radiate indirectly, through an extremely rarefied atmosphere spanning the horizon. This atmosphere is not obvious for a distant observer but becomes apparent at close quarters. (The diagrams in Thorne (1995), pp.123, 252 for a dark star can be compared with the corresponding diagram 12.3(c) on pp.443 for a QM black hole.)
1905: Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity changes the relationships of Newtonian the ...
See also:Acoustic Hawking radiation, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Gravitational analogues, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Analogy vs identity, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Types of non-gravitational Hawking radiation, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Overlap of quantum and classical behaviour, Acoustic Hawking radiation - The membrane paradigm, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Controversy: Identity of radiated information, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Some recent mainstream views paraphrased, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Historical dates Read more here: » Acoustic Hawking radiation: Encyclopedia II - Acoustic Hawking radiation - Historical dates |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Acoustic Hawking radiation - Analogy vs identity Visser, "Acoustic Black Holes" (1999):
"This partial isomorphism is the basis of a very useful analogy whereby parts of General Relativity can be identified with parts of non-relativistic fluid mechanics. Kinematic aspects of GR, such as the existence of event horizons, carry over to fluid mechanics (event horizons map into the boundaries of regions of supersonic flow). Dynamic aspects of GR (the Einstein equations) do not carry over. The analogy is not an identity, nevertheless enough features are shared in comm ...
See also:Acoustic Hawking radiation, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Gravitational analogues, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Analogy vs identity, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Types of non-gravitational Hawking radiation, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Overlap of quantum and classical behaviour, Acoustic Hawking radiation - The membrane paradigm, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Controversy: Identity of radiated information, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Some recent mainstream views paraphrased, Acoustic Hawking radiation - Historical dates Read more here: » Acoustic Hawking radiation: Encyclopedia II - Acoustic Hawking radiation - Analogy vs identity |
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| | | | | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Magnetosphere - Radiation Belts When the first scientific satellites were launched in the first half of 1958--Explorers 1[14] and 3 by the US, Sputnik 3 by the Soviet Union--they observed an intense (and unexpected) radiation belt around Earth, held by its magnetic field. "My God, Space is Radioactive!" exclaimed one of Van Allen's colleagues, when the meaning of those observations was realized. That was the "inner radiation belt"[15] of protons with energies in the range 10-100 MeV (million electronvolts), attributed later to "albedo neutron decay," a ...
See also:Magnetosphere, Magnetosphere - Introduction, Magnetosphere - General Properties, Magnetosphere - Radiation Belts, Magnetosphere - Electric Currents in Space, Magnetosphere - Classification of Magnetic Fields, Magnetosphere - Magnetic Substorms and Storms, Magnetosphere - Claimed effects on life and society, Magnetosphere - Note to Users Read more here: » Magnetosphere: Encyclopedia II - Magnetosphere - Radiation Belts |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Cosmic microwave background radiation - Features The cosmic microwave background is a 2.725 K thermal spectrum of black body radiation that fills the universe. It has a peak frequency of 160.4 GHz which corresponds to a wavelength of 1.9 mm. It is isotropic to roughly one part in 100,000: the root mean square variations are only 18 µK.[1] The Far-Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS) instrument on the NASA COsmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite has carefully measured the spectrum of the cosm ...
See also:Cosmic microwave background radiation, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Features, Cosmic microwave background radiation - History, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Relationship to the Big Bang, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Temperature, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Primary anisotropy, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Polarization, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Secondary anisotropy, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Microwave background observations, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Analyses, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Low multipoles Read more here: » Cosmic microwave background radiation: Encyclopedia II - Cosmic microwave background radiation - Features |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Cosmic microwave background radiation - History
See also: Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
The cosmic microwave background was predicted by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Hermann in 1948. Moreover, Alpher and Herman were able to estimate the temperature of the cosmic microwave background to be 5 K.[6] Although there were several previous estimates of the temperature of space (see timeline), these suffered from two flaws. First, they were m ...
See also:Cosmic microwave background radiation, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Features, Cosmic microwave background radiation - History, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Relationship to the Big Bang, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Temperature, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Primary anisotropy, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Polarization, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Secondary anisotropy, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Microwave background observations, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Analyses, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Low multipoles Read more here: » Cosmic microwave background radiation: Encyclopedia II - Cosmic microwave background radiation - History |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Cosmic microwave background radiation - Relationship to the Big Bang The standard hot big bang model of the universe requires that the initial conditions for the universe are a Gaussian random field with a nearly scale invariant or Harrison-Zel'dovich spectrum. This is, for example, a prediction of the cosmic inflation model. This means that the initial state of the universe is random, but in a clearly specified way in which the amplitude of the primeval inhomogeneities is 10-5. Therefore, meaningful statements about the inhomogeneities in the universe need to be statistical in nature. This leads t ...
See also:Cosmic microwave background radiation, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Features, Cosmic microwave background radiation - History, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Relationship to the Big Bang, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Temperature, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Primary anisotropy, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Polarization, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Secondary anisotropy, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Microwave background observations, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Analyses, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Low multipoles Read more here: » Cosmic microwave background radiation: Encyclopedia II - Cosmic microwave background radiation - Relationship to the Big Bang |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Cosmic microwave background radiation - History The cosmic microwave background was predicted by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Hermann in 1948. Moreover, Alpher and Herman were able to estimate the temperature of the cosmic microwave background to be 5 K.[6] Although there were several previous estimates of the temperature of space (see timeline), these suffered from two flaws. First, they were measurements of the effective temperature of space, and did not suggest that space was filled wi ...
See also:Cosmic microwave background radiation, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Features, Cosmic microwave background radiation - History, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Relationship to the Big Bang, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Temperature, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Primary anisotropy, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Polarization, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Secondary anisotropy, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Microwave background observations, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Analyses, Cosmic microwave background radiation - Low multipoles Read more here: » Cosmic microwave background radiation: Encyclopedia II - Cosmic microwave background radiation - History |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Dipole - Dipole radiation In addition to dipoles in electrostatics, it is also common to consider an electric or magnetic dipole that is oscillating in time.
In particular, a harmonically oscillating electric dipole is described by a dipole moment of the form where ω is the angular frequency. In vacuum, this produces fields:
Far away (for ), the fields approach the limiting form of a radiating spherical wave:
which produces a total time-average radiated po ...
See also:Dipole, Dipole - Alignment of a dipole to an applied field, Dipole - Physical dipoles point dipoles and approximate dipoles, Dipole - Molecular dipoles, Dipole - Field from a magnetic dipole, Dipole - Magnitude, Dipole - Vector form, Dipole - Magnetic vector potential, Dipole - Field from an electric dipole, Dipole - Electrostatic potential, Dipole - Dipole radiation Read more here: » Dipole: Encyclopedia II - Dipole - Dipole radiation |
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| | | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Photochemistry - Electromagnetic Radiation
Photochemistry - Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The electromagnetic spectrum is broad, however, a photochemist will find themselves working with several key regions. Some of the most widely used sections of the electromagnetic spectrum include:
Visible Light:
~400-700nm wavelengths
Ultraviolet :
~100-400nm wavelengths
Near Infrared:
~700-1000nm wavelengths
Far Infrar ...
See also:Photochemistry, Photochemistry - Electromagnetic Radiation, Photochemistry - Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, Photochemistry - Electric and magnetic fields and interactions with charged particles, Photochemistry - Wave and particle nature of light and matter, Photochemistry - Photoelectric effect, Photochemistry - Compton effect, Photochemistry - Quantum nature of waves and matter, Photochemistry - Properties of distribution functions, Photochemistry - Black-body radiation, Photochemistry - DeBroglie wavelength, Photochemistry - Schrodinger's equation, Photochemistry - Optics, Photochemistry - Scattering and polarizability, Photochemistry - Absorption and emission of light, Photochemistry - Energy levels of atoms and molecules expressed in terms of waves, Photochemistry - Atomic spectroscopy, Photochemistry - Diatomic molecular spectroscopy, Photochemistry - Photochemical kinetics and reactivity Jablonski diagrams, Photochemistry - Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation laser, Photochemistry - Experimental methods in spectroscopy and photochemistry Read more here: » Photochemistry: Encyclopedia II - Photochemistry - Electromagnetic Radiation |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Mobile phone radiation and health - Occupational health hazards Telecommunication workers who spend time at a short distance from the active equipment, for the purposes of testing, maintenance, installation, etc. may be at risk of much greater exposure than the general population. Unfortunately, many times base stations are not turned off during maintenance, because that would affect the network, so people work near "live" antennas.
In this way, excessive radiation levels may lead to adverse health effects, including severe acute burns or milder chronic alterations of the skin, and perhaps other n ...
See also:Mobile phone radiation and health, Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of handsets, Mobile phone radiation and health - Thermal effects, Mobile phone radiation and health - Non-thermal effects, Mobile phone radiation and health - Electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome, Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of base stations, Mobile phone radiation and health - Occupational health hazards, Mobile phone radiation and health - Safety standards and licensing, Mobile phone radiation and health - Lawsuits, Mobile phone radiation and health - Precautionary Principle Read more here: » Mobile phone radiation and health: Encyclopedia II - Mobile phone radiation and health - Occupational health hazards |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Mobile phone radiation and health - Precautionary Principle Although scientific evidence for health hazards of low level cellphone radiation is weak, the World Health Organization has recommended that the precautionary principle could be voluntarily adopted in this case (see WHO Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health Cautionary Policies). It follows the recommendations of the European Community for environmental risks. According to the WHO, the Precautionary Principle is "a risk management policy applied in circumstances with a high degree of scientific uncertainty, reflecting the need to ta ...
See also:Mobile phone radiation and health, Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of handsets, Mobile phone radiation and health - Thermal effects, Mobile phone radiation and health - Non-thermal effects, Mobile phone radiation and health - Electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome, Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of base stations, Mobile phone radiation and health - Occupational health hazards, Mobile phone radiation and health - Safety standards and licensing, Mobile phone radiation and health - Lawsuits, Mobile phone radiation and health - Precautionary Principle Read more here: » Mobile phone radiation and health: Encyclopedia II - Mobile phone radiation and health - Precautionary Principle |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of handsets Part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are absorbed by the human head; the radio waves emitted by a GSM handset, for example, can have a power of up to 2 watts, and an analog phone in the USA (probably very few in use today) can have 3.6 watts, as in the old large mobile phone units installed in cars. Other digital mobile technologies, such as CDMA and TDMA, have today lower rates, under 1 watt. The average radiation rate of cellphones in some countries is regulated and it is mandatory to inform the consumers about it ...
See also:Mobile phone radiation and health, Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of handsets, Mobile phone radiation and health - Thermal effects, Mobile phone radiation and health - Non-thermal effects, Mobile phone radiation and health - Electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome, Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of base stations, Mobile phone radiation and health - Occupational health hazards, Mobile phone radiation and health - Safety standards and licensing, Mobile phone radiation and health - Lawsuits, Mobile phone radiation and health - Precautionary Principle Read more here: » Mobile phone radiation and health: Encyclopedia II - Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of handsets |
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| | | | | Radiation: Encyclopedia II - Mobile phone radiation and health - Safety standards and licensing In order to protect the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets, governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to limits on exposure levels below a certain value. There are many proposed national and international standards, but that of the International Committee for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) is the most respected one, and has been adopted so far by more than 80 countries. For radio stations, ICNIRP proposes two safety levels: one for occupational exposure, another one for the general population. Cur ...
See also:Mobile phone radiation and health, Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of handsets, Mobile phone radiation and health - Thermal effects, Mobile phone radiation and health - Non-thermal effects, Mobile phone radiation and health - Electromagnetic hypersensitivity syndrome, Mobile phone radiation and health - Health hazards of base stations, Mobile phone radiation and health - Occupational health hazards, Mobile phone radiation and health - Safety standards and licensing, Mobile phone radiation and health - Lawsuits, Mobile phone radiation and health - Precautionary Principle Read more here: » Mobile phone radiation and health: Encyclopedia II - Mobile phone radiation and health - Safety standards and licensing |
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